scholarly journals EVALUATION OF HISTOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN AYURVEDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2135-2139
Author(s):  
Doley Lakhiprova ◽  
Soni Gaurav

Histology is the science where microanatomy of cells and tissues are studied, including their role in the body, and the way they are affected by disease. They are the basic elements and building blocks of everything in the body. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of normal histology is very important for the understanding of the normal func- tioning of the human body. It also forms the essential basis for the study of the changes in various tissues and or- gans in disease conditions. In Ayurveda, the micro-anatomical concept can be emphasized under the heading of Paramanu, which can be further elaborated in other different anato-physiological concepts like - Dosha, Dhatu, Upadhatu, Kala in a broad aspect. Srota also in its functional aspect highlights the histological concept. Among all these, Kala and Dhatu specifically indicate the different limiting membrane and tissue of the body. Bhagavata emphasized the Kala as fibrous, serous, or mucosal structures of the body. Therefore, it is necessary to ascertain and re-establish nearest histological concept available in different classics emphasizing on the modern platform for better understanding and implementation of novel innovation. Keywords: Kala, Dhatu, Epithelial tissue, Muscle tissue, Haemopoetic tissue.


Author(s):  
Cristóbal Pera

ABSTRACTIf the human body is really a fabric, should surgeons be considered architects, as some surgeons describe themselves today? The author raises and analyzes this question, and he concludes that vsurgeons cannot be considered as such: the architect is the creator of his work —fabric or building—, but the surgeon is not the creator of this complex biological fabric —vulnerable and subject to deterioration and with an expiration date— which is the human body. This body is the object upon which his hands and instruments operate. The surgeon cures and heals wounds, immobilizes and aligns fractured bones in order to facilitate their good and timely repair, and cuts open the body’s surface in order to reach its internal organs. He also explores the body with his hands or instruments, destroys and reconstructs its ailing parts, substitutes vital organs taken from a donor’s foreign body, designs devices or prostheses, and replaces body parts, such as arteries and joints, that are damaged or worn out. In today’s culture, dominated by the desire to perfect the body, other surgeons keep retouching its aging façade, looking for an iconic and timeless beauty. This longing can drive, sometimes, to surgical madness. The surgeon is not capable of putting into motion, from scratch, a biological fabric such as the human body. Thus, he can’t create the subject of his work in the way that an architect can create a building. In contrast, the surgeon restores the body’s deteriorated or damaged parts and modifies the appearance of the body’s façade.RESUMEN¿Si el cuerpo humano fuera realmente una fábrica, podría el cirujano ser considerado su arquitecto, como algunos se pregonan en estos tiempos? Esta es la cuestión planteada por el autor y, a tenor de lo discurrido, su respuesta es negativa: porque así como el arquitecto es el artífice de su obra —fábrica o edificio— el cirujano no es el artífice de la complejísima fábrica biológica —vulnerable, deteriorable y caducable— que es el cuerpo humano, la cual le es dada como objeto de las acciones de sus manos y de sus instrumentos. El cirujano cura y restaña sus heridas, alinea e inmoviliza sus huesos fracturados para que su reparación llegue a buen término, penetra por sus orificios naturales o dibuja sobre la superficie corporal incisiones que le permitan llegar a sus entrañas, las explora con sus manos o mediante instrumentos, destruye y reconstruye sus partes enfermas, sustituye órganos vitales que no le ayudan a vivir por los extraídos de cuerpos donantes, y concibe, diseña y hace fabricar artefactos o prótesis, como recambio fragmentos corporales deteriorados o desgastados, como arterias o articulaciones. Otros cirujanos, en la predominante cultura de la modificación del cuerpo, retocan una y otra vez su fachada envejecida ineludiblemente por el paso del tiempo, empeñados en la búsqueda incesante de una belleza icónica y mediática e intemporal, una pretensión que puede conducir, y a veces conduce, al desvarío quirúrgico. En definitiva, el cirujano es incapaz de poner de pie, ex novo, una fábrica biológica como la del cuerpo humano y, por lo tanto, no puede ser su artífice, como lo es el arquitecto de su edificio. A lo sumo, es el restaurador de sus entrañas deterioradas y el modificador de su fachada, de su apariencia.



2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syafiq Noor Azizi ◽  
Azahari Salleh ◽  
Adib Othman ◽  
Nor Azlan Mohd Aris ◽  
Najmiah Radiah Mohamad

In modern telemedicine systems the physiological data of patients can be measured with the aid of electronic sensors located on and inside the human body. The collected medical data is then transmitted wirelessly to an external unit for processing, thereby enhancing the health monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy of the patients. In biomedical application, the process requires transmitting data, images and videos from inside the body taken by a radio system of a size of a pill seems to be the way. The use of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in various areas like medical application has arisen the electromagnetic radiation problem. The services provided by this type of application can cause either good or bad effects on human body depending on the power level, frequency and the way it being used. The implant antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency will be used by inserting it into the nerve of human arm in term of homogenous model. Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a wireless technology that potential applications in variety of medical areas such as implant wireless sensors, microwave hyperthermia, imaging and radar. It can transmit digital data over a wide frequency spectrum with very low power and at very high data rates. Hence, this paper present the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation effect on electrical nerve fiber of human arm model with the presence of other human tissues such as fat, muscle, skin and etc. at ultra-wideband frequency which is expected to improve the understanding of radio propagation inside human body hence contribute to more advance and innovative medical implants. CST Microwave Studio is one of the EM modeling code which can be used for bio electromagnetic purpose.



Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson

Embryology is a fascinating subject and is the foundation of the development, growth, and maturation of all the cells, organs, and tissues of the body. Strictly, embryology is the study of the early processes of development beginning at fertilization and following the processes that turn a single cell into a multicellular organism. It is all about generation of the building blocks required to make a human body. Developmental anatomy is the study of how these building blocks are turned into specific cells, tissues, and organs as well as the general growth of the body. As you will soon appreciate in the following paragraphs, all organs and systems do not develop at the same rate so there is a degree of overlap between embryology and developmental anatomy. For example, the heart and circulatory system must develop and be functioning very early in development to ensure adequate supplies of nutrients to the developing fetal tissues. Teeth, on the other hand, are not going to be used until about six months after birth at the earliest; while the heart is already beating away, each developing tooth is merely a tiny group of cells bearing little resemblance to a fully formed tooth. Human gestation is considered to take nine months; more accurately, it usually lasts for 38 to 39 weeks from fertilization to birth. Clinically, it is divided into three trimesters of three months each. In this chapter, we will focus on events in the first few weeks. During the first two and a half weeks after fertilization, the very basic building blocks are formed from the single fertilized cell; this is the pre-embryonic period. The embryonic period covers the next five and half weeks during which these basic building blocks develop into the cells, tissues, and organs. As already indicated, some of these may be in a very rudimentary state at the end of the embryonic period. The remaining 30 or so weeks is the fetal period when the tissues and organs of the body grow and develop and the fetus grows considerably. We are not fully mature organisms at birth and have another 20 years a-growing.



2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Andrew Finegold

In ancient Mesoamerica, the human body was regularly adorned with finely crafted ornaments. These were often made of highly valued and symbolically charged materials that manifested a cluster of interrelated ideas connected to creative energies and natural fecundity. Much recent scholarly attention has been given to materials from which Mesoamerican jewelry was made, including their particular qualities, attributes, and place within the Indigenous worldview. This essay takes a complementary approach to such studies by considering the material and ontological implications of the way some ornaments were articulated with the human body: the piercing of the flesh. In addition to creating spaces to accommodate jewels, the perforation of the body was an activity that carried social significance, most notably in the form of auto-sacrificial bloodletting, but also in rituals that accompanied coming-of-age ceremonies and accession rites. It is argued that all such interventions into the human body should be viewed as a continuum of related behaviors and that holes made within the flesh served as a conduit for the flow of life and vitality. Placed within them, ornaments did more than merely indicate the wearer's status. They drew attention toward, alluded to, and made tangible and permanent the vital potency of the somatic voids they occupied and, by extension, the charisma of the bodies that hosted them. RESUMEN En la antigua Mesoamérica, el cuerpo humano estaba adornado regularmente con adornos finamente elaborados. Estos a menudo estaban hechos de materiales altamente valorados y cargados simbólicamente que manifestaban un conjunto de ideas interrelacionadas conectadas a las energías creativas y la fecundidad natural. En recientes trabajos académicos, se ha prestado mucha atención a los materiales a partir de los cuales se diseñaba la joyería mesoamericana, con un enfoque particular en sus cualidades, atributos y función dentro de la cosmovisión indígena. El acercamiento del presente trabajo pretende complementar estos estudios al considerar las implicaciones materiales y ontológicas de la forma en que algunos ornamentos se articularon con el cuerpo humano: la perforación del cuerpo. Además de crear orificios en los que se podían acomodar joyas, la perforación del cuerpo era una actividad que tenía importancia social, especialmente cuando constituía un acto de auto-sacrificio en forma de sangrado, pero también en rituales que acompañaban las ceremonias de la mayoría de edad y los ritos iniciáticos. Se sostiene que todas estas intervenciones en el cuerpo humano deben verse como un continuo de conductas relacionadas y que los agujeros hechos en la carne sirvieron como conductos para el flujo de la vida y la vitalidad. Los adornos que se colocados en los agujeros no solo indicaban el estatus de una persona. Llamaron la atención, aludieron e hicieron tangible y permanente la potencia vital de los vacíos somáticos que ocupaban y, por extensión, el carisma de los cuerpos que los albergaban. RESUMO Na antiga Mesoamérica, o corpo humano era regularmente adornado com ornamentos finamente trabalhados. Estes eram frequentemente feitos de materiais altamente valorizados e simbolicamente carregados que manifestavam um conjunto de idéias interrelacionadas ligadas a energias criativas e fecundidade natural. Uma atenção acadêmica muito recente tem sido dada aos materiais dos quais as jóias mesoamericanas foram feitas, incluindo suas qualidades, atributos e lugares dentro da visão de mundo indígena. Este trabalho faz uma abordagem complementar a esses estudos considerando as implicações materiais e ontológicas da maneira como alguns ornamentos foram articulados com o corpo humano: a perfuração da carne. Além de criar espaços para acomodar jóias, a perfuração do corpo era uma atividade que carregava significado social, mais notavelmente na forma de sangria auto-sacrificial, mas também em rituais que acompanhavam cerimônias de iniciação e ritos de acessão. Argumenta-se que todas essas intervenções no corpo humano devem ser vistas como um continuum de comportamentos relacionados e que buracos feitos dentro da carne serviam como um canal para o fluxo de vida e vitalidade. Colocados dentro deles, os ornamentos faziam mais do que apenas indicar o status do usuário. Eles chamavam a atenção para, aludiam a, e tornavam tangível e permanente a potência vital dos vazios somáticos que ocupavam e, por extensão, o carisma dos corpos que os abrigavam.



2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmoy Modak ◽  
Mayukh Nath ◽  
Baibhab Chatterjee ◽  
Shovan Maity ◽  
Shreyas Sen

AbstractHuman Body Communication (HBC) is an alternative to radio wave-based Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) because of its low-loss, wide bandwidth leading to enhanced energy efficiency. HBC also shows better performance in terms of physical security as most of the signal is confined within the body. To obtain optimum performance and usability, modeling of the body channel plays a vital role. Out of two HBC modalities, Galvanic HBC has the promise to provide lower loss compare to Capacitive HBC for shorter channel length. In this paper, we present the first lumped element based detailed model of Galvanic HBC channel which is used to explain the dependency of channel loss on the material property of skin, fat and muscle tissue layer along with electrode size, electrode separation, geometrical position of the electrodes and return path capacitance. The model considers the impedance of skin and muscle tissue layers and the effect of various coupling capacitances between the body and Tx/Rx electrodes to the Earth-ground. A 2D planner structure is simulated in HFSS to prove the validity of the proposed model. The effect of symmetry and asymmetry at the transmitter and receiver end are also explained using the model. The experimental results show that, due to the mismatch at the transmitter and receiver side, the loss increases gradually with channel length and saturates to a finite value as channel length becomes significantly longer compare to the transmitting or receiving electrode pair separation.



Author(s):  
Andreas Broeckmann

This chapter deals with the way in which the meaning of the machine is intertwined with that of the human body. Throughout modernity, the human organism has been understood both as a model for the conception of mechanical systems and as the site of a subjectivity which is undermined by such technological systems. This charged terrain has been the subject of the entire artistic career of the Australian artist Stelarc. His work is analyzed in detail and taken as a point of entry into a historical presentation of conceptions of the body, from the mechanical through the cybernetic, and in the work of artists like Oskar Schlemmer and El Lissitzky, as well as in the more recent, deconstructive approaches by Wim Delvoye, or Seiko Mikami. The chapter also outlines how the notion of an encapsulated human body merging with its technical environment can be found not only in the cybernetic fantasy of Oswald Wiener’s “Bio-Adapter”, but also in similar proposals by authors as different as Kazimir Malevich, Max Bense, and Vilém Flusser.



Author(s):  
Jennifer Friedlander

This chapter extends explorations of representations of the human body into an examination of two prominent discursive sites concerning contemporary practices of breastfeeding, the US government’s 2004 National Breastfeeding Awareness Campaign and La Leche League International. It suggests, against expectation, that Hannah Rosin’s controversial piece in The Atlantic, “The Case Against Breastfeeding,” (2009) might turn out to provide one of the most compelling public accounts of how breastfeeding can be appreciated for its engagement with the Real. Here, rather than in an overt engagement with reality and deception, we encounter the way in which the Real haunts accounts of the body that aim to firmly ground themselves within the Symbolic realm (the national campaign) and the Imaginary realm (La Leche).



Author(s):  
Moira Gatens

This article examines the politicization of the human body focusing on the way this issue was conceived in the West. The human body has long been used as a source of metaphor for political theorists and the very notion of body politic leans on the image of a unified and discrete entity that has commanding parts and obeying parts that may be robust or ailing, strong or weak. This article suggests that aside from political theory with a rich source of metaphor, the human body also serves as the nexus where political conceptions of the universal and the particular meet.



Author(s):  
Ariel Glucklich

This chapter examines the how the literature of the Dharmaśāstra expresses both the way that social relations and worldviews articulate conceptions of the human body and the way that the body comes to be experienced by individuals. The material examined includes mythical and cosmological views of the human body, followed by consideration of the Brahmin’s body, the ascetic body, the criminal and sinning body, the impure body, the body of the penitent, the corpse, and others. The chapter argues that texts such as Manu Smṛti set up a strong correlation between cosmological conceptions, social hierarchy, and ways in which the body is dealt with as the subject of dharma. As a result, the body comes to be experienced as the locus of these broader cultural values.



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