scholarly journals ORGANISED CRIME: UNDERGROUND ECONOMY AND REGULATIONS TO COMBAT CYBERCRIME

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvio Greco ◽  
Gianpiero Greco
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Regulatory Interventions ◽  
The Individual

Criminal organizations, with the advent of new information technologies, have found additional ways and spaces through which to commit crimes, especially in online hidden markets and through new means of laundering illicit proceeds. The opening of these new illegal markets has helped to increase the capital of criminal organizations which, if spread and rooted in the territory, can influence the various spheres of politics and decision-making processes of an entire country. Despite the seriousness of the threat, organised crime is not sufficiently understood. Although regulatory interventions and actions to prevent and combat cybercrimes perpetrated by organised crime have been implemented, through the international collaboration of the police forces with the various investigative agencies, the individual states intend to maintain full sovereignty in the area of criminal justice; all this leads to a lack of uniformity between both national and European institutions in the area of organized crime, while adequate regulation is still lacking in the dark web. In the light of the exponential increase in online criminal activity in recent years and even 25% between the first and second quarter of 2020 due to the coronavirus emergency, it is therefore essential that the individual Member States put aside uncertainties, exploiting the European Union as a fulcrum in the fight against transnational organised crime. A common solution would be to criminalize access to some areas of the Onion Routing, integrate the provisions of the article 416 of the Penal Code to apply them also to the digital context and establish the crime of mafia-type criminal association in the European legislative landscape as explained in article 416-bis of the Italian Penal Code. Interpol; Europol; Postal police; Criminal law; Darknet

Part I General Questions, 2 Transnational Organised Crime: Concepts and Critics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinn Arndt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction

The term ‘transnational organised crime’ is no recent invention, but the legislature first took heed of the phenomenon only thirty years ago. Three external developments contributed to this change: first, the worrying rise of narcotics-related criminal activity; second, the particularly organised way in which these and other crimes were committed; and third, cross-border activity especially in the context of new technology and the opening of borders in the European Union. Transnational organised crime (TOC) is thus a fairly young field of research. The specific structures of perpetrator groups and their methods have been of particular interest to criminologists, while criminal legal scholars have been much slower to react. This chapter gives an overview of the problems in describing, defining, and combating TOC. Key factors that are likely to influence the future direction of organised crime are also named.

scholarly journals Framing the Refugee Crisis in Online Media: A Romanian Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Corbu ◽  
Raluca Buturoiu ◽  
Flavia Durach
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Online News ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Media ◽  
Tone Of Voice ◽  
The Individual

The European Union (EU) is under severe pressure, due to the multiple crises it has to manage. Among them, the refugee crisis is remarkable, since it is shaking both the individual member states and the EU as a whole. The media coverage of the refugee crisis is important because the media still are the main source of information concerning distant issues (the refugee crisis included), and as such it facilitates people’s access to social reality. Using the perspective of agenda-setting and the conceptual background of framing theory, we aim to (1) identify the most prominent frames online media employ with reference to the refugee crisis, and (2) reveal the tone of voice online media use when portraying issues related to this crisis. To achieve these two goals, we content analyzed 1493 online news articles, published between April 15, 2015 and February 29, 2016. Main findings show that online media outlets mainly refer to the refugee crisis in terms of responsibility and conflict, in this order of prominence. At the same time, online media portals prefer using a reasonably balanced viewpoint when portraying the refugees, and a slightly negative one in terms of attitudes towards the European Union.

scholarly journals Constitutional social rights in the countries of the European Union. Theoretical provisions and problems of implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
Anna S. Burdanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
The Individual

Introduction. Social rights belong to the second generation of human rights and freedoms, they ensure social security, all-round development of the individual. They are widely represented in the national legislation of the countries of the European Union, primarily in the relevant legislation. However, the same cannot be said about constitutional law, which is associated with different approaches of legal scholars and proven practices in the legal regulation of the implementation of social guarantees in a particular state. The methodological basis of the work was formed by general scientific and special legal research methods. Theoretical analysis. In the scientific European literature there is no single approach to the definition of basic social rights, their essence, types, legal consequences. Moreover, there are fundamentally opposite points of view about the need for their recognition and consolidation at the constitutional level. Thus, the discussion is on in individual states and the European Union as a whole. In the legal doctrine of a number of countries, for example Germany, broad and narrow approaches are used to define social rights. At the same time, at the pan-European level, a broad approach is mainly used, which draws attention to the presence of social guarantees in the Constitutions and, accordingly, state target programs of a social orientation. Empirical analysis. In general, the Constitutions of the EU countries enshrine certain social rights, which may differ in the actual form of their expression in constitutional acts. This form depends on legal approaches, traditions, historical path, economic and political experience of the state. Meanwhile, the point of view about the need to recognize social rights at the highest level, despite the existing criticism, became decisive during their subsequent inclusion in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Results. The working document of the European Parliament distinguishes between three systems for integrating social rights into the Basic Law: liberal (for example, Austria), moderate (for example, Germany) and southern European (typical of Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece). At the same time, the comparison shows that for the realization of the rights of the second and third generations, constitutional consolidation is not enough; a socio-political consensus is needed, reflected through the normative legal acts adopted by the legislative body. In the European Union, attempts are being made to expand social guarantees, which face the rejection of the concept of unification of social rights by individual member states.

Financial Stability and the Global Influence of EU Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 146-173
Author(s):  
Paul Davies
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Influence

This chapter considers the influence of European Union law in the post-crisis regulation of financial institutions on a global basis. The financial crisis of 2007–2009 created incentives for jurisdictions to ‘export’ their legislative solutions globally, in order to promote domestic stability. The resulting frictions were reduced by (a) promoting international agreement on optimal regulatory strategies and (b) using some form of mutual recognition strategy at the level of individual jurisdictions. The chapter argues that the European Union had relatively little influence on (a) because the international standard-setters are still dominated by the individual Member States. On the other hand, with the adoption of a Union level common rule book, implementation of (b) was placed in the hands of Union institutions. A case study of EU/US recognition of each other’s rules on central counterparties for derivatives clearing shows how cumbersome and political recognition may be.

Analysis of the Dutch Crisis Response System in the Context of the Common European Union Resilience

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Chris van Duuren ◽  
Tomasz Zwęgliński
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
System Development ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

The increasing integrity of the European Union member states is more and more regarding the security and civil protection aspects. On the other hand the priority in responsibility for the safety and security is still in the domain of the sovereign states. It means that the individual states of the EU are responsible for designing and managing their own security and civil protection systems. However, the integration processes within the EU trigger a significant need for an increase of common understanding of the individual member states’ philosophies, approaches and systems utilized in the domain of security and civil protection. Only then if we understand how the others work, we are able to assist them in a crisis or disaster. Therefore, it is highly important to share and understand each other’s systems between member states. The article presents the Dutch approach to national risk assessment as well as organizational aspects of internal security system applied in the Netherlands. It also suggest the future challenges which are at the near horizon of the system development.

scholarly journals Европска унија - криза и изазови развоја и опстанка // European union - the crisis and development challenges and survival

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Никола Жарковић
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Individual ◽  
European Economies ◽  
The Eu

Резиме: Економска криза је избрисала прогрес европских привреда остварен у годинама прије кризе. Стабилан привредни раст и раст запослености који су карактерисали деценију прије кризе су нестали. У условима раста и економског просперитета, асиметрија Европске уније и еврозоне није стварала веће проблеме. Међутим, економска криза у Европској унији је имала израженији интензитет и дуже вријеме трајања у односу на САД и неједнак интензитет на поједине земље чланице Европске уније. Криза је открила фундаменталне слабости Европске уније. Европска унија се налази пред великим изазовом: како обезбиједити просперитетан развој у будућности? Европској унији је потребан већи степен политичке и фискалне интеграције, веће улагање у истраживање и развој ради развијања економије утемељене на знању и иновацијама, квалитетније образовање, већи степен запослености и заштите животне средине. Европска унија треба ријешити сопствене слабости и даљњим процесом интеграција обезбиједити нове изворе снаге.Summary: The economic crisis has wiped out the progress of European economies achieved in the years before the crisis. Steady economic growth and employment growth that characterized the decade before the crisis are gone. In terms of growth and economic prosperity, the asymmetry of the European Union and the euro zone did not cause major problems. However, the economic crisis in the European Union had a stronger intensity and longer duration compared to the US and the unequal intensity of the individual Member States of the European Union. The crisis has revealed fundamental weaknesses of the European Union. The European Union is facing a great challenge, to ensure prosperous development in the future? The EU needs a greater degree of political and fiscal integration, greater investment in research and development to develop economies based on knowledge and, innovation, quality education, higher level of employment and protection of the environment. The European Union should solve their own weaknesses and further the process of integration to provide new sources of power.

scholarly journals Energy and the European Union

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Jeníček ◽  
V. Krepl
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Impact ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Green Book ◽  
The Individual

There exists no energy policy in the European Union, but rather a whole series of long-term goals setting its strategic orientation. Until 2000, when the Green Book named “Towards the European Strategy of Energy Supplies Securing“ was accepted, no real debate on the strategy of energy was held in the EU. The Green Book represents a key document of the European energy policy and it originated as a consequence of the fears of the European Committee regarding the growing energy dependence on the energy resources imports, from the politically not stable parts of the world. Among the three key points of the energy strategy, there belong stable supply of energy, acceptable energy prices and environment protection. With regard to the deepening European integration and interconnection of the individual member states economies, the decisions of one country also have an energy impact on the other states. Therefore, the cooperation among the individual members is necessary.

scholarly journals Problems of 14–18 Years Old Youth and the Trends of Organisation of Prevention Activities: Lithuanian Case

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Sandra Valantiejienė
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Adult World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe World Health Organization (since 1998) recognises that many modern diseases and disorders (including social problems) are caused by risky behaviour. Youth risky behaviour is generally defined as a behaviour that directly or indirectly threatens the young person’s well-being and health. This is usually understood as smoking, abuse of alcohol and psychoactive substances and early initiated and unprotected sexual relations. However, the risky behaviour also includes basic things such as the failure to comply with diet regimen, sedentary lifestyle, not wearing the safety belt in the car and failure to wear a helmet whilst cycling or rollerblading. Adolescence itself is a risky span of the human life, as it is associated with moving from childhood into the adult world and intensive search for the personal identity. To ensure a consistent development of personality, adolescent risky behaviour prevention include harmonisation of education processes to help teenagers to develop responsible behaviour skills by reducing the risk factors and increasing protective factors. The article aims to overview the factors that influence youth risky behaviour and the factors that determine the planning and organisation of preventive activities for the pupils in the higher classes of the schools of general education. The study was completed in the form of a questionnaire that was conducted in the schools of the Lithuanian Republic in 2016. The results of the study describe trends of the prevention policies applied in the system of education, considering the national context of the individual Member States of the European Union.

scholarly journals Research Data: Management and Opening. Polish and European Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1A (113A)) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Wiorogórska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Research Data Management ◽  
The Individual

Purpose/Thesis: This paper attempts to present the trends in management and opening of research data in Poland and the European Union, based on the analysis of the recently published Polish and European acts and documents as well as of other international initiatives which might influence scholarly publishing and scholarly communication.Approach/Methods: An in-depth review of the latest documents was applied. Results and conclusions: I focused on highlighting the key elements of the reviewed documents and initiatives, highlighting the directions for managing and opening of research data they set and the implications they might have for Polish and European science. I also sketched the possible inconsisten­cies between the European and Polish policies related to research data and scholarly communication.Research limitations: The documents investigated for the purpose of this paper were either Polish or provided by the European Union (EU). I have not analyzed the national documents issued by the individual member states of the EU other than Poland. Hence, it is probable that some solutions on research data management and opening already taken on the level of individual member states have not been included in this paper.Practical implications: This paper may encourage a reflection on the relationship between the regulations issued at the European (EU) or at the national (in this case, Polish), and the practices and requirements of scholarly communication which often contradict those regulations.Originality/Value: This is the first analysis of the latest Polish and European documents and initiatives as related to data management and open data (open science).

scholarly journals Analysis of road tax in the international context

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 11009
Author(s):  
Adela Poliaková ◽  
Katarína Frajtová Michalíková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Research background: Reducing the costs of transport companies is a permanent and important task for the sustainability of the company's development. The operation of transport companies brings externalities, which ultimately burden the company, which creates pressure to eliminate them by those who cause them. This pressure increases costs for transport companies, so they often try to avoid responsibility for environmental pollution. The European Union supports the creation of legislative instruments that would favor transport companies that give preference to greener and more fuel-efficient vehicles when operating. However, the modernization of the vehicle fleet also brings with it increased costs for investments in fixed assets. Purpose of the article: The aim of this article is to analyze the real tax burdens in the individual Member States and to point out that rates within the European Union are not uniform and represent a space for speculative behavior by transport operators. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the motivation of carriers to reduce transport externalities is insufficient if Member States are left a large margin of manipulation. Methods: We obtained data on road tax rates from the laws in individual countries. We used Scania truck data to analyze the impact of rates. Findings & Value added: When creating the price, it is necessary to consider all costs related to the implementation of transport. One of these costs is the motor vehicle tax. This tax represents a fixed cost for the carrier, which burdens the vehicle regardless of whether the vehicle is in operation or in technical readiness. We found that the adjustment of road tax resp. motor vehicle taxes has significant shortcomings in the EU. Not only do some countries do not favor the use of clean vehicles, but tax rates also vary greatly from one Member State to another.

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