scholarly journals FTIR INVESTIGATION OF PIGMENTS AND BINDER OF PAINTED WALLS IN HERITAGE MONUMENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-704
Author(s):  
EMIRA KAHROVIC ◽  
VANJA JAKOVLJEVIC ◽  
ADNAN ZAHIROVIC
Keyword(s):  
Gold Foil ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Animal Glue ◽  
Layer Sample ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Golden Color ◽  
Wall Decoration ◽  
Cultural Monuments ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Ftir Investigation

Studies of materials used for works of art and cultural monuments throughout the history contribute to the comprehensive understanding of particular cultures, their technological achievements and customs over time. Investigations of the authenticity of objects and the interventions they may have endured over time keep an important role for their successful restoration and preservation. A three-layer sample of the colored wall decoration from Ottoman Ćejvan Ćehaja mosque from Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The plaster was identified as gypsum-lime binder. Inorganic pigments were found in two layers, reddish-brown mixture of Fe2O3 and MnO2 and green pigment recognized as viridian, Cr2O3 ∙ 2H2O. The upper layer of "golden color" is found to be a physically compact piece of gold foil or leaf whose fixation method meets both the Ottoman and "west" mode of binding. The mode of adhesion by animal glue could be the result of decoration immanent to Islamic culture, but also to reconstruction from the late 19th century during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia.

Advances in Biodegradable Vascular Stent Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 987 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Jun Yan Liu ◽  
Jin Guo Wang ◽  
Yun Hai Yu ◽  
Na Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Compatibility ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Vascular Stent ◽  
Cell Compatibility ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Over Time

Biodegradable vascular stent is mainly made of materials that can be naturally decomposed. After implantation into human blood vessels, the vascular stent can be continuously degraded over time and eventually disappear completely after the treated blood vessels are healed and support from the vascular stent is not needed. The vascular stent materials used in clinic should have good biocompatibility, which mainly involves blood compatibility and cell compatibility. In terms of cell compatibility, the influence of materials on cell growth should be observed. The various biological materials should have good anticoagulant character, so as to reduce the tendency of thrombosis and avoid the occurrence of various risk events in clinical treatment.

scholarly journals Analysis of Mandibular Test Specimens Used to Assess a Bone Fixation System

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
LeandroStocco Baccarin ◽  
Renato Correa Viana Casarin ◽  
JorgeVicente Lopes-da-Silva ◽  
LuisAugusto Passeri
Keyword(s):  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy ◽  
Biomechanical Behavior ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Group A ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Group B

The aim of this study was to assess through biomechanical testing if different synthetic materials used to fabricate test specimens have a different biomechanical behavior in comparison with other materials when simulating in vitro load resistance of a fixation method established for sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Thirty synthetic and standardized human hemimandible replicas with SSRO were divided into three groups of 10 samples each. Group A—ABS plastic; Group B—polyamide; and Group C—polyurethane. These were fixated with three bicortical position screws (16 mm in length, 2.0-mm system) in an inverted L pattern using perforation guide and 5-mm advancement. Each sample was submitted to linear vertical load, and load strength values were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mm of displacement. The means and standard deviation were compared using the analysis of variance ( p < 0.05) and the Tukey test. A tendency for lower values was observed in Group B in comparison with Groups A and C. At 3 and 5 mm of displacement, a difference between Groups A and C was found in comparison with Group B ( p < 0.05). At 7 and 10 mm of displacement, a difference was found among the three groups, in which Group C showed the highest values and Group B the lowest ( p < 0.05). Taking into consideration the results obtained and the behavior of each material used as a substrate, significant differences occurred among the materials when compared among them.

scholarly journals Comparison of Time-dependent Changes in Syndesmotic Reduction Between Suture-button and Screw Fixation for Ankle Malleolar Fractures with Tibiofibular Diastasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0029
Author(s):  
Seiji Kimura ◽  
Satoshi Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Fixation ◽  
Screw Fixation ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Suture Button ◽  
Malleolar Fractures ◽  
Fixation Group ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Group B ◽  
Over Time

Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Reduction of the tibiofibular syndesmosis is one of the most important factors that affect the clinical outcome after ankle malleolar fractures with syndesmotic diastasis. Recent studies have shown that suture-button fixation can yield better syndesmotic reduction than screw fixation immediately after surgery. However, the time-dependent change in the reduction for each fixation method has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to compare the postoperative changes in the syndesmotic reduction after surgical treatment of ankle malleolar fractures between suture-button fixation and screw fixation using bilateral computed tomography. Methods: Patients who sustained ankle malleolar fractures with tibiofibular diastasis and underwent tibiofibular fixation were included. Suture-button fixation (Group B; n=14; age, 39 years) was used between 2015 and 2016, and syndesmotic screw fixation (Group S; n=20; age, 35 years) was used between 2012 and 2014. The syndesmotic screws were routinely removed. Patients underwent CT scanning of the bilateral ankles at 2 time points: at 2 weeks and 1 year after fracture fixation. Side-to-side differences in the anterior and posterior tibiofibular distances, and anteroposterior fibular translation were measured. Syndesmotic melreduction was defined as a side-to-side difference?2 mm in either of the measurements. The changes in each measurement and incidence of malreduction for each group were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and McNemar’s test. Differences between the two groups at each time point were also compared. Results: At 2 weeks after fracture fixation, the side-to-side difference in anterior tibiofibular distance was significantly wider in Group B (1.9 mm) than in Group S (0.7 mm) (p=0.03). Additionally, the fibulas were more translated posteriorly in Group B (1.5 mm) than in Group S (0.2 mm). At 1 year, the anterior tibiofibular distance decreased to 0.8 mm in Group B (p=0.09). On the contrary, it significantly increased to 1.9 mm in Group S (p=0.002). In Group B, the incidences of malreduction were 4/14 and 2/14 at 2 weeks and 1 year, respectively (p=0.74). Two ankles, which were malreduced at 2 weeks, changed to a reduced syndesmosis at 1 year. In Group S, the incidences were 8/20 and 9/20 at 2 weeks and 1 year, respectively (p=0.35). Conclusion: Syndesmotic alignment changed over time in both fixation methods, however, the patterns of change were different. Using suture-button fixation, the anterior tibiofibular distance decreased over time. As a result, the widened syndesmoses at 2 weeks changed to reduced syndesmoses at 1 year. On the contrary, using tibiofibular screw fixation, the anterior tibiofibular distance widened after screw removal. Our result suggests that the flexible suture-button fixation allows the fibula to move to the optimal location over time.

The Southern Chamber of Amun in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari: three seasons of epigraphic studies from 2013 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kapiec
Keyword(s):  
The Temple ◽  
Wall Decoration ◽  
Over Time

The Southern Room of Amun Project is one of the egyptological projects of the PCMA’s Polish–Egyptian Archaeological and Conservation Mission in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari. The paper presents epigraphic work carried out in this room between 2014 and 2015, during which almost the entire wall decoration was recorded. The article is a wall-by-wall presentation, paying special attention to the most important transformations of the reliefs over time

scholarly journals Review of Quality Deficiencies Found in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Master Files Submitted to the WHO Prequalification of Medicines Programme

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Ortega Diego ◽  
Antony Fake ◽  
Matthias Stahl ◽  
Lembit Rägo
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
United States Food ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Over Time

Purpose. The aim of this work was to determine the number and type of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) quality deficiencies in API Master Files (APIMFs) as submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) Prequalification of Medicines Programme (PQP). Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of API quality deficiencies identified following the assessment of new APIMFs for non-sterile APIs during a 6-year period from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012. All deficiencies were collected, classified and quantified according to the Common Technical Document (CTD) sections and subsections and as groups of commonly raised questions. Results. There were 5446 deficiencies collected from 159 APIMF deficiency letters by CTD section, by selected CTD subsections and by selected CTD subsections and year. More than 50% of the total number of deficiencies related to the manufacturing sections of the CTD, followed by deficiencies concerning the impurities, the API specification and the stability sections of the CTD.  A pattern of API deficiencies across the different CTD subsections and over time was identified. Conclusions. The most frequent critical deficiencies were related to how the specific manufacturing process and the key materials used, in particular the API starting material, impact the API impurities content. The number and pattern of APIMF deficiencies did not change over time. The results are compared to the findings in similar studies as reported by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and similarities and differences are discussed. Our findings highlight the need for greater guidance and technical assistance for API manufacturers submitting APIMFs to the PQP. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

scholarly journals Properties Change of Korean Traditional Animal Glue Depending on The Parts of Cattle Hide and Extraction Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-566
Author(s):  
Gyu Hyuk Cho ◽  
Ji Sun Choi ◽  
Dea Woo Park ◽  
Han Hyoung Lee ◽  
Yong Jea Chung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Animal Glue ◽  
Helix Structure ◽  
Average Change ◽  
Total Molecular Weight ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Over Time

We investigated the properties of Korean traditional animal glue which are associated with the use of different parts of cattle hide and extraction conditions. Both average molecular weight(Mw, Mz) and polydispersity (PDI) of the animal glue increased with extraction time, whereas only PDI decreased after 48h. There were no differences in the average molecular weight and PDI for the different cattle hide parts used, although a individual difference was observed with regard to total molecular weight. Differences in extracts over time were compared by investigating the amide regions representing the gelatien component of the animal glue. The triple helix structure of the belly skin deteriorated in a manner proportional to the extraction time, and differences were observed for each cattle hide part. The yellowness increased with the extraction time; however, the viscosity was not proportional to the average change in molecular weight. This study has some limitations because of difficulties in the quality control of cases where small amounts of glue were extracted as small differences might impact the overall results considerably. Further research exploring various extraction conditions is required to ensure the prodiction of traditional animal glue with optimum qualities.

scholarly journals Batik Patterns in the South of Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Events ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ways Of Life ◽  
Over Time

“Batik” or “Pateh” is an important cloth in the south of Thailand. Its unique features such as pattern, colour, and production process make Batik different from other cloth in the other part of Thailand. Traditionally, Batik was originated in Indonesia and India where people used paraffin wax as a dye-resist paint. It was also reported that other Asian countries such as Japan and India made Batik fabric in their country. In Thailand, local people in the south made their clothes from Batik fabric and wore them in daily life or during special social events. They designed pattern and applied wax-resist dyeing by hand or blocks on the fabric to create colourful and creative designs. Batik is a cultural identity of the south of Thailand. The study found that the process of creating pattern and colour for Batik was used a long time ago. In the past, artisans primarily employed wooden molds or blocks and wax to create patterns. Through the accumulation of knowledge and experience over time, the development of metal blocks makes Batik’s patterns more delicate and vivid. In addition, the research aimed to study about Batik pattern in the southern provinces of Thailand.It can be said that Batik is a uniquely beautiful fabric that should be collected as a national heritage and for the future study of this fabric. The study of Batik pattern in the south revealed that former patterns simply used basic geometric shapes such as lines, squares, and circles. Then, these patterns have been developed by integrating rhythms and spaces to create more distinctive and delicate designs. Moreover, the patterns of Batik in the south were inspired by nature, religious beliefs, and ways of life. Warm tone colours such as red, brown, yellow and cool tone colours such as blue and green were employed. It was also found that the materials used in the past were primarily from plants and nature. Nowadays, artificial colors are also used because they allow vivid and durable effects.

scholarly journals A Citation Analysis of the Classical Philology Literature: Implications for Collection Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Collection Development ◽  
Latin Literature ◽  
Classical Philology ◽  
Special Concern ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
American Philological Association ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Support Research

Objective – This study examined the literature of classical (Greek and Latin) philology, as represented by the journal Transactions of the American Philological Association (TAPA), to determine changes over time for the types of materials cited, the languages used, the age of items cited, and the specificity of the citations. The overall goal was to provide data which could then be used by librarians in collection development decisions. Methods – All citations included in the 1986 and 2006 volumes of the Transactions of the American Philological Association were examined and the type of material, the language, the age, and the specificity were noted. The results of analyses of these citations were then compared to the results of a study of two earlier volumes of TAPA to determine changes over time. Results – The analyses showed that the proportion of citations to monographs continued to grow over the period of the study and accounted for almost 70% of total citations in 2006. The use of foreign language materials changed dramatically over the time of the study, declining from slightly more than half the total citations to less than a quarter. The level of specificity of citations also changed with more citations to whole books and to book chapters, rather than to specific pages, becoming more prevalent over time. Finally, the age of citations remained remarkably stable at approximately 25 years old. Conclusion – For librarians who manage collections focused on Greek and Latin literature and language, the results can give guidance for collection development and maintenance. Of special concern is the continuing purchase of monographs to support research in classical philology, but the retention of materials is also important due to the age and languages of materials used by scholars in this discipline.

Microscopy and X-Ray Spectroscopy Analyses for Assessment of Gilding and Silvering Techniques of Portuguese Illuminated Manuscripts

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Le Gac ◽  
Isabel D. Nogueira ◽  
Mauro Guerra ◽  
José Carlos Frade ◽  
Stéphane Longelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Layer ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Animal Glue ◽  
Pumice Stone ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whitening Agent ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractThe objects of this study are various local charters (cartas de foral, in Portuguese) granted by Dom Manuel I, King of Portugal (1495–1521), which substituted for medieval ones and were intended to achieve an administrative unification. These are luxuriously illuminated manuscripts, and our study aims at obtaining a better understanding of the gilding and silvering techniques applied to the parchments, in which the forais were written, between 1500 and 1520. The combined use of microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy analyses allowed us to identify the vestigial materials used for making the parchments, including products such as salt (NaCl), lime (CaO), pumice stone (SiO2+Al2O3), and chalk (CaCO3). Chalk was employed as a whitening agent to give the parchment its final color and opacity. Shell-gold and shell-silver mixed in with animal glue or gum binding media were directly applied on type 1 and 3 forais, while very thin gold leaves (<1 µm) were applied over lead-based tempera grounds (50–180 µm thick) in type 2 forais. Silver was always employed in its finest form without a further protective layer (thus its recursive state of corrosion), while gold was used in various alloy grades.

Variation in barbiturate sleeping time in mice 3. Strain × environment interactions

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Lovell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Sleeping Time ◽  
Pharmacological Response ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Bedding Materials ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Pentobarbitone Sleeping Time

Environmental factors such as diet, bedding material and temperature at the time of testing affected a 'model' pharmacological response - pentobarbitone sleeping time - differentially in a range of inbred strains. These results are probably explained by variations in the responses of the strains to constituents of the diets and bedding materials used in the experiments. Differences in the results between experiments suggest that there are also fluctuations in the composition of the diets and bedding materials over time. Strain × environment interactions such as those found here may explain differences in strain rankings between experiments. They would also account for some of the variability in results found between laboratories and within a laboratory over time.

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