ARMED BANDITRY AND BORDER MONITORING: CHALLENGES FOR NIGERIA’S SECURITY, PEACE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The greatest challenge facing Nigeria today is international terrorism that is aided by religious extremism, porosity of borderline and cross-border security challenges and crime. Indeed, the existence of porous borders and cross-border and frontier activities in Nigeria has aided crimes and security challenges across Nigerian borders for long without any specific solutions. This paper examines the security challenges and the socio-economic effects of insurgency and armed banditry in Nigeria. The country as a nation state is under a severe internal socio economic and security threat. At a more general level, the threat has social, economic, political and environmental dimensions. Each of these dimensions has greatly affected the nation’s stability, and can be traced to the ethnic militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts, poverty, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption, economic sabotage and environmental degradation. The efforts of the government to eradicate insurgency, banditry and corruption have been slow and costly in terms of public funds spent, lives and properties lost. This has made the citizenry to question, the efficiency of the menace. Using frustration-aggression theory, the paper then revealed that the major criminal activities in Nigeria borders are smuggling of contraband goods and illegal immigrants, trafficking in weapons and human parts, drug trafficking, vehicle crime, trafficking of illegally exploited natural resources, including the illicit trade in timber, oil and diamond among others. This growth and flourishing entry without proper check or monitoring, has brought about insurgency, armed banditry, kidnapping and corruption, etc. which has become a problem of security as a result of these borderless-borders in Nigeria, with armed banditry becoming one of the most intractable challenges facing the country today. There are many speculations that the groups may have found their way through our porous borders. Therefore, the study probes into the nature of Nigeria borders using Historical/descriptive method of research and analysis in Armed Banditry and Border Monitoring: Challenges for Nigeria’s Security, Peace and Sustainable Development. The study data were collected through documentation of secondary sources, including review of related literature journals and write-ups even as it built on the findings of already existing works about emerging security threats in Nigeria. The study is concluded by recommending among others that the country should evolve a sustainable social security system which will discourage public office holders from engaging in corruption, with good information sharing techniques providing gainful employment opportunities for the citizenry, etc. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0854/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

FARMERS-HERDERS CRISIS AND FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA: CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS

The paper examines Farmers-Herders crisis and food security in Nigeria: Causes and Implications. It viewed that Farmers-Herders crisis in Nigeria threatens food security, peace and sustainable development of the nation, Nigeria. The work maintains that the incessant crises occasioned by Herdsmen and Farmers in Nigeria, has claimed so many lives and property, and displaced so many, with attendant socio-economic consequences on sustainable development of the nation, Nigeria. Using Resource Access Theory (RAT), the work explains that the crisis between Herders and Farmers can be understood as the problem of access to land for economic survival, which as a result, has caused economic, political and environmental tensions in Nigeria, especially in the middle belt and southern parts of Nigeria since the return to democracy in 1999. The theory argues succinctly that the inability of the Fulani Herdsmen to have unhindered access to land for grazing, is to a significant extent responsible for why they often go into conflict with the host communities and farmers in Nigeria as access to the resource is the main cause of the conflict and violence. With this thriving crisis and violence of Farmers and Herders in Nigeria without proper steps by the Nigerian Government to tackle it to a standstill, the work posits that it portends grave implications for Nigeria’s food security, peace and national development. Therefore, in order to create an enabling environment for food security, peace and sustainable development, the paper suggests among others that there is need for the Nigerian Government to come up with a proper re-orientation programme that will breed good and social interaction, irrespective of religious and ethnic background. Government at all levels should be firm and fair in its resolution and implementation decision so as to tackle the crisis to a standstill. There is need for the Federal Government of Nigeria to invest on national orientation programme that will make herdsmen to see the need to value human lives and property in Nigeria, even as the Government should also strengthen its security apparatus and make it fully independent. The paper also recommended that there should be border policing to guide against illegal entry and possession of illegal arms and ammunitions for peace and development of the nation, Nigeria. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0871/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

CREATION OF PARALLEL BODIES DISEMPOWERING THE EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA

By bridging the gap between PRIs and parallel bodies across the country, this study will examine how the process of decentralisation is being actively considered by the Indian government as well as state governments. The multiple parallel bodies established by governments have resulted in the emergence of numerous parallel structures, undermining the panchayats. The proliferation of organisations has confused, as well as conflict and disempowerment of the Panchayats. The interface has become a key component of many state governments' agendas to assist make the multiple parallel entities more effective, sustainable, and PRIs-friendly. Accept that interlinkages will play a limited role and influence in the process of decentralisation and good governance unless the government takes decisive steps to devolve functions, funding, and officials to the PRIs, enabling decentralised planning and convergence. The higher authority would then have to disempower themselves to empower the PRIs. Devolution of power and authority from the State Government to the three-tiered PRIs could provide space and opportunity for more rigorous accountability measures. My article reflects on how many states are implementing programmes primarily through state bureaucracies, resulting in parallel structures, which is contrary to the spirit of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0875/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS – THE CASE STUDY OF THE BA NA ETHNIC GROUP, KON TUM PROVINCE, VIETNAM

Kon Tum is not only a countryside with many revolutionary traditions but also a land of multi-ethnic cultural identities with 28 ethnic groups living together, in which ethnic minorities account for over 53% with 7 ethnic groups in the locality, including Xo Dang, Ba Na, Gia Rai, Gie Trieng, Brau, Ro Mam, Hre (Hre) [2, p.1]. Each ethnic group has its own traditional cultural identity, which has been handed down through generations. Cultural values such as language, writing, festivals, architecture, traditional costumes, etc. create the unique value of each community, are the link that connects each individual in the community, and also are the door to exchange, develop and integrate with other communities. Ba Na ethnic culture is an important component in the rich Kon Tum culture, imbued with national identity. Through the process of researching and surveying the opinions of artisans, village elders and experts on the Ba Na ethnic group in Kon Tum province, we found that the culture of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in general and Ba Na ethnic group in Kon Tum province has the basic characteristics of forest culture, upland farming culture, and gong culture. Those characteristics have created the unique and the charming in their traditional culture. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0871/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL INTEREST GROUPS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Political interest groups (PIGs) are formed by people having common goals and working their way to make their goals a realization. These groups play a crucial role in influencing the minds of the youth in their outlook about varies societal issues. As a way for the youth to be able to participate, these groups found a way to organize political interest group chapters within universities. The organization allow university students to be able to actively participate in conducted activities within their campuses. This study investigated the different political interest groups which are existing in the universities within Cebu City, Philippines. The study also endeavored to examine the different reasons why students are willing participate in these so-called political interest groups and the factors that drive them in joining, how these institutional chapters are recognized and monitored by their respective universities. The findings revealed that students who participated in political interest groups find them interesting and beneficial serving as primary channel to voice their opinions regarding crucial and current societal issues. Also, the universities give them permits to conduct fora and seminars inside the campus. Many students confirm that joining political interest groups bring them more benefits, hone their political interests. Finally, joining political interest groups foster and deepen university students’ social development, broaden their political horizons and bring about positive social change while nurturing students’ rational choices. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0800/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

SUCCESSIVE ELECTION OF REGIONAL HEADS: A COMPARISON STUDY OF THE STATE CONSTITUTIONS OF MAJAPAHIT, INDONESIA, AND THE UNITED STATES

A constitution is a written regulation and a state convention (state administration) that determines the composition and position of state bodies, regulates relations between the bodies, and regulates the relationships between these bodies and the citizens. The enactment of a constitution as a binding fundamental law is based on the highest power or the principle of sovereignty adopted by a certain country. If the country adheres to the notion of popular sovereignty, then the source of the legitimacy of the constitution is the people. If monarchical sovereignty is applied, then the monarch will determine whether or not a constitution may be enforced. A constitution also contains regulations for the election of regional heads. Regional head elections are one of the characteristics of a state that applies democratic principles. This study aims to analyze the election of regional heads by comparing the constitutions of Majapahit, Indonesia, and the United States of America. The method used in this research is normative juridical, namely by reviewing the norms of Constitution, laws and other sources of legal material, including journals. The results of this research are that regional heads in Majapahit were directly elected by the Prabu (King). It was a District/majority representative system since the regional heads were directly elected by the king, an Organic and Non-Democratic electoral system. Whereas in Indonesia, regional heads (Governors, Regents and Mayors) are democratically elected, elected directly by the people or by the Provincial, Regential and Municipal House of Representatives (district representation system based on the majority and balance). However, in the reform era, the legislators interpreted the democratic system as direct election by the people. The electoral system is mechanical, organic and democratic. In the United States, the Head of State is directly elected by the people but at the discretion of the legislature, hence the representative system is a balanced representation system. The electoral system is organic and semi-democratic. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0754/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

“COMMAND WITHOUT DEBASEMENT”: SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVED INTRA-FORCE RELATIONS IN NIGERIA POLICE FORCE THROUGH EXCELLENCE PUBLIC RELATIONS

This paper highlights the imperative of effective intra-relations within the Nigerian Police Force. Most discourses of public relations in relation to the Nigeria Police Force focus more on the external publics with less interest on the internal public. Being a hierarchical organization characterized by top-down communication expressed in form chain of command, it assumes that the police force has no use for symmetrical communication which is the hallmark of Grunig’s excellence theory of public relations. However, this study proves otherwise, that excellent public relations can be practiced in the force when members of the organization especially the superiors realize and operationalize the habit of commanding without debasing their subordinates. In doing this, the status of intra-force relations of the Nigeria police force will be greatly improved. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0797/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

CORRUPTION AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: PROBLEMATIQUE, NEXUS, CONSEQUENCES AND WAY FORWARD

The phenomenon of corruption has no doubt become monstrous and pervasive in the Nigerian state, such that it has threatened the very foundation for her rapid development in socio-economic and political trajectory. Given its innumerable manifestations, corruption has permeated all spheres of life and institutions of governance. More worrisome is the fact that successive governments continue to battle with this endemic scourge, all to no avail as it keeps increasing by leaps and bounds. This paper, therefore, argues that corruption is responsible for the state of underdevelopment in Nigeria and Africa by extension because there exists, a clear nexus between corruption and underdevelopment. The paper further imports the basic tenets of prebendalism as a theoretical construct to understanding corruption and the reasons why it is prevalent. Complementing this theoretical analysis is the utilization of the documentary and desktop analytical approach and/or information cum personal experiences in the articulation of the causes and effects of corruption on the society. The paper therefore concludes that though corruption is pervasive and global, it is antithetical to development in all facets. Hence, it requires a holistic and an unsentimental approach to conquer it, the paper recommends institutionalization of legal frameworks, stringent punishment like capital punishment as well as improvement in salary and wage structures of bureaucratic officials as probable and workable solutions to minimize corruption to its barest minimum. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0770/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

JAPAN'S MEIJI REFORM AND EXPERIENCE LESSONS FOR VIETNAM IN THE PROCESS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION OF THE COUNTRY

In the development process of Japanese history, the Meiji period was of great significance. Thanks to the achievements of this reform, Japan can advance quickly on the path of industrialization and modernization and become the first capitalist power in Asia. The Meiji reform with its historical role and meaning has become an essential element in promoting the development of Japanese history in modern times. On the Asian level, the achievements of reform have much influence on regional countries. Many Asian countries have turned to the island nation and want to follow the development path of Japan. Over 150 years have passed, but the lessons learned from the Meiji reform are still valid, especially for Vietnam in the period of industrialization and modernization. The general article of Japan's Meiji reform (1868) is carried out in the fields of economy, politics, military, culture, and education. On that basis, give some useful lessons for Vietnam in the process of industrialization and modernization of the country today. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0771/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

DETERMINANTS OF ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) AND COMPREHENSIVE MARKETPLACE IN LIBYA

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is an enterprise that incorporates and monitors all company operations and procedures across the whole organisation through an extensive information system. ERP vendors are now concentrating more on SMEs because of the near saturation of large enterprises’ ERP adoptions. More SMEs are implementing ERP systems because of globalisation, alliances, value networks, and the widespread flow of knowledge through and within SMEs at present. This study was focused on 80 leading Libyan business organisations catering to local and international trade, manufacturing, trade, banking and hotel services. The risks of adoption relate to the fact that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have limited capital and unique features. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0770/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>