scholarly journals Water conflict between Pakistan and India: Implications to regional peace and security

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-270
Author(s):  
Kishwar Munir ◽  
Iram Khalid ◽  
Wajeeh Shahrukh
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Water Treaties ◽  
Water Treaty

Pakistan and India are water stressed countries and the seed of water conflict between the two has been sowed by the Punjab boundary commission at the time of Partition. Trans-boundary water treaties have played a significant role in resolving the water disputes though the mechanism of conflict resolution varies and structurally fails to address the future problems that may arise. Indus Water Treaty (IWT) has been examined as an efficacious Model of conflict resolution and induced cooperation from 1960s to 1980s. Pakistan claimed that India is violating IWT by building dams and diverting waters of Western Rivers flowing from India to Pakistan. Therefore, the research attempts to answer the following questions. What is the cumulative effect of Indian dams being constructed on the Western Rivers? Can India Unilaterally withdraw the treaty? What would be the implications if India violates the treaty? Holistic content analysis of qualitative method and conflict theory has been used to investigate the water conflict between Pakistan and India. The key findings are that violation of treaty by India is perceived as security threat by Pakistan and also increase its economic concerns. The tension between the two neighbours over water sharing can lead to water war which poses serious threats to regional peace and security.

scholarly journals Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Uzair Qamar ◽  
Muhammad Azmat ◽  
Pierluigi Claps
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Transboundary Water Resources ◽  
Peaceful Resolution ◽  
Water Treaties ◽  
Water Treaty

Abstract Water treaties have played an important role in peaceful resolution of water-related conflicts. Although the mode of negotiation to resolve water-related conflicts may vary from treaty to treaty, a number of structural falls make them unprepared for the future needs. The Indus water treaty is perhaps quoted as the most successful water-sharing mechanism in the recent times. Against all odds, the treaty has fulfilled its job descriptions of being a mechanism providing a moderately reliable framework for the peaceful resolution of water-related conflicts. However, the climate change is quickly eroding that trust. The water-sharing mechanism lacks guidelines to cater the issues related to climate change and basin sustainability which require integrated approach for their addressal. But the structural inflexibility does not encourage the riparian to collaborate and build mutual trust for common good. The riparian countries, within the framework of treaty, attempt to elevate their national interests by deliberately refusing to comply with the treaty clauses in letter and spirit, and even manipulate data to deprive the competing riparian of water. We propose and argue on the need of adopting structurally sound forum for solving water conflicts which will assist in comprehensive policy-making to ensure the sustainability of transboundary water resources. The forum will also provide an opportunity for the riparian to work together towards confidence-building through sharing of real-time hydrological data and further scientific analysis based on that. Conclusively, the shortcomings of the present conflict-resolution method are addressed by encouraging riparian to collaborate at various levels.

scholarly journals Water tourism conflict resolution through good governance (story from Indonesia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Zaini Rohmad ◽  
Agung Nur Probohudono ◽  
Waskito Widi Wardojo ◽  
Agung Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
The Government

This paper discuss good governance model for conflict resolution around water tourism area in Indonesia. This paper developed structural factors that influence water tourism such as the population, economic development, regional generated revenue, real-time sector revenue, poverty rates, and water management which is the focus of the study affected the rising of the water conflict. This study is field research qualitative study. The objects in this research are water tourism stakeholders which are composed of three different water tourism management in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia, namely Grojogan Sewu, Jumog and Peblengan. This study conducted in Karanganyar as a district that has a natural beauty with huge potential to further develop its natural attractions. The data sampling is done by observation and interview. From the result of this study it can be concluded that (1) there needs to be a clear explanation for the villagers near the water tourism area that the natural resources of water needs to be preserved and used moderately ; (2) a communication needs to be established between the stakeholders and those using the water resource, for the sake of the villagers’ welfare as well as the economic improvement; (3) the government, both the regional government as well as the central government need to make regulation to keep the condition of the nature without ignoring the possibility of conflict ensuing because of water usage by the villagers; (4) increasing the role of the villagers in managing the water resource so that there will be no prolonged conflict in the future.

scholarly journals OVERROTECTVE MOTHER IN JODDI PICOULT’S NOVEL, MY SISTER’S KEEPER

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Nur Atikah Ridwan ◽  
Zulfan Sahri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The objectives of this study are to reveal the causes and negative impacts of overprotective mother’s attitude towards her child in the best-selling novel entitled My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult, and to see how overprotective Sara Fitzgerald as a mother who has an overprotective attitude towards her second child. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with library study to find out the overprotective mother and how the overprotective developed by applying internal and external overprotective theory and mother's theory. The primary data used is the novel itself. Secondary data are books and articles relating to conflict theory. The results showed that there was a major problem that caused by Sara Fitzgerald as an overprotective mother and the impact of her overprotective attitude towards her daughter. There are two causes that Sara becomes an overprotective mother to her second daughter: her illness and her recovery and the impact towards her third daughter  is lacking affection and suffering.

Water Conflict Resolution in Multiple User Scenarios in Mahakanadarawa Scheme in Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Hamseen, M.H.M ◽  
Sivakumar, S.S
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
East Side ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Multiple User

Sri Lanka is an agriculture based developing country and currently Anuradhapura district provides the large contribution to the national economy through food production. The Mahakanadarawa irrigation scheme situated in east side of the A9 road, nearly 20km from the heart of the Anuradhapura city.

scholarly journals An Engineering Perspective of Water Sharing Issues in Pakistan

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Nick van de Giesen ◽  
Shahmir Janjua ◽  
Muhammad Shahid ◽  
Rashid Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Water Treaty

Water sharing within the states/provinces of a country and cross-border is unavoidable. Conflicts between the sharing entities might turn more severe due to additional dependency on water, growing population, and reduced availability as a result of climate change at many locations. Pakistan, being an agricultural country, is severely water stressed and heading toward a worsening situation in the near future. Pakistan is heading toward water scarcity as water availability in the Indus basin is becoming critical. Being a downstream riparian of India and Afghanistan in the Indus basin, water availability depends on the releases of water from both countries. The Indus Water Treaty is governing the water distribution rights between India and Pakistan. However, there exists no proper agreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan and the construction of new dams on the Kabul River is another threat to water availability to Pakistan. Correct implementation of the Indus Water Treaty with India is required, together with an effective agreement with Afghanistan about the water sharing. In addition to water shortage, poor management of water resources, inequitable sharing of water, lack of a systematic approach, old-fashioned irrigation practices, and growing agricultural products with large water footprints are all exacerbating the problem. The water shortage is now increasingly countered by the use of groundwater. This sudden high extraction of groundwater is causing depletion of the groundwater table and groundwater quality issues. This water shortage is exacerbating the provincial conflicts over water, such as those between Punjab and Sindh provinces. At one end, a uniform nationwide water allocation policy is required. At the same time, modern irrigation techniques and low-water-footprint agricultural products should be promoted. A fair water-pricing mechanism of surface water and groundwater could be an effective measure, whereas a strict policy on groundwater usage is equally important. Political will and determination to address the water issues are required. The solutions must be based on transparency and equity, by using engineering approaches, combined with comprehensive social support. To develop a comprehensive water strategy, a dedicated technopolitical institute to strengthen the capabilities of nationwide expertise and address the issues on a regular basis is required to overcome the complex and multidimensional water-related problems of the country.

scholarly journals Peran Indonesia dalam Upaya Penyelesaian Konflik antara Pemerintah Filipina dan Moro Nationalism Liberation Front (MNLF)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Hardi Alunaza SD ◽  
Dewa Anggara
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Resolution Process ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philippine Government

The Moro Nationalism Liberation Front (MNLF) has long been perceived by the Philippine government as a threat. The continuity of this conflict resulted in the instability of the Philippine state which also affects its relations with other countries. Indonesia as a neighboring country and one region with the Philippines helped to resolve the conflict between the Philippine government and MNLF. The presence of Indonesia became a history of Indonesian diplomacy for the world peace struggle contained in Indonesia’s Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. This paper is attempts to answer that question using conflict theory from Max Weber which focuses on interaction in conflict resolution. The results of this paper indicates that Indonesian’s role in mediating the conflict resolution process resulted in a Final Peace Agreement which is the final peace agreement between the Philippine Government and MNLF.Keywords: Moro Nationalism Liberation Front (MNLF), Philippine, Indonesia, conflict resolution, Final Peace Agreement, mediation

Transboundary water justice: a combined reading of literature on critical transboundary water interaction and ‘justice’, for analysis and diplomacy

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (S2) ◽  
pp. 174-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zeitoun ◽  
Jeroen Warner ◽  
Naho Mirumachi ◽  
Nathanial Matthews ◽  
Karis McLaughlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Transboundary Water ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Process Outcomes ◽  
Water Justice ◽  
Equitable Outcomes ◽  
Research And Policy

By reviewing and blending two main bodies of research (critical transboundary water interaction analysis and centuries of thought on social justice) this paper seeks to improve international transboundary water interaction analysis and diplomacy. Various implications for transboundary analysis and diplomacy are grouped under themes of equitability, process/outcomes, and structural concerns. These include shortcomings of analysis and policy based on unfounded assumptions of equality, and options excluded from consideration by the legitimisation of particular concepts of justice over others. As power asymmetry is seen to enable or disable justice claims and conflict resolution efforts, the importance of ensuring equitable outcomes as a pre-condition for cooperation is asserted. Similarly, water conflict resolution is found to be more fair – procedurally – than is conflict management, and may be supported to a limited extent by international water law. A number of analytical tasks are suggested for future research and policy, including a call to scrutinise the source of legitimacy of strands of justice invoked. Given the very many perspectives on justice that exist in the network of relevant actors, potential bias in research and diplomacy could be reduced if all involved openly stated the morals underpinning their understanding of ‘justice’.

Approaches to Water Dispute Resolution: Applications to Arab-Israeli Negotiations

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-325
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Basin Management ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Dispute ◽  
Water Treaties ◽  
International River

AbstractIncreasing and competing demands among countries for water is a major cause of international disputes. This article builds on research of negotiation processes and institutional frameworks of international river basin management. Its focus is the search for effective approaches that can be applied to the resolution of Arab-Israeli water disputes. While every dispute is unique, the Arab-Israeli situation is not the only case with stubborn and long-standing enmities, shortages of water resources, political and economic power imbalances, absences from negotiations of vital riparians, and rapidly changing political climates. In the Arab-Israeli water dispute, there are both parallels and lessons to be learned from the situations in other river basins.The treaties that have thus far emerged from Arab-Israeli negotiations are briefly reviewed, as is the potential for future regional agreements. The history of other river basin negotiations is useful in charting the future directions of the Arab-Israeli water conflict. Issues include options and modes of negotiation, information and technology sharing, the importance of the geopolitical climate, comprehensive versus incremental agreements, linkage of water agreements to environmental and other issues, the power balance among participants, cost-sharing strategies, and institutions, and the capacity for implementation.Although the strained political relations between Arabs and Israelis have worsened in the past year and one-half, the water treaties do not seem endangered for the most part. Indeed, water negotiations may again become one of the confidence-building measures that can facilitate other more general negotiations, after the current stalemate is broken.

scholarly journals Regional Organizations in China's Security Strategy for Africa: The Sense of Supporting “African Solutions to African Problems”

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Van Hoeymissen
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Third World ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Regional Conflict ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Peace And Security

African regional organizations play a significant role in maintaining peace and security on their continent. This article looks at how China, as an emerging power in Africa, has incorporated these organizations into its policies on African security crises. It asserts that China has explicitly endorsed regional conflict resolution mechanisms, which it perceives as having a less intrusive impact on third world countries' sovereignty than have initiatives taken under the global collective security system led by the UN Security Council. Moreover, China strengthening cooperation with African regional organizations and aligning its stance with the views emerging from these regional bodies is an important way in which China has tried to respond to the rising security challenges and political demands it is faced with in Africa. The article briefly considers what influence China's increased attention to African regional bodies is having on efforts by Africa's traditional donors to help build – but also shape – Africa's emerging peace and security architecture.

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