scholarly journals POETICAL AND ARTISTIC FEATURES OF THE OSSETIAN FOLK APHORISTICS: PARALLELISM, HYPERBOLE, METONYMY, SYNTAX STRUCTURE.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
З.Б. Цаллагова
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Verbal Interaction ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Sound Side ◽  
States Of Nature ◽  
Rhythmic Organization ◽  
Compound Sentence

Сила воздействия осетинских афористических высказываний кроется в их имплицитной экспрессивной окрашенности, в их художественной природе, благодаря которой они вызывают эмоциональный отклик самого широкого диапазона и ненавязчиво программируют стиль и тональность общения, сообщая собеседнику или аудитории чувства добра, расположения, снисхождения, сопричастности (ровно, как и противоположные чувства). Современный интерес к этническому идеалу культуры речевого взаимодействия, этикетным установкам традиционного общения актуализирует непреходящую ценность афористического материала, делает востребованным исследовательский поиск поэтических особенностей его художественной природы, которая вкупе с особенностями синтаксического строя и ритмической организации формирует поэтико-семантическую и художественную завершенность, смысловую емкость и актуализируемость в речи носителей языка афористических изречений. В статье, резюмирующей рассмотрение большого массива осетинских афоризмов, констатируется, что пословично-поговорочные единицы – это самые различные виды предложений, загадки, как правило, односоставны, а сходные по своей синтаксической модели проклятия и благопожелания в своем большинстве представлены простыми двусоставными предложениями, клятвы и заклинания – односоставные сказуемные предложения. Синтагматическое членение народных афоризмов, несущее большую смысловую нагрузку, позволяет углублять, конкретизировать смысл высказывания без ущерба для его формы. В многочисленных пословицах и загадках находит широкую реализацию параллелизм, предполагающий как минимум два элемента структуры художественного целого; наиболее распространен параллелизм антитетический. В афористике гипербола в сочетании с литотой кладется в основу антитетических двухчастных пословиц; в загадках встречается гиперболизированная метафора, укрупняющая предметы; в формулах различных пожеланий гипербола способствует повышению их эмоциональности. Усилению эмоционального и эстетического воздействия афоризмов способствует и звуковая сторона, связанная с целенаправленным выделением звуков речи (аллитерация, анафора, эпифора, рифма). The strength of the influence of Ossetian aphoristic utterances lies in their implicit expressive coloring, in their artistic nature, due to which they evoke an emotional response of the widest range and unobtrusively program the style and tone of communication, informing the interlocutor or audience of feelings of kindness, disposition, condescension, involvement (exactly as and opposite feelings). The modern interest in the ethnic ideal of the culture of verbal interaction, the etiquette of traditional communication actualizes the enduring value of aphoristic material, makes the research search for the poetic features of its artistic nature, which, coupled with the peculiarities of the syntactic structure and rhythmic organization, form a poetic-semantic and artistic completeness, semantic capacity and relevance in the speech of native speakers of aphoristic sayings. The article, which summarizes the consideration of a large array of Ossetian aphorisms, states that the genre units of aphorisms do not exceed the volume of one sentence; proverbs and sayings are represented by all kinds of sentences, for riddles the most typical is the form of a simple one-compound sentence, and curses and well-wishes that are similar in their syntactic model are for the most part represented by simple two-component sentences, oaths and spells are single-component predicate sentences. The syntagmatic division of folk aphorisms, which carries a n expressed semantic load, allows to deepen, concretize the meaning of the statement without prejudice to its form. In numerous proverbs and riddles, parallelism finds wide realization, suggesting at least two elements of the structure of the artistic whole. Antithetical parallelism is the most common, allowing in one phrase to reveal the essence of the phenomenon, contrasting two objects, signs or phenomena on the basis of their dissimilarity. In antithetic riddles, people noticed contrasts in the states of nature, plants, and animals. In the aphorism of a hyperbole in combination with a litho, it is the basis of antithetic two-part proverbs; in riddles there is a hyperbolic metaphor that enlarges objects; in the formulas of various wishes, hyperbole helps to increase their emotionality. Strengthening the emotional and aesthetic impact of aphorisms contributes to the sound side associated with the targeted allocation of speech sounds (alliteration, anaphora, epiphora, rhyme).

scholarly journals SVIATOSLAV KARAVANSKYI: THE PROBLEM OF SPELLING AND LEXICOGRAPHIC CODIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
I. D. Farion
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Political Figure

Purpose and tasks. The purpose is to actualize the linguistic heritage of S. Karavanskyi as a basis for further prescriptive linguistic research. Among the tasks is the analysis of spelling and lexicographic codification in the works of a linguist. The object of our study is the linguistic heritage of Sviatoslav Karavanskyi, who after more than 30 years of Moscow-Stalin concentration camps and 37 years of American emigration carried, preserved and motivated the specific linguistic norm of the constantly destroyed Ukrainian language and its native speakers. The subject of our research is spelling and lexicographic codification of the first third of the XX-XXI century in the works of S. Karavanskyi. When processing the material, we use the analytical and descriptive method. Conclusions and prospects of the study. Spelling issues in the works of S. Karavanskyi have a substantiated ideological basis, which is to reflect the spelling of specific rather than assimilative (“destructive”) features caused by the occupation and totalitarian regime of the 30-80s of the XX century. Spelling assimilation and the necessity to remove it is to change the phonetic-morphological and syntactic structure of the Ukrainian language, in particular phonetic, morphological, word-formation and syntactic changes. The lexicographic codification of the linguist is evidenced by his two fundamental works: “Practical Dictionary of Synonyms of the Ukrainian Language” and “RussianUkrainian Dictionary of Complex Vocabulary”. The main methodological basis for compiling these dictionaries is the specificity of Ukrainian vocabulary in its resistance to codification in dictionaries of “pseudo-language” imposed on Ukrainians during the ethnocide policy and exposing Soviet lexicography as the main “tool of Ukrainian linguicide”. Among the prospects of our study is a holistic linguistic and political portrait of a linguist and socio-political figure.

scholarly journals Syntactic Structure Analysis on Deaf Student of Brawijaya University

PARADIGM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126
Author(s):  
Finda Muftihatun Najihah
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Narrative Writing ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Deaf Students ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
Compound Sentence ◽  
Moderate Hearing Loss

This paper is aimed to investigate the syntactic structure of deaf students of Brawijaya Universirty. Syntactic structure which focuses on this discussion is the ability to recognize the sentence structure produced by deaf students. This study basically focuses on the language produced by deaf students of Brawijaya University in form of narrative writing. The narrative writing is written in Indonesian language. I chose Indonesian language as the language recourse, because the primary language of deaf students is Indonesian.This study uses descriptive qualitative research because this research basically aimed at describing the data in the form written text. The participant of this research is five deaf students who are classified into mild and moderate hearing loss. In term of analyzing the data, we concern on the three aspects of sentence structure. Those are: types of sentence, the presence of Subject and Verb in a sentence and the presence of Object for transitive verb.The finding indicates that the deaf students of Brawijaya University are able to write both simple sentences and compound sentence. They are also capable to write transitive verb which is followed by the object well. Yet, they are less in writing the passive voice form. Moreover, the data shows that different time durations of writing create a different number of words produced by them. Different deaf classification can provide different significance to a number of sentences produced by them.

scholarly journals Aesthetic perception of the Russian sound speech by Germans (a case study of German internet forums)

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
E. A. Shesterina
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
German Language ◽  
Aesthetic Perception ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Aggressive Communication ◽  
Internet Forums ◽  
Rhythmic Organization ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to the aesthtic assessment of the sound of Russian speech as reflected in German Internet forums. Segmental and suprasegmental features of Russian pronunciation which evoke in native speakers of German empathy and / or antipathy towards Russian sounding speech, are described. The ordinary Germans' naive assessment of Russian souding speech differs from that by professional linguists. Germans who are not familiar with the theoretical basis of the phonetic structure of the Russian language pay attention, first of all, to those pronunciation features that are not characteristic of the phonetic basis of the German language. Among them on segmental level are the following: trembling sonant [r̥], vowel [ᵻ] and back-lingual slit [ɣ] after vowels [e], [i] and consonants [lʲ], [nʲ], [j], the pronunciation of which in German in this position is pronounced as ich-Laut [ç]. The Germans also seem to dislike clusters of consonants that are absent in the German language, for example, -рск-, -здр- etc. The presence of these sounds in the Russian language allows ordinary Germans to characterize Russian sounding speech as rude, despite the remarks of the Germans that there are many “soft” sounds i.e. palatalized consonants in the Russian language. The main difference at the suprasegmental level, which in the scientific literature is designated as the opposition of the German “staccato” and Russian “legato”, finds its confirmation in the statements of German members of the forum. The rhythmic organization of Russian speech is assessed by common Germans as discordant and indistinct, since, unlike German speech, Russian speech is characterized by relaxed articulation, non-forced vocalization, an extended melodic range and an irregular rhythmic patterns. In addition, the use of different pitch movements in friendly and aggressive communication encourages Germans to qualify the speech of Russian speakers in obvious situations of friendly communication as confrontational.

Ellipsis in Mandarin

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Helen Charters
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Significant Contributor

Abstract Overall, learners of Mandarin tend to use overt nouns and pronouns to a greater extent than native speakers (Charters 1996b), but what specifically gives rise to this discrepancy? Differences in the distribution of ellipsis in learner and native speaker texts is investigated: both frequency and discourse contexts of syntactic structures associated with ellipsis are compared. Learners made no errors of ellipsis in structures where ellipsis is grammatically prescribed, nor did they appear to avoid such syntactic structures. In fact, the discrepancy in overall frequencies arises in contexts where ellipsis is optional; it is a consequence not of differing syntactic choices, but of differing pragmatic choices in comparable syntactic contexts. No single syntactic structure emerges as a significant contributor to the different rates of optional ellipsis overall. However, when individual variation is taken into account, it is clear that some learners use ellipsis only in syntactic contexts where it is permissible in English, and most learners use elliptic syntactic structures in a narrower range of discourse contexts than is typical of native speaker use.

scholarly journals Lexical interference in non-native resolution of possessives?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-63
Author(s):  
Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen ◽  
Anneliese Pitz ◽  
Henrik Torgersen
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
School Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Formal Similarity ◽  
Pronoun Resolution ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
Lexical Interference

Research on non-native pronoun resolution has predominantly been concerned with (i) ‘ordinary’ 3rd person pronouns/anaphors like En. "he", "she", "they" or "himself", "herself", "themselves", (ii) language pairs involving English as the native (L1) or the foreign (L2) language, and (iii) the role that binding constraints and syntactic structure in general play in L2 versus L1 processing. The present paper – a follow-up study to Pitz et al. (2017) – deviates from this trend in all three respects: We investigate how L1-Norwegian learners of L2-German interpret the two German possessive pronouns/determiners "sein" (≈ his) and "ihr" (≈ her or their), arguing that lexical divergence between the possessive systems, and in particular the formal similarity between binding-neutral L2-German "sein" and the L1-Norwegian reflexive possessive "sin", may enhance or interfere with L2 comprehension, depending on the structural conditions. In Section 2 we briefly present the two possessive systems. Section 3 summarizes relevant research on pronoun resolution, with a special view to possessives. Sections 4–6 present a pilot study on L1-Norwegian learners’ grammaticality judgments of "sein" and "ihr" in simple sentences (Sect. 5) and a forced-choice resolution experiment involving a group of L1-Norwegian learners with a background two or three years’ teaching of L2-German at high-school level and a control group of native speakers of German (Sect. 6). The final Section 7 provides a summary and concluding discussion of our findings.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Turkish Loanwords Originating from Arabic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Wafi Fhaid Alshammari ◽  
Ahmad Radi Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Phonological Constraints ◽  
Linguistic Constraints ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
The Way

This study investigates the phonological and morphological adaptation of Turkish loanwords of Arabic origin to reveal aspects of native speakers’ knowledge that are not necessarily obvious. It accounts for numerous modification processes that these loanwords undergo when borrowed into Turkish. To achieve this, a corpus of 250 Turkish loanwords was collected and analyzed whereby these loanwords were compared to their Arabic counterparts to reveal phonological processes that Turkish followed to adapt them. Also, it tackles the treatment of morphological markings and compound forms in Turkish loanwords. The results show that adaptation processes are mostly phonological, albeit informed by phonetics and other linguistic factors. It is shown that the adaptation processes are geared towards unmarkedness in that faithfulness to the source input—Arabic—is violated, taking the burden to satisfy Turkish phonological constraints. Turkish loanwords of Arabic origin undergo a number of phonological processes, e.g., substitution, deletion, degemination, vowel harmony, and epenthesis for the purpose of repairing the ill-formedness. The Arabic feminine singular and plural morphemes are treated as part of the root, with fossilized functions of such markers. Also, compound forms are fused and word class is changed to fit the syntactic structure of Turkish. Such loanwords help pave the way to invoke latent native Turkish linguistic constraints.

Pervasiveness of shallow processing

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Irina A. Sekerina ◽  
Patricia J. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
First Language ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Shallow Processing ◽  
L2 Learners

Clahsen and Felser (CF) offer a novel explanation for the qualitative differences in language processing often observed between adult first language (L1) speakers and second language (L2) learners. They argue that, although L2 learners are successful in drawing on lexical, morphological, and pragmatic sources of information, they underutilize syntactic structure, which results in shallower and less detailed processing than that of native speakers.

Making use of cues to sentence length in L1 and L2 German*

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-477
Author(s):  
Mary Grantham O’Brien ◽  
Carrie N. Jackson ◽  
Alison Eisel Hendricks
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Prosodic Cues ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
L1 And L2

The current study examines whether German native speakers and immersed and non-immersed L2 learners of German use prosodic cues to identify the length of a sentence in perception as a means to investigate the interaction between prosody and syntactic structure among L2 learners. In a perceptual gating experiment, all three groups successfully differentiated short from medium and long sentences, although the native speakers used cues to identify sentence length earlier than the L2 learners. Among the L2 participants, those immersed in the L2 and those with higher L2 proficiency were better able to distinguish sentence length in the gating task. Importantly, immersed participants were more likely to differentiate short from non-short sentences than those who were not immersed, and those who were more proficient were less indeterminate and more confident in their responses than were those with lower L2 proficiency.

scholarly journals THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF AWGNI NOUN PHRASES

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Berhanu Asaye Agajie
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Labeling Algorithm

The objective of this study is to examine the syntactic structure of Awgni Noun Phrases. The assumption of Labeling Algorithm {XP, H} is holding on, and a descriptive research design was employed to explore the intended objective. Data for this research were enriched by interviewing 12 native speakers of Awgni specializing in the proposed language. Through expert samplings, 20 Noun Phrases were selected and illustrated. Results showed that the Noun Phrases in Awgni could be formed out of the head Nouns all along through other lexical categories reminiscent of the Noun Phrases, Adjective Phrases, Verb Phrases, Determiner Phrases, and Adverb Phrases.  These grammatical items were serving as dependents to the head Nouns. The head Nouns in Awgni are for all time right-headed. These heads are the only obligatory constituents, while the Phrasal categories are optional elements which could be either modifiers or complements to the head Nouns. In this regard, Labeling Algorithm explicitly chooses the contiguous Noun heads that are the label of the complete Syntactic Objects (SOs) anticipated for all Noun Phrase structures.

scholarly journals Prosody and Processing: Comprehension and Production of Topic-Comment and Subject-Predicate Structures in Brazilian Portuguese / Prosódia e processamento: compreensão e produção de estruturas de tópico e de sujeito no português brasileiro

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1601
Author(s):  
Andressa Christine Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Aline Alves Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Reading Technique ◽  
The Subject

Abstract: This paper explores the influence of prosody in the processes of comprehension and production of sentences in Brazilian Portuguese with topic-comment syntactic structure and sentences with subject-predicate syntactic structure, in active or passive voice. Three experimental activities were carried out, one production task and two comprehension tasks. Experiment 1 consisted of a perception task with the ABX technique, and it aimed to test if hearers recognize prosodic differences between topicalized Determinant Phrases (DPs) and DPs in subject position. Experiment 2 consisted of a sentence elicitation task with Cross-modal naming technique and it aimed to investigate whether Portuguese native speakers produce a subject-predicate structure or a topic-comment structure in contexts that favor the occurrence of these syntactic structures in speech. Experiment 3 consisted of a comprehension task with Self-paced listening and reading technique and it aimed to investigate whether prosodic characteristics of a DP, in topic or subject position, can guide hearers during the processing in order to distinguish between these two syntactic categories. From the comprehension/perception perspective, the results of the experiments 1 and 3 indicated that speakers recognize the prosodic differences between the topicalized DPs and the subject DPs, and use such characteristics during linguistic processing. From the production perspective, the results of experiment 2 revealed that speakers are able to produce sentences consistent with topic-comment and subject-predicate syntactic structures when the context favors the occurrence of one of them. Nevertheless, the results also reveal a preference for the subject-predicate structure over the topic-comment structure in BP.Keywords: prosody-syntax; topic-comment; subject-predicate.Resumo: Este trabalho investiga a influência da prosódia nos processos de compreensão e produção de sentenças com elementos topicalizados, do tipo tópico-comentário, e sentenças com a estrutura de sujeito-predicado, na voz ativa ou passiva, do Português Brasileiro. Aplicaram-se três atividades experimentais, uma tarefa de produção e duas de compreensão. O Experimento 1 consistiu em um teste de percepção com a técnica ABX, cujo objetivo foi testar se ouvintes reconhecem as diferenças prosódicas entre Determinant Phrases (DPs) topicalizados e DPs em posição de sujeito não topicalizado. O Experimento 2 consistiu em um teste de elicitação de frases com imagens do tipo Cross-modal naming, cujo objetivo foi investigar se em contextos que favorecem a ocorrência de estruturas de sujeito ou de estruturas topicalizadas, os falantes produzem frases consistentes com tais estruturas sintáticas. O Experimento 3 consistiu em uma tarefa de compreensão, com a técnica Self-paced listening and reading, cujo objetivo foi investigar se as características prosódicas de um DP, em posição de tópico ou de sujeito, conseguem guiar o processamento linguístico dos ouvintes na distinção entre essas duas categorias sintáticas. Na compreensão/percepção, os resultados dos experimentos indicaram que os falantes reconhecem as diferenças prosódicas entre os DPs topicalizados e os DPs em posição de sujeito, e utilizam tais características durante o processamento linguístico. Na produção, os resultados revelaram que os falantes produzem frases consistentes com estruturas sintáticas de tópico e de sujeito quando o contexto favorece o aparecimento delas, entretanto, apontam para uma preferência da estrutura de sujeito como default no PB.Palavras-chave: prosódia-sintaxe; tópico-comentário; sujeito-predicado.

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