scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Selected Springs Water in Aqra Area, Duhok Governorate, Northern Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2E) ◽  
pp. 134-149
Author(s):  
Omar Aqrawi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Alkaline Water ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Wilcox Diagram

Fifteen spring water samples were collected from the study area, to identify its quality, as well as the prevailing water type in it. samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of main cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and anions HCO3-, SO42-, Cl- and NO3-, as well as investigating the physio-chemical properties represented by Hydrogen Number, Electrical Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids. Piper classification demonstrated that all samples are of type normal earth alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate with a percentage of 79.9% of all the samples, except for SP4, SP9, and SP11, which characterized with normal alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate and sulfate or chloride with a percentage of 19.9%. The results of the analysis showed a prevalence of calcium ions over the rest of the cations followed by Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and a prevalence of HCO3- ion over the rest of the anions followed by NO3-, Cl-, and SO42-. The water quality index showed that all samples are categorized within the excellent type for drinking, with a range of 3.14-29.94. In addition, several classifications used (Eaton, 1950, Turgeon, 2000 and Don, 1995) demonstrated that the water is of excellent type to use for irrigation with Na%=2.51, Sodium Adsorption Ratio=0.08, and RSC=-1.65. Using Wilcox Diagram for irrigation water; show that all samples are within the domain of the excellent water for irrigation.

scholarly journals Water Quality Evaluation of Selected Springs in Qazania Area, Diala Governorate, East Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1B) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Joudah Akilabi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Water Quality Evaluation ◽  
Tolerant Plants ◽  
Piper’S Diagram ◽  
Dominant Cation

Twenty-five spring water samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for major constituents’ concentrations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl ̶, SO42 ̶, HCO3 ̶ and NO3 ̶. The parameters of H, TDS and EC were measured as well. The springs water is neutral to slightly alkaline, Piper’s diagram classification indicates that most samples are earth alkaline water with an increase portion of alkali with prevailing sulfate and chloride. A Dominant cation is sodium followed by calcium then magnesium, while sulfate is a dominant anion followed by chloride, bicarbonate then nitrate. The dominant water type is NaSO4 which represents 64% of all samples followed by NaCl type which represents 28% and CaSO4 type which represents 8% of all samples. According to Water Quality Index (WQI) classification, 24% of whole samples are excellent, 8% is good, 24% poor and 44% are unsuitable for human drinking. According to Richard diagram, 20% of all samples have been fallen in C2S1 class where they are good for irrigation, 68% of all samples have been fallen in C4S2 class where they are poor for irrigation and 8% of all samples have been fallen in C4S3 class where they are very poor for irrigation, therefore it is clear that the most springs samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes except for very salt-tolerant plants.

Spatial distribution and hydrochemistry of springs and seepage springs in the Lubuska Upland of western Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Szczucińska
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
River Valleys

The major part of the Polish Plain (central Europe) was shaped during the last glaciation and so far has been considered to be poor in groundwater outflows. The present study aimed to map the groundwater outflows and to analyse their water properties in the Lubuska Upland, western Polish Plain. The mapping of the groundwater outflows was supplemented by hydrochemical analyses (major ions and trace metals) of selected outflows. Altogether, approximately 600 groundwater outflows were recorded, of which 45% were springs. The outflow water discharges ranged from 0.001 to 45 L s−1. Most of them were located at the bottom of the slopes of river valleys. The water was neutral (pH 6.9 to 8.11), with electrical conductivity from 261 to 652 μS cm−1 and average temperature ~10 °C. The most common water type was dominated by bicarbonate, sulphates and calcium ions. The waters often exceeded the quality limits for total Fe and Mn2+. This study revealed that groundwater outflows are a common feature of the areas shaped by former glaciations and are most likely supplied by shallow aquifers.

scholarly journals Geochemical Modeling of Scale Formation due to Cooling and CO2-degassing in San Kamphaeng Geothermal Field, Northern Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutthipong Taweelarp ◽  
Supanut Suntikoon ◽  
Thaned Rojsiraphisal ◽  
Nattapol Ploymaklam ◽  
Schradh Saenton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Geochemical Modeling ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Scaling Potential ◽  
Co2 Degassing

Scaling in a geothermal piping system can cause serious problems by reducing flow rates and energy efficiency. In this work, scaling potential of San Kamphaeng (SK) geothermal energy, Northern Thailand was assessed based on geochemical model simulation using physical and chemical properties of hot spring water. Water samples from surface seepage and groundwater wells, analyzed by ICP-OES and ion chromatograph methods for chemical constituents, were dominated by Ca-HCO3 facies having partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 10–2.67 to 10–1.75 atm which is higher than ambient atmospheric CO2 content. Surface seepage samples have lower temperature (60.9°C) than deep groundwater (83.1°C) and reservoir (127.1°C, based on silica geothermometry). Geochemical characteristics of the hot spring water indicated significant difference in chemical properties between surface seepage and deep, hot groundwater as a result of mineral precipitation along the flow paths and inside well casing. Scales were mainly composed of carbonates, silica, Fe-Mn oxides. Geochemical simulations based on multiple chemical reaction equilibria in PHREEQC were performed to confirm scale formation from cooling and CO2-degassing processes. Simulation results showed total cumulative scaling potential (maximum possible precipitation) from 267-m deep well was estimated as 582.2 mg/L, but only 50.4% of scaling potential actually took place at SK hot springs. In addition, maximum possible carbon dioxide outflux to atmosphere from degassing process in SK geothermal field, estimated from the degassing process, was 6,960 ton/year indicating a continuous source of greenhouse gas that may contribute to climate change. Keywords: Degassing, Geochemical modeling, PHREEQC, San Kamphaeng Hot Springs, Scaling

scholarly journals Hydrochemistry of Groundwater in Northeast Part of Anbar Governorate – West of Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 0088
Author(s):  
Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Hydrochemical Parameters ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Geological Formation ◽  
Continental Origin

A groundwater quality assessment has been carried out in northeast part of Anbar governorate in western Iraq. We analyzed hydrochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids presence of ions to describe groundwater quality. The study area has the only confined aquifer within the geological formation extended in area. Values of groundwater hydrochemical parameters were ranged from (7) to (7.9) for ph, (1599) to (6800) µmhos/cm for electrical conductivity (EC) and (1048) to (4446) mg/l for total dissolved solids (TDS). The origins and types of groundwater in the area were of marine origin and MgCl2 water type while only (6) samples were of continental origin and Na2SO4 water type. Groundwater utilization indicated that it can't be used for drinking purposes, while few groundwater wells can be used for agricultural and (33) groundwater samples can be used for animal purposes. However, the nature of the soil in the area and the depth of the groundwater qualified water for agricultural uses in significant and wide ranges.

scholarly journals Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Ramakrishnaiah ◽  
C. Sadashivaiah ◽  
G. Ranganna
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Iron Manganese

The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Tumkur taluk. This has been determined by collecting groundwater samples and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, the following 12 parameters have been considered: pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, manganese and fluorides. The WQI for these samples ranges from 89.21 to 660.56. The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of iron, nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and manganese in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination

scholarly journals Enhanced Characterization of the Krania–Elassona Structure and Functioning Allogenic Karst Aquifer in Central Greece

Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Manakos ◽  
Maria Ntona ◽  
Nerantzis Kazakis ◽  
Konstantinos Chalikakis
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Karst Aquifer ◽  
Groundwater Vulnerability ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Spring Discharge ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Central Greece

The present study highlights the importance of geological, hydrogeological, and hydrogeochemical characterization of a karst aquifer in building a conceptual model of the system. The karst system of Krania–Elassona in central Greece was chosen for this application. Hydrogeological research included geological mapping and hydrogeological analysis. Additionally, hydrochemical analysis of water samples was performed in boreholes, rivers, and the system’s main spring. The Krania–Elassona aquifer consists of three horizons of marbles and is characterized by mature karstification. The karst aquifer is characterized by allogenic recharge mainly from the River Deskatis that accounts for up to 92% of the total flow. Groundwater and spring water are generally characterized as good quality and are suitable for irrigation and domestic use. The water type of the spring water is classified as Mg-HCO3. The application of a SARIMA (Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model) model verified the conceptual model and successfully simulated spring discharge for a two-year period. The results of this study highlight the importance of basic hydrogeological research and the initial conceptualization of karst systems in reliably assessing groundwater vulnerability and modeling.

scholarly journals Effect of Ca(OH)2 and Heat Treatment on The Physico-Chemical Properties of Bovine Bone Powder; a Material Useful for Medical, Catalytic, and Environmental Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
Naseer Ahmed KHAN ◽  
Mukhtiar AHMED ◽  
Naveed ul Hasan SYED ◽  
Matthew DREWERY
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Bone Powder ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Oily Liquid

In this study the authors investigated the effect of alkali (Ca(OH)2) and heat treatment on the physico-chemical properties of bovine bone powder. For this purpose, raw and alkali treated samples were heated separately at temperatures of 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C. A combination of characterization techniques, such as TGA, XRD, N2-adsorbtion isotherms, and EDX were used. It was found that the boiling of cleaned solid pieces of bones in 2 molar Ca(OH)2 solution results in a mass loss of about 10 % (mainly discards oily liquid). TGA analysis affirms that the hydrocarbons of bone matrix are partially extractable (~ 10 %) in the boiling alkaline solution. The color of raw and treated bone samples remained similar, that is changing from yellowish white to grayish black before turning into white over temperatures ranging from 30 °C (room temperature), 400 – 600 °C, and 800 – 1000 °C, respectively. Moreover, XRD signatures were also comparable at unified temperature ranges, however, it was noted that carbonization due to heating engenders a significant change in the intensities of the x-ray reflections. Despite of having similarities, surface area of raw and treated bones at 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C were found to be different, indicative of a chemical interactions of calcium ions with bone. Quite interestingly, TGA, XRD, and N2-adsorbtion isotherms support the argument that a limited amount of calcium ions diffuses into the vacancies or interstitial sites of bone lattice. Furthermore, EDX analysis of the samples calcined at 1000 °C confirms that the Ca(OH)2 treatment increases the total calcium content of hydroxylapatite (inorganic part of bone matrix).

scholarly journals Natural Gas Refinery Wastewater Treatment by Zeolites

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Rezvantalab ◽  
Fatemeh Bahadori
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Rhyolitic Tuff ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ro Concentrate ◽  
Gas Refinery

The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) reduction in reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate, using two types of natural zeolites. In order to reduce salinity of wastewater, experiments are carried out by varying the type of zeolite, concentration of zeolite, and residence time. The results show that both zeolites can lower the SAR and TDS of wastewater; however, Rhyolitic tuff is more effective than clinoptilolite. It is observed that the concentration of zeolite has not significant effects on wastewater treatment so, using the lowest level of selected concentration reduces the cost of desalination. In addition, the effect of residence time is negligible. The experimental set up shows that the SAR reduction slop is higher than TDS.

scholarly journals Soil attributes and quality under treated domestic sewage irrigation in sugarcane

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. A. Barbosa ◽  
Edson E. Matsura ◽  
Leonardo N. S. dos Santos ◽  
Aline A. Nazário ◽  
Ivo Z. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Soil Quality Index ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Surface Reservoir

ABSTRACT Using domestic sewage to irrigate and supply nutrients to plants is a sustainable practice; however, due to the physical and chemical properties of the domestic sewage, soil attributes and quality may be changed with its application. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil quality after two cycles of sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage and surface reservoir water via subsurface drip irrigation, with and without nutritional supplementation by fertigation, and a non-irrigated control with top-dressing fertilization. Soil quality was established by applying the methodology proposed by Karlen & Stott. Physical, chemical and microbiological indicators were selected to compose the basic soil functions used to determine the quality index. Application of treated domestic sewage with fertigation increased soil electrical conductivity, Na+ content and exchangeable sodium percentage. Reservoir water applications with fertigation increased microbial biomass carbon and reduced the metabolic quotient, besides promoting significant effects on soil acidification indicators in comparison to reservoir water irrigation without fertigation. Despite the alteration of some soil attributes, no significant changes in the soil quality index were observed among the treatments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document