scholarly journals Investigation of Solstice Horizon Interactions at Chacoan Monumental Architecture

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 and 2) ◽  
pp. 151-171
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Munro ◽  
Tony Hull ◽  
J. McKim Malville ◽  
F. Joan Mathien ◽  
Cherilynn Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
Park Service ◽  
December Solstice ◽  
Cardinal Directions

Multiple monumental structures built during the ninth through the twelfth centuries CE at Chaco Canyon, NM, are in locations where solstice sunrise or sunset visually interacts with horizon foresights. We report on the results of field survey and photo-confirmation of seven solstice foresight interactions at Chacoan Great Houses. These include two ‘Early Bonito phase’ (850–1040 CE) sites. A June solstice sunset (JSSS) horizon foresight is visible from Pueblo Bonito, including early (ninth century) portions of the structure. December solstice sunrise (DSSR) interacts with a foresight visible from Hungo Pavi kiva A. We also confirm solstice horizon foresights at five additional ‘Late Bonito phase’ (1100– 1140 CE) Great Houses. These include DSSR at Kin Sabe, DSSR at the Peñasco Blanco McElmo unit, DSSR at the proposed Chetro Ketl McElmo unit (west room block), December solstice sunset (DSSS) at Hillside Ruin, and June solstice sunrise (JSSR) at Rabbit Ruin. Hillside Ruin, the Chetro Ketl McElmo unit, and Rabbit Ruin also participate in inter-site alignments to the cardinal directions. Integration of this data with previous temporal analyses further highlights contrasting cultural intent between periods. A minority of Early and Classic Bonito phase Great Houses (850–1100 CE) are known to have been built at solstice foresight observing locations. During the Late Bonito phase, ten of thirteen (77%) newly built Great Houses are at such locations. Six of thirteen (46%) participate in inter-site alignments to the cardinal directions. Three of thirteen (23%) participate in both the inter-site cardinal alignment and solstitial foresight traditions. This provides direct evidence of common social intent and the growing importance of solar events for Late Bonito phase people at Chaco. These structures may indicate an interest in theophanies, i.e., conjoining the sacred sun at solstice with the cardinal directions and prominent features of the sacred landscape. They bolster the argument for either centralized leadership by an astronomically adept Late Bonito elite, or a religious revival among the Chacoan people after the severe drought of the 1090s CE. Under the terms of a U.S. National Park Service field research permit, some locationspecific site data has been deliberately withheld in this document, as required by the U.S. Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979.

scholarly journals Caves, Liminality, and the Sun in the Inca World

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 and 2) ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Steven R. Gullberg ◽  
J. McKim Malville
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
Cosmological Context ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
December Solstice ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Cave Use

Caves were liminal features of the Inca sacred landscape, connecting this world with the underworld. They were places for making contact with ancestors and the powers of creation. In this paper we examine caves in southeastern Peru for solar orientations and cosmological context, with recourse to the concept of liminality that appears central to cave use. The cave within Kenko Grande has ceremonial steps adjacent to an altar upon which sunlight climbs at midday in June. A rear entrance and altar are illuminated at the time of the solar equinox sunrises. Lacco has three caves which have one solsticial orientation and two light-tubes. A primary opening in the cave at Lanlakuyok faces sunrise at the time of the equinoxes. Tambomachay contains a major fountain and a cave with a platform oriented to December solstice sunrise. Rumiwasi Bajo contains a number of niches and a nine-meter-long passageway oriented close to the June solstice sunset, while the other door opens to December solstice sunrise. Choquequilla is a complex cave opening to December solstice sunrise. The Royal Mausoleum is one of the major shrines of Machu Picchu and opens to June solstice sunrise. Intimachay is a cave with a constructed opening for the December solstice sunrise. The Temple of the Condor contains a cave approximately open to the anti-zenith sunrise. The Gran Caverna includes both an upper and a lower cave oriented for June solstice sunset. There are two caves at the River Intihuatana that, while part of an astronomically oriented complex, don’t have solstitial nor equinoctial orientations, nor do they have interior carvings. We end the paper by considering the role of caves and liminality in Inca cosmology.

scholarly journals Nonmigrating tidal signatures in the magnitude and the inter-hemispheric asymmetry of the equatorial ionization anomaly

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1115-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Xiong ◽  
H. Lühr
Keyword(s):  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Planetary Waves ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Equatorial Ionization Anomaly ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
December Solstice ◽  
Apex Height ◽  
Stationary Planetary Wave

Abstract. Based on nine years of observations from the satellites CHAMP and GRACE the tidal signatures in the magnitude and the inter-hemisphere asymmetry of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) have been investigated in this study. The EIA magnitude parameters show longitudinal wavenumber 4 and 3 (WN4/WN3) patterns during the months around August and December, respectively, while for different EIA parameters the contributions of the various tidal parameters are different. For the crest-to-trough ratio (CTR) the dominating nonmigrating tidal component contributing to WN4 is DE3 during the months around August, while during the months around December solstice the stationary planetary wave, SPW3, takes a comparable role to DE2 in contributing to WN3. For the apex height index (ApexHC) of the EIA fluxtube the stationary planetary waves, SPW4/SPW3, exceed the amplitudes of DE3/DE2 taking the leading role in causing the longitudinal WN4/WN3 patterns. During the months around December solstice the SW3 tide is prominent in both CTR and ApexHC. SW3 shows a strong dependence on the solar flux level, while it is hardly dependent on magnetic activity. For the EIA inter-hemispheric asymmetry only WN1 and WN2 longitudinal patterns can be seen. During June solstice months the pattern can be explained by stationary planetary waves SPW1 and SPW2. Conversely, around December solstice months longitudinal features exhibit some local time evolution, in particular the diurnal nonmigrating tide D0 takes the leading role.

scholarly journals Vertical and longitudinal electron density structures of equatorial E- and F-regions

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Brahmanandam ◽  
Y.-H. Chu ◽  
K.-H. Wu ◽  
H.-P. Hsia ◽  
C.-L. Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Phase Relation ◽  
F Region ◽  
Good Consistency ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
December Solstice ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
E Region ◽  
First Time ◽  
Longitudinal Structures

Abstract. From global soundings of ionospheric electron density made with FORMOSAT 3/COSMIC satellites for September 2006–August 2009, day-night variations in vertical and longitudinal structures of the electron densities in equatorial E- and F-regions for different seasons are investigated for the first time. The results reveal that the wavenumber-3 and wavenumber-4 patterns dominated the nighttime (22:00–04:00 LT) F-region longitudinal structures in solstice and in equinox seasons, respectively. In daytime (08:00–18:00 LT) F-region, the wavenumber-4 patterns governed the longitudinal structures in the September equinox and December solstice, and wavenumber-3 in March equinox and June solstice respectively. A comparison of the daytime and nighttime longitudinal electron density structures indicates that they are approximately 180° out of phase with each other. It is believed that this out of phase relation is very likely the result of the opposite phase relation between daytime and nighttime nonmigrating diurnal tidal winds that modulate background E-region dynamo electric field at different places, leading to the day-night change in the locations of the equatorial plasma fountains that are responsible for the formation of the F-region longitudinal structures. Further, a good consistency between the locations of the density structures in the same seasons of the different years for both daytime and nighttime epochs has been noticed indicating that the source mechanism for these structures could be the same.

scholarly journals Diurnal, seasonal and solar cycle variation of total electron content and comparison with the IRI-2016 model at Birnin Kebbi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aghogho Ogwala ◽  
Emmanuel Olufemi Somoye ◽  
Olugbenga Ogunmudimu ◽  
Rasaq Adewemimo Adeniji-Adele ◽  
Eugene Ogheneakpobor Onori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Total Electron Content ◽  
Electron Content ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
Equatorial Station ◽  
Solar Cycle Variation ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
December Solstice ◽  
Cycle Dependence

Abstract. Total Electron Content (TEC) is an important ionospheric parameter used to monitor possible space weather impacts on satellite to ground communication and satellite navigation system. TEC is modified in the ionosphere by changing solar Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) radiation, geomagnetic storms, and the atmospheric waves that propagate up from the lower atmosphere. Therefore, TEC depends on local time, latitude, longitude, season, geomagnetic conditions, solar cycle activity, and condition of the troposphere. A dual frequency GPS receiver located at an equatorial station, Birnin-Kebbi in Northern Nigeria (geographic location: 12.64° N; 4.22° E), has been used to investigate variation of TEC during the period of 2011 to 2014. We investigate the diurnal, seasonal and solar cycle dependence of observed (OBS) TEC and comparison with latest version of International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) model. On a general note, diurnal variation reveals discrepancies between OBS-TEC and IRI-2016 model for all hours of the day except during the post-midnight hours. Slight post-noon peaks in the daytime maximum and post-sunset decrease and enhancement are observed in the diurnal variation of OBS-TEC of some months. On a seasonal scale, we observed that OBS-TEC values were higher in the equinoxes than the solstices only in 2012. Where as in 2011, September equinox and December solstice recorded higher magnitude followed by March equinox and lowest in June solstice. In 2013, December solstice magnitude was highest, followed by the equinoxes and lowest in June solstice. In 2014, March equinox and December solstice magnitude were higher than September equinox and June solstice magnitude. June solstice consistently recorded the lowest values for all the years. OBS-TEC is found to increase from 2011 to 2014, thus revealing solar cycle dependence.

scholarly journals Introduction of Vernacular Architecture studies at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Mirjana Roter-Blagojević ◽  
Marko Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Study Programme ◽  
Student Projects ◽  
The University ◽  
Academic Year

The paper examines the work of Aleksandar Deroko at the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Architecture and the inclusion of his rich personal knowledge about the vernacular architecture in the study programme, which he gained from long-term field research. As an assistant professor, he introduced the interpretation of vernacular architecture in the course on Byzantine and Old Serbian Architecture in 1929. After the study programme reform in 1935, a new course - named Old Serbian Architecture - was established, with one semester dedicated to the medieval monumental architecture and the second to rural and urban houses. In 1945/46 academic year, the course was renamed Vernacular Architecture and it incorporated medieval and vernacular architecture of the former Yugoslavia. Practical assignments dealt more with vernacular architecture and, through them the student's discovered the fundamental principles and methods of the vernacular construction. The goal of the studies was for students to comprehend and adopt basic traditional canons of construction and apply them to their own projects of cooperative centers, countryside schools, monasteries, etc. Through illustrations the paper will present, till now unpublished, student projects from the archives of Belgrade's the Faculty of Architecture's office for the architectural heritage of Serbia.

scholarly journals Reference values for biochemical analytes in feral sheep from Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 2036-2044
Author(s):  
I.E. Arias ◽  
R.O.F. Prado ◽  
M.L.J. García ◽  
B.J.L. Zepeda ◽  
C.A.C. García
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
December Solstice ◽  
Socorro Island ◽  
Revillagigedo Archipelago

ABSTRACT To establish reference values for biochemical analytes related to freshwater shortage adaptation, a total of 376 blood samples were collected from feral sheep at Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago. Year-round variation was assessed by sampling at the beginning of each season defined by the March equinox, June solstice, September equinox, and December solstice. The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean values of each season. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, albumin, total protein, sodium ion, anion gap, creatine kinase, arginine vasopressin, and aldosterone showed concentrations above the reference range for domestic sheep. Triglycerides, urea, albumin, sodium ion, and aldosterone showed concentrations within the reference range for domestic goats. Most biochemical analytes showed differences (P<0.05) between seasons, with the highest values occurring during winter, and the lowest during spring. Results could help improve the accuracy of metabolic profiles used as a tool for evaluating dehydration indicators, and to describe the physiological mechanisms employed by feral sheep to cope with seasonal availability of freshwater.

scholarly journals Biophenology peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.) in the south of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Yu. Klechkovskyi ◽  
І. Yudytska
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
The South ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Sum Of Effective Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Growing

Goal. Clarification of certain biological features of development and seasonal dynamics of the flight of peach twig borer in peach orchards of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field — research of the biological features of peach twig borer development using pheromone-trap method was conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods in peach orchards of SPS “Naukova” of Melitopol fruit growing research station named after M.F. Sydorenko of IH of NAAS of Ukraine Results. It was determined that in the conditions of peach orchards in the South of Ukraine restoration of feeding peach twig borer caterpillars began in the end of March — the middle of April, and the hatching — in the end of April — the beginning of May. During 2018—2020, the beginning of the flight of butterflies of the pest was observed starting from 06 to 18 May, with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures (SET) >8°С 154.5—254.3 and lasted continuously until September 18—30 (134—141 days) with three peaks. The appearance of the pest caterpillars was observed from the 2—3rd ten-day period of May (SET>8°С 299.0—349.5°С). The peaks of peach twig borer flight were observed in the 3rd ten-day period of May, late June — early July, and during the 3rd ten-day period of July — mid-August. The duration of the development of the first generation was 44—50 days, the next — 30—40 days, with accumulation of SET>8°С from imago to imago varying between 436.5 and 743.0°С. Conclusions. In the south of Ukraine, three peaks of flight and development of two full generations of peach twig borer are noted, caterpillars of the third generation completed the development in the spring of the following year. Fluctuations in the number of imago during the growing season were influenced by both meteorological factors and the degree of reproduction of the pest of the previous generation. During the years of research, the highest intensity of catching of butterflies of a fruit striped moth was noted in July — August at high mean weakly air temperatures (25.0—26.9°С) and the conditions of severe drought (HTC 0.2).

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