scholarly journals Sino-Africa relations: Gradual changes in Chinese foreign strategy towards African countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-167
Author(s):  
Sahibzada Muhammad Usman ◽  
Zekun Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Know How ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Strategy Changes

China is one of the world's foremost economic powers, affecting many countries' economies and political issues. China standing by the five principles of peaceful coexistence, is ready to cultivate friendly cooperation and ties with all countries that contribute to international peace, security, and mutual prosperity. Africa is an important factor for global stability and prosperity with the highest number of developing countries. Africa is still of considerable significance to the Chinese Government. Therefore, the Chinese government wishes to present China's African strategy and its action to implement them and its plans for cooperation in different areas to facilitate the steady development of China-Africa ties in the long period. However, China's foreign policies are changing and developing recently. This study utilized qualitative analysis to identify the collaboration and relations between African countries and China to know how Chinese foreign strategy changes Africa's strategic ramifications and repercussions. The findings showed that the partnership between China and Africa by win-win strategy, from moral emphasis throughout the colonial phase to tactical considerations and non-intervention to constructive involvement on the continent, are three strands of foreign strategy shifts.

scholarly journals Manually Produce Clay-Based Housing Materials in Rural Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Baixin Wu ◽  
Haifeng Yan ◽  
Ao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Rural Industry ◽  
Know How ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
Housing Materials ◽  
Tree Branch

Rural housing materials in developing countries (such as African countries) are mostly (crop) straw for roof cover, soil and tree branch for (round) wall. The houses are small with interior dark. In the case of electricity, mechanical and economic conditions are not allowed, farmers hardly know how to improve housing conditions or create economic benefits by applying manual labour, animal power, land, timber and fuel (firewood or coal). In this article, the method of manually producing baked tiles (for roof cover) and bricks (for wall) are described in detail with a set of historic pictures, which aims to inherit Chinese farmers’ wisdom and diligence (intangible cultural heritage), arouse farmers in developing countries to improve their housing conditions by self reliance, promote the rise and development of rural industry, at the same time, promote the construction of water conservancy project.

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

International treaties and their Application on the Territory of the USSR

1975 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor P. Blishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Soviet State

In pursuing a consistent policy of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems, proletarian internationalism, and strengthening relations with socialist and developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the Soviet State concludes over 400 treaties and agreements a year.

scholarly journals Foreign Know-How, Firm Control, and the Income of Developing Countries*

2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel T. Burstein ◽  
Alexander Monge-Naranjo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Know How

Revisiting African States Participation in the WTO Dispute Settlement through Intra-Africa RTA Dispute Settlement

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malebakeng Forere
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dispute Settlement Mechanism ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
East African Community ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
Southern Africa Development Community

AbstractWhereas developed countries were the main players in the GATT dispute settlement mechanism, the era of the WTO saw a sharp increase in the developing countries’ participation in trade disputes. Thus, developing countries are active complainants and defendants in the WTO dispute settlement processes. Nevertheless, African states are still marginalised, and this situation has attracted attention of many scholars. As a result, scholars in the field have come up with many reasons to explain why African states do not appear as either complainants or respondents. The reasons for Africa’s non-participation have been argued to include cost of WTO litigation relative to the gains, low trade volumes, legal knowledge and non-integration of African countries in the WTO system. This article seeks to contribute to the existing literature on Africa’s non-participation in the WTO dispute settlement. The goal in this article is to confirm or dispel assumptions that African states have interests that they need to safeguard through dispute settlement but are inhibited from doing so because of the reasons mentioned above. Unlike other studies, the determination on Africa’s non-participation in the WTO dispute settlement will be approached from African states’ participation in intra-Africa RTA dispute settlement mechanisms. While there are six intra-Africa RTAs notified to the WTO, this work focuses on only two – East African Community and Southern Africa Development Community.

scholarly journals The Internationalization of Firms: Some Lessons from ASEAN Firms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Business ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Know How ◽  
Asean Countries

In the last 50 years the debate on the development of international business remained unsettled, especially that concerning the establishment of multinational firms from developing countries. Using the Ownership Locational Internalization (OLI) Model this paper examined the formation of multinational firms from ASEAN countries. We found positive similarities in the advancement of the firm’s specific ownership advantages such as skills, management know-how, R&D and technological capabilities. Unlike the firms from developed countries, the firms from developing countries adopted local elements in their products and services.  

scholarly journals Chasing Ghosts: Rumours and Representations of the Export of Chinese Convict Labour to Developing Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 398-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hairong ◽  
Barry Sautman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Local Media ◽  
Chinese Official ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Recent Addition ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Opposition Parties

AbstractA recent addition to the global discourse of China's interaction with developing countries has been the claim that the Chinese government exports prison labour to these countries. While no evidence is ever presented to support this claim, it has been widely circulated in international and local media, as well as on the internet. This article examines the origins of the rumour and the mechanisms of its transmission. It shows that while the rumour often originates at the grass roots in developing countries, it is promoted locally and globally by political, economic and media elites with distinct agendas that often involve building support for opposition parties, competition in obtaining contracts, or geo-strategic and ideological rivalry. We analyse the rumour's circulation in light of the larger discourse on China and developing countries, and discuss why Chinese official responses to the claim have proved to be ineffective.

scholarly journals Temporary prosthetic fitting for below-knee amputation

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ozyalcin ◽  
E. Sesli
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Knee Prosthesis ◽  
High Price ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Dressing Method ◽  
Knee Amputation ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Prosthetic Fitting

The problems encountered in fitting and using the permanent below-knee prosthesis in developing countries are the high price of the prosthesis, inadequate fitting and lack of proper rehabilitation. In Turkey, the preferred treatment of the stump post-operatively is by the soft dressing method with bandaging for maturation and shrinkage. Generally, the application of the permanent prosthesis is in the sixth month post-operatively. Since in patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) sockets, stumps have to withstand high pressures in limited areas, the PTB socket can only tolerate small volume changes in the stump. For this reason bandaging over a long period may be insufficient for adequate stump shrinkage and amputees will need another below-knee prosthesis, which most of them cannot afford after only a few weeks use. In the authors' clinic, 19 amputees were fitted with simple, effective and inexpensive temporary prostheses following either conventional immediate post-operative dressing or the soft dressing method. The temporary prosthesis is worn for two months. It produces fast stump shrinkage, helps maturation and permits ambulatory discharge even in bilateral amputees. For economical reasons, only eight of nineteen patients were fitted with permanent prostheses, all wearing them successfully without the necessity of further rehabilitation.

Impact of corruption on Chinese investment in African countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilin Yuan ◽  
Haiyang Chen ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Evidence

Purpose This paper aims to examine the impact of host country corruption on foreign direct investment (FDI) from China to developing countries in Africa. With the opposing arguments that corruption is detrimental to or instrumental in FDI and mixed empirical evidence, this paper contributes to the literature by providing new evidence on the issue. Additionally, little research has been done on the impact of corruption on FDI made by developing country multinationals to developing countries. This paper fills a void in this area. Design/methodology/approach Based on the published literature, as well as China and Africa contexts, the authors develop hypotheses that host countries with low corruption receive more FDI and resource-seeking investments weaken the relationship. The annual stock of Chinese FDI in 35 African countries, host country corruption data and other control variables from 2007 to 2015 are collected. Feasible generalized least squares models are used to test the hypotheses. Additional robustness tests are also conducted. Findings The findings support the hypotheses. Specifically, Chinese investors make more investments in host countries with low corruption except for resource-seeking investments in resource-rich host counties. The results are statistically significant accounting for various control variables. The results of the robustness tests show that the main findings are robust. Originality/value First, this study provides new evidence on the impact of corruption on FDI. Second, this study also fills a void by examining FDI from a developing country, China to other developing countries in Africa. Finally, this study also has a practical implication for Chinese multinationals investing in Africa.

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