scholarly journals Approaches to assess the impact of nanoparticles on the human body

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-447
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Kashuba
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Working Day ◽  
The Impact

The analysis of the behavior of nanoparticles in aerosols, their aerodynamic peculiarities and interaction with microparticles was made. The features of nanoparticle cumulation in the air of the working area of industrial premises during the working day, as well as during two, or three-shifts working day are studied; the features of the nanoparticles aggregation in aerosol with their subsequent degeneration into microparticles and further sedimentation are examined. The features of the transcutaneous entry of nanoparticles into a human body are considered. It was pointed out that nanoparticles of various sizes can differ in their physicochemical properties, and, correspondingly, their influence on biological systems. Therefore, it is shown that in order to establish the toxicological hazard of nanoparticles, it is necessary to establish the most sensitive system and weight concentrations of nanoparticles, as well as their most dangerous size range, i.e. it is necessary to take into account the dispersion distribution of nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that the solubility of micro- and nanoparticles can be crucial for assessing their influence on the body in case of the body transcutaneous entry or by inhalation. Possible approaches to assessing the intensity of the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are considered. New methodological approaches to assessing the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are proposed. The complexity and features of the regulation of nanoparticles in the air of the working area are described. It has been proposed to take into account the value of the “absorbed dose” while assessing the effect of aerosols containing micro- and nanoparticles.

Approaches to assess the impact of nanoparticles on the human body

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-447
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Kashuba
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Working Day ◽  
The Impact

The analysis of the behavior of nanoparticles in aerosols, their aerodynamic peculiarities and interaction with microparticles was made. The features of nanoparticle cumulation in the air of the working area of industrial premises during the working day, as well as during two, or three-shifts working day are studied; the features of the nanoparticles aggregation in aerosol with their subsequent degeneration into microparticles and further sedimentation are examined. The features of the transcutaneous entry of nanoparticles into a human body are considered. It was pointed out that nanoparticles of various sizes can differ in their physicochemical properties, and, correspondingly, their influence on biological systems. Therefore, it is shown that in order to establish the toxicological hazard of nanoparticles, it is necessary to establish the most sensitive system and weight concentrations of nanoparticles, as well as their most dangerous size range, i.e. it is necessary to take into account the dispersion distribution of nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that the solubility of micro- and nanoparticles can be crucial for assessing their influence on the body in case of the body transcutaneous entry or by inhalation. Possible approaches to assessing the intensity of the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are considered. New methodological approaches to assessing the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are proposed. The complexity and features of the regulation of nanoparticles in the air of the working area are described. It has been proposed to take into account the value of the “absorbed dose” while assessing the effect of aerosols containing micro- and nanoparticles.

New Technologies, Justice, and the Body

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Fabre
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Body ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of medical technologies on the concept of justice and the human body. Traditionally, theories of justice require individuals to transfer material resources to other individuals who are needier or worse off. But three technologies, organ transplantation, genetic engineering, and artificial wombs, have changed our obligations to one another. It appears that justice now requires us to subject our body to sometimes invasive procedures should others need our bodily resources, particular genes, or nutrients which we no longer want to provide through our body itself.

scholarly journals CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARDS WATER PURIFY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DEHRADUN CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 686-693
Author(s):  
Manisha A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Brand Preference ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Local Water ◽  
The Impact

One can survive without food but not without water. A human body is comprised of 70% of water which helps in other activities of the body like digestion and metabolic processes. Water is the most critical issue in todays world and its purity is the second. Currently,Watertreatmentmethodsincludefiltrationandheatathightemperaturetokillthebacteria inside it. As a result, consumer demand for water purifier has been increases. Several companies like KENT, HUL, Tata, Eureka Forbes, LG, Bajaj etc. have entered this segment and have launched various brands of water purifiers. Existing demand has also attracted to local players who have entered in the market and assembling water purifiers in minimum cost such as Aqua fres h, Aqua plus, Aqua grand, Aqua care, Aqua pearl, Aqua pure, Liv pro, etc. They vary in size, purification technology, price, color, patterns, usage etc. This study is conducted in Dehradun city a popular tourist place in Uttarakhand. The study mainly aims to analyze the impact of brand preference of respondents on various local water purifiers available in the market. The study also focuses on the consumer behavior towards water purifiers. This research is based on both Primary Survey, 2020 and secondary data. Study finds that, maximum of the respondents is influenced by design and comfortable size of water purifier.

scholarly journals Lead: A concise review of its toxicity, mechanism and health effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 055-062
Author(s):  
Aliyu Haruna Sani ◽  
Musa Amanabo
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Environmental Disease ◽  
Route Of Exposure ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Heavy metal toxicity over the years has been proven to be a source of diverse health risks. Thou these metals, play certain biological roles, they are in excess amount get accumulated in the body and food chain displaying a chronic effect in the long run. Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating with its toxicity dependent upon the absorbed dose, the route of exposure as well as the duration of exposure. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use, its levels rise in almost every country particularly in developing countries like Nigeria where it occupies unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications. Various public health measures have been undertaken to control, prevent and treat lead toxicity occurring at various levels, such as occupational exposure, accidents and environmental factors. This article reviews the works listed in scientific literatures with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on the biomarkers of lead toxicity on the renal, hematological and oxidative stress conditions.

scholarly journals Half a Century of Physiology in the Medical Faculty of Novi Sad

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijel Slavić ◽  
Bogosav Lazetić ◽  
Damir Lukač
Keyword(s):  
Biological Systems ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
Biological Reaction ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The Impact

The department of Physiology began its work in October 1961 with the establishment of the Faculty of Medicine. In the first years of its existence, the deparment encountered numerous functioning and organisational difficulties due to the limited space available on location at the time, as is often the case for newly set scientific and educational institutions. However, thanks to the efforts of competent state institutions, scientific research could eventually focus on three main issues: a) Homeostasis in the body, b) Cardio-respiratory functional systems and their adaptation to different models of weight loads (in order to investigate the influence of dosed loads on histophysiological characteristics of muscles, especially on the state of mitochondrial apparatus, researches were conducted on laboratory animals), c) The neurophysiological laboratory especially focused on changes of spontaneous bioelectric activity of different brain structures in terms of the formation of functional systems of behavior. The microelectrode technique of registration of activity of individual neurons that are part of different brain structures was used for the first time. This allowed to investigate the characteristics of individual neurons of the sea slug Aplysia depilans. In the Department of Physiology, researchers' attention was drawn to an orientation-questioning reaction, as a fundamental biological reaction. In addition to the vegetative and electroencephalographic parameters of the mentioned reaction, a special interest was allocated to the neural and neurochemical characteristics of certain brain structures during that reaction. To this end, microelectrode and microiontophoretic examinations of activity of single neurons in various structures of the brain were conducted on laboratory animals. In the middle of the 20th Century, the impact of artificial electromagnetic fields on biological systems was considered as a serious setback. This resulted in the conduction of extensive researches on the effects of these fields on biological systems.

scholarly journals Control over the Human Body Before and After Death: The Civil Law Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-135
Author(s):  
L. Novoselova
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Living Will ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

In this article, an attempt is made to determine the legal status of the human body (organs and tissue) both while a person is alive and after a person dies. The article discusses the points of view of various authors in relation to the possibility of considering the human body, its organs and tissue, after their separation from the body, as objects of a person’s property rights, and also as an object of a person’s non-property rights. The article argues the impossibility of qualifying the human body and the organs that were not separated from it during life as parts – and perhaps critical parts – of the existence of the total human being, as objects of real (property) rights including the rights of the persons themselves. The human body as a single object is a personal non-property benefit. The organs and tissue separated from the body may be considered objects of real rights, but on several conditions: if they were indeed separated from the body and if the person gave permission for this in a will. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the separated organs and tissue of a human being are analyzed as things (possessions) with limited turnover. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the organs and tissue separated from the body as possessions in limited turnover are reviewed as well as the impact of personal non-property rights on this status. The main focus of the article is on the legal status of the human body and the organs separated from it after death in view of the fact that transplantology and postmortem organ donation are becoming more and more widespread. This issue is analyzed in terms of the body as a whole and as it applies to the organs and tissue that are not used for transplantation. The proposal is to base our analysis on the status of the human body after death which as a rule cannot be the object of property rights. The human body is disposed of within the framework of the protection of the personal non-property rights of the deceased, including the right of physical inviolability that covers the organs and tissue separated from the body. The article characterizes the legal nature of living wills when people give instructions as to the procedure of their burial and other means of handling their body, including donation of their bodies to science. The article examines the possibility of the right of ownership to organs and tissue separated from the body after death. This right can exist if a complex legal construct is present, including a direct or assumed living will of the person. The specific characteristics of living acts concerning the possibility of after-death organ and tissue harvesting for further use, including for transplantation purposes, and the differences between such acts and last wills are determined.

The effect of the fishing season on the use value and physicochemical properties of the meat of selected fish species reared in Polish aquaculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kaliniak
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the research was to evaluate the impact of the fishing season on the value in use and physicochemical properties of the meat of selected fish species reared in Polish aquaculture. The study was conducted on five species: rainbow trout, common carp, grass carp, pike and tench. Fish were obtained from farms located in the Lublin Voivodeship in two seasons (spring/summer and autumn/winter). Morphometric measurements of the fish were performed, the percentage shares of body parts were assessed, and the physicochemical properties of the muscle tissue were measured: pH, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, and CIE L*a*b* colour characteristics. The fishing season significantly affected the body weight of carp, rainbow trout and pike, the greatest body height of carp and rainbow trout, and the total length and head length of pike. Pike, grass carp and tench had significantly lower Fulton’s condition factors in the autumn/winter season than in the spring/summer season. The season significantly influenced the share of viscera in rainbow trout and grass carp, and that of fins in carp and rainbow trout. A significant impact of the season was also noted in the case of pH in rainbow trout and tench, electrical conductivity in trout, pike and tench, and the M/T ratio in grass carp and tench. Chromatic parameters differed significantly between seasons in pike (a*) and in carp and rainbow trout (b*).

VARIATION SIMULATION OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN THE TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE BODY BY AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-401
Author(s):  
Milad Pirmoradi ◽  
Ali Negarestani ◽  
Amin Baghizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Red Marrow ◽  
Inhalation Rate

Abstract In this study, a new model based on electric circuit theory has been introduced to simulate the dynamics of radioactive chemically inert gases in the human body. For this manner, it is assumed that inert gas is transported through the body to various organs via the blood stream. In this simulation, a voltage source is equivalent to gas generation in the atmosphere, the conductivity is equivalent to the cardiac output of the organ, the capacitor capacitance is equivalent to the volume of blood or tissue and voltage across a capacitor is equivalent to the gas concentration in air or blood or a tissue. This simulation can be used to study the dynamics of any inert gas whose partition coefficients are known. We use this simulation to study the dynamics of radon in human body. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes the fate of radon in systemic tissue has been used for this simulation. Using this simulation, the effective dose equivalent resulting from inhalation of radon has been estimated. The calculated values agree with the previously reported value. Also, using the model, it has been shown that after inhalation of radon gas, absorbed dose has been decreased in different tissues by increasing the inhalation rate without radon. So that, by doubling the inhalation rate and the rate of cardiac output, the value of the absorbed dose has been decreased 11.88% in the adipose tissue, 25.49% in the red marrow tissue and 20.3% in the liver organ.

scholarly journals БЕЗКОНТАКТНЕ ЕЛЕКТРОЖИВЛЕННЯ ІМПЛАНТАТІВ

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
Володимир Петрович Олійник ◽  
Дар’я Вікторівна Теличко
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alternating Magnetic Field ◽  
Artificial Organs ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
The Impact

The issues of long-term implants using in the human body are considered. Particular attention is paid to the problem of contactless supply of power to artificial organs with significant energy consumption. Using non-contact energy supply to a fully implanted technical device reduces the risk of infections getting into the patient's body as compared to the use of a power line that is output through internal tissues to the skin surface. The well-known developments of artificial heart apparatus were used as the object of analysis. Their main technical characteristics are considered. The maximum power consumption of these devices is about 20 watts, including models AbioCor. The design of the AbioCor was produced as a fully implanted contactless power unit, but the project was not completed. Although the principle of contactless power supply is undoubtedly an innovative step in the development of implant designs. As a result of the technical implementation of this principle, the following was obtained: it is advisable to use an alternating magnetic field with an inductive coupling between an external and an internal inductor for non-contact energy supply of implants; the use of frequencies of an alternating magnetic field of ~ 100 kHz makes it possible to obtain a compromise solution between the required depth of penetration into biotissues, insignificant heat formation in them and the size and mass of inductors. Under such conditions, the location in the body of the receiving inductor can be determined by medical recommendations. Evaluation experiments were carried out to determine the effective scheme of inclusion of the transmitting and receiving circuits, and the effect on the transmission coefficient of the electrophysical properties of the environment between them. It is shown that for working out of technical solutions of hardware realization of contactless power supply, implantation elements can be placed in saline solution as a model of bioenvironment. It is recommended to use serial element base and circuit solutions used for contactless power supply of radio electronic devices. Also, a quantitative assessment of the additional heat load of the implant on the human body was carried out, since part of the energy of the apparatus and its work, in accordance with the efficiency, inevitably goes into the heat eventually. A simplified calculation of the impact of implant energy losses on the thermal state of the body showed that overheating by 1 °C would be achieved provided the complete insulation of the area, on average, 8.6 hours. This proves the non-critical overheating of the body with implants, and allows the maintenance of a stable body temperature by physiological mechanisms.

Melatonin and the Optics of the Human Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Zimmerman ◽  
Russel.J. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Natural Sunlight ◽  
The Impact

Melatonin is fundamental to the lighting, display, and architectural industries as the primary biomarker used in circadian theory. Billions of dollars are being spent on research, product development, and marketing based on the impact of visible light on melatonin produced by the pineal gland. It has now been shown that the mitochondria produce melatonin in many cells in quantities which are orders of magnitude higher than that produced in the pineal gland. This subcellular melatonin does not necessarily fluctuate with our circadian clock or release into the circulation system, but instead has been proposed to be consumed locally in response to the free radical density within each cell, in particular in response to Near Infrared (NIR) exposure. The main point of this review hypothesizes that the subcellular melatonin is being produced in response to the NIR photons which make up the majority of natural sunlight. Given the number of cells and quantity of subcellular melatonin identified to date, it is reasonable to propose that the body produces and maintains a melatonin reservoir that is separate and apart from the circulatory melatonin generated by the pineal gland. To understand how sunlight may support or stimulate this antioxidant reservoir, it becomes necessary to quantify the free radical density in various parts of the human body. To do this, it is necessary to move away from two-dimensional empirical approaches and develop three-dimensional bio-optical models based on the underlying biological processes at play. Three-dimensional Mechanistic Bio-optical Models (MBM) of the skin, eye, and brain based on non-sequential optical ray tracing and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) data clearly indicate that the NIR portion of natural sunlight provides the primary stimulus during the day to the majority of the cells in the human body, impacting over 60% of the cells in an adult body and 100% of the cells in the fetus and young children. It is also shown that optically, the human body, under the assumption of natural sunlight, has developed optical mechanisms to gather and localize NIR photons in the most sensitive areas of the human body: blood vessels, retina, brain, skin, and even the fetus.  That assumption is no longer valid in modern societies where the majority of our time is spent exposed to visible only lighting and displays, which emit zero NIR photons. Based on an optical and biological review of the literature and the MBM results, it is proposed that the NIR portion of natural sunlight stimulates an excess of antioxidants in each of our healthy cells and that the cumulative effect of this antioxidant reservoir is to enhance the body’s ability to rapidly and locally deal with changing conditions throughout the day. In this approach the role of circulatory melatonin produced by the pineal gland is to provide an efficient method of delivering supplemental melatonin during periods of low cellular activity and solar stimulus to damaged or aging cells in both diurnal and nocturnal animals. While circulatory melatonin may be the “Hormone of Darkness”, subcellular melatonin may be the “Hormone of Daylight”. 

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