scholarly journals Los derechos sociales de los ciudadanos de países terceros entre regionalismo y Derecho de la Unión Europea. El caso italiano

Author(s):  
Gracy PELACANI

LABURPENA: Joan gaitezen Italiako ordenamendura eta begiratu bat eman hirugarren herrialdeetako herritarrek eskubide sozialetara iristeko dauzkaten mugei, ea zerk izan duen zeresana muga horien bilakaeran eta norainokoan. Lehenik eta behin, saiatuko gara ikusten 2001 eta 2012 bitarteko konstituzio-erreformek zer-nolako ondorioak izan zituzten estatuaren eta eskualdeen arteko eskumen-banaketan eta nolako eragina izan zuten immigrazioaren diziplinan eta eskubide sozialetarako sarbidea antolatzen duen araudian. Bigarrenik, begiratuko dugu Corte Constituzionaleren jurisprudentzian zer jartzen duen gai honi buruz. Eta, han dionez, eskubide sozialetara iristeko bidean, ez da ezinezkoa tratua ezberdina izatea norbanakoaren estatutu juridikoaren arabera, baina irizpideek ezin dute izan ez arrazoi gabeak ez arbitrarioak, inor ez baztertzearren eta, hortaz, Konstituzioa ez urratzearren. RESUMEN: El análisis se concentra en los factores que influenciaron la evolución y el alcance de los límites al acceso a los derechos sociales por parte de los ciudadanos de países terceros en el ordenamiento italiano. Se considera, en primer lugar, el impacto de las reformas constitucionales de 2001 y 2012 sobre la atribución de competencias entre Estado y Regiones, y la manera en que estas afectaron la disciplina de la inmigración y la normativa que regula el acceso a los derechos sociales. En segundo lugar, prestamos atención a la jurisprudencia relevante de la Corte costituzionale en la que se establece que, en el acceso a los derechos sociales, aunque se permita el trato diferente con base en el estatuto jurídico de los individuos, los elementos que lo justifican no podrán ser ni irrazonables ni arbitrarios, al fin de no originar tratos discriminatorios y, por ende, inconstitucionales. ABSTRACT: The contribution focuses on the elements that have influenced the way in which access to social rights by third-country nationals has been limited over time in the Italian legal system. It considers, in the first place, how the 2001 and 2012 amendments of the Constitution impacted on the division of competences between the State and the Regions, and the way in which they have affected the body of norms regulating immigration and access to social rights. Secondly, attention is paid to the relevant constitutional case-law where it is affirmed that even if in regulating access to social rights a different treatment based on the legal status of individuals is allowed, it cannot be justified by arbitrary or no reasonable reasons, because otherwise they would amount to a discriminatory treatment, thus being unconstitutional.

Author(s):  
Marc Galanter
Keyword(s):  
System P ◽  
The Law ◽  
Do So ◽  

This article proposes some conjectures about the way in which the basic architecture of the legal system creates and limits the possibilities of using the system as a means of redistributive change. Specifically, the question is under what conditions litigation can be redistributive, taking litigation in the broadest sense of the presentation of claims to be decided by courts. Because of differences in their size, differences in the state of the law, and differences in their resources, some of the actors in society have many occasions to utilize the courts; others do so only rarely. One can divide these actors into those claimants who have only occasional recourse to the courts (one-shotters) and repeat players who are engaged in many similar litigations over time. The article then looks at alternatives to the official litigation system.


2021 ◽  
pp. 8-96
Author(s):  
Polly Morgan

This chapter starts by considering how people get married, tracing the institution of marriage through history. It looks at the evolving popularity of marriage to the present day. The chapter then addresses the social and legal significance of marriage. It asks: Why does the state encourage people to marry? The chapter also looks at other ways in which relationships can be formalised under the law. Finally, the chapter turns to civil partnerships and looks at the changes in legal status to such partnerships over time. It also considers public perceptions of civil partnerships. Finally the chapter asks: Is there a future for marriage?


1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 525-536
Author(s):  
Eliav Shochetman

The focus of the article written by my colleague, Prof. Brahyahu Lifshitz, was the extent of the influence of Jewish law on the legal system of the State of Israel during the forty years since its establishment. In my view, a symposium on “Forty Years of Israeli Law” ought also to include a study of the innovations and developments which have taken place within Jewish law during this period, since to a certain extent, Jewish law is an integral part of Israeli law. A comprehensive analysis of this issue is clearly beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, one major question should be dealt with, i.e. to what extent does the legal system of the State find expression in modern Rabbinical case law? Has the new political reality of statehood, achieved after many centuries of exile, and the ramifications of this reality in the field of law, in any way affected modern Rabbinic decisions in the years following the establishment of the State—decisions which are meant to reflect the changes and developments that have taken place in the world of Jewish law?In the opening section of his article, Prof. Lifshitz describes the influence of Israeli law upon Jewish law in the following terms: The generally accepted view is that Jewish law does not respond to, nor is shaped by, developments in the legislative or judicial organs of the State of Israel.


1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-388
Author(s):  
Charles Lindholm

In his influential work, Max Weber argued that the Middle East was fatally hampered in the development of a modern civil society by the existence of arbitrary Qadi justice, based on the personalized decisions of a judiciary reliant only on case law for precedent and lacking any form of rational organization. This individualistic judicial structure (or lack of structure) allowed authoritarian regimes to subvert the courts for their own purposes, destroying the possibility of the development of an autonomous citizenry; meanwhile, in Europe the evolution of a rationally codified legal system acted as a check on governmental tyranny and provided a space for the evolution of independent civic organizations.


Author(s):  
Felipe Cesar Rebêlo

A greve é reconhecida como um instituto em constante evolução, representativo dos direitos sociais. Passa por uma evolução constante, de acordo com as demandas que surgem historicamente. Nesse ponto, se averigua como o instituto jurídico é construído, bem como a forma que sua feição política pode desenvolver. A compreensão da doutrina e da jurisprudência se faz necessária, em consonância as determinações legais, bem como ao espírito social que move multidões, em expressão de uma ação social que necessita ser revisitada considerando cânones mais profundos, e do próprio direito e da constituição do Estado, como forma de legitimação da estrutura institucional em que a sociedade pode se formatar. A forma de concretização das demandas sociais, à luz de uma preocupação que se compactue com a luta de classes no ambiente capitalista, em que o direito é analisado como instrumentalização dessa constante social, merece ponderação na análise contemplada.   Abstract: Strike is recognized as a constantly evolving institute, representative of social rights. It goes through a constant evolution, according to the demands that arise historically. At this point, it examines how the legal institute is constructed, as well as the form that its political aspect can develop. Understanding the doctrine and jurisprudence is necessary, in accordance with legal determinations, as well as the social spirit that moves crowds, in expression of a social action that needs to be revisited considering deeper canons, and of the law itself and the constitution of the State, as a way of legitimizing institutional structure in which society can be shaped. The way of concretizing social demands, in the light of a concern that is compacted with the class struggle in the capitalist environment, in which the law is analyzed as an instrumentalization of this social constant, deserves consideration in the analysis.


Author(s):  
Carmen ALONSO HIGUERA

LABURPENA: Lan honen helburua gaur egun toki-hautetsiaren estatutu juridikoa integratzen duten eskubide, prerrogatiba, betebehar eta erantzukizunen multzoa aztertzea da, aldez aurretik lege-esparruaren osaera berezia zehaztuz eta, ondoren, estatutu horren eduki zehatza aztertuz estatu mailako oinarrizko legedian eta Auzitegi Gorenaren eta Auzitegi Konstituzionalaren jurisprudentziaren balizko interpretazioan, eta EAEko legedi autonomikotik eratorritako espezialitateak aintzat hartuz: azkenik, tokiko erregelamendu organikoek betebehar horretan izan dezaketen funtzio garrantzitsua jorratu da. RESUMEN: El objeto de este trabajo radica en analizar el conjunto de derechos, prerrogativas, deberes y responsabilidades que integran el estatuto jurídico del electo local en la actualidad, determinando previamente la especial configuración de su marco legal, para después analizar sucesivamente el contenido exhaustivo de este estatuto en la legislación básica estatal y su eventual interpretación por la Jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo y del Tribunal Constitucional, las especialidades derivadas de la legislación autonómica vasca y, finalmente, el importante papel que pueden tener en esta labor los Reglamentos Orgánicos locales. ABSTRACT: The scope of this work lies in analyzing the bundle of rights, prerogatives, duties and responsibilities that at present are part of the legal status of the local elected members, by previously determining the special configuration of their legal frame and then successively analyzing the exhausting content of this status in the State basic legislation and its possible interpretation by the Supreme and Constitutional courts case law, the specialities resulted from the Basque autonomous legislation and finally the important role that Local organic rules may have in that task.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (100) ◽  
pp. 1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarna Carmona Cuenca

Resumen:El Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos no reconoce expresamente los derechos sociales de prestación (a excepción del derecho a la educación). A pesar de ello, el Tribunal de Estrasburgo ha realizado una interpretación extensiva de los derechos civiles y políticos reconocidos para incluir, de diversas formas, la protección de aquellos derechos. Una de las técnicas utilizadas ha sido la doctrina de las obligaciones positivas del Estado. Aunque el Tribunal ha aplicado esta doctrina, fundamentalmente, a los derechos civiles y políticos, podemos encontrar algunas resoluciones en las que establece determinadas obligaciones positivas estatales para proteger derechos como la protección de la salud, la vivienda, la protección social o la protección de las personas con discapacidad. En general, se trata de reconocimientos generales y poco concretos pero, en algunos casos, ha detallado cuáles son estas obligaciones. Esto lo ha hecho, en primer lugar, en casos en que se habían producido daños cuya responsabilidad era directa o indirectamente del Estado. En segundo lugar, cuando se trataba de personas que se encontraban bajo la tutela del Estado, como las personas detenidas o internas en prisiones. Y, en tercer lugar, cuando los afectados eran personas especialmente vulnerables (discapacitados o pertenecientes a la minoría gitana). Aunque se trata de una interpretación incipiente y poco desarrollada, muestra un camino en el que se debería profundizar en el futuro. Es generalmente admitido que son los Estados quienes deben tener la iniciativa en el diseño y establecimiento de los derechos sociales de prestación pero, en caso de conductas y omisiones estatales manifiestamente contrarias a los estándares internacionales, el Tribunal Europeo debería obligar a los Estados mediante sus sentencias a dictar una legislación o establecer políticas que hagan efectivos estos derechos.El artículo consta de una introducción, cuatro epígrafes de contenido y una conclusión final. En el segundo epígrafe se aborda la cuestión de la problemática justiciabilidad de los derechos sociales de prestación. En el tercero se hace referencia a la doctrina de las obligaciones positivas del Estado en la jurisprudencia del TEDH. En el cuarto se apuntan las principales técnicas que ha utilizado el TEDH para proteger los derechos sociales de prestación y, en particular, la extensión del contenido de algunos derechos civiles y políticos. En el quinto epígrafe se analiza cómo se ha utilizado la técnica de las obligacionespositivas del Estado en la protección de los derechos sociales de prestación y, en concreto, del derecho a la protección de la salud y del derecho a la vivienda.Summary:1. Introduction. 2. The social rights of assistance and its problematic justiciability. 3. The positive obligations of the state in the case lawof the ECtHR. 4. The protection techniques of the social rights of assistance in the case law of the ECtHR. 4.1. General approach. 4.2. Application of the prohibition of discrimination of article 14 ECtHR to certain social benefits. 4.3. Extension of the content of several rights recognized in the Convention. 5. In particular: the protection of social rights of assistance through the doctrine of the positive obligations of the state. 5.1. The right to health protection. 5.2. Theright to housing. 6. By way of conclusion.Abstract:The European Convention on Human Rights does not expressly recognize any social rights of assistance (except the right to education). In spite of this, the Strasbourg Court has made a broad interpretation of recognized civil and political rights to include, in different ways, the protection of those rights. One of the techniques used by the Court has been the doctrine of the State's positive obligations under the ECHR. Although the Court has essentially applied this doctrine to the civil and political rights, we can find some resolutions in which it establishes certain positive state obligations to protect rights such as protection of health, housing, social benefits or protection of people with disabilities. Generally, these are general and not very specific recognitions, but in some cases, they have detailed what these obligations are.Firstly, this has been done in cases where there was damage which was directly or indirectly the responsibility of the State. Secondly, regarding people who were under the protection of the State, such as persons detained or interned in prisons. And, thirdly, when those affected were particularly vulnerable (disabled or belonging to the Roma minority). Although it is an incipient and underdeveloped interpretation, it shows a way in which should be further deepened. It is generally accepted that it is the States that must take the initiative in designing and establishing social rights of assistance but, inthe case of state conduct and omissions that are manifestly contrary to international standards, the European Court should oblige States with their judgements to enact legislation or develop policies to give effect to these rights.The article consists of an introduction, four content epigraphs and a final conclusion. The second section deals with the question of the problematic justiciability of social rights of assistance. The third refers to the doctrine of the positive obligations of the State in the Case Law of the ECtHR. The fourth section outlines the main techniques used by the ECtHR to protect the social rights of assistance and, in particular, expanding the scope of some civil and political rights. The fifth section analyzes the use of the technique of positive obligationsof the State in the protection of social rights of assistance and, in particular, the right to protection of health and the right to housing.


2020 ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Charlotte Epstein

This chapter assesses how security was established as the first absolute and natural right of the subject. Thomas Hobbes remains in focus, insofar as he articulated the furthest what had already become an established dogma of early modern thought, notably in natural right theories, and of nascent state practice. The chapter then considers the different kinds of natures that troubled the enterprise of naturalisation. For nature was also appearing, as a result of the scientific revolution, as a source of disorder. It was no longer simply the stable referent for the task of political ordering. This new, epochal instability in the constructions of nature and the way it was addressed by Hobbes in his epistemological writings contains resources for short-circuiting the naturalising work that Hobbes, amongst others, was engaged in. These resources include Hobbes’s nominalism, which marks him as the original constructivist, and his critique of universals, including ‘paternal dominion’, his term for patriarchy. Hence, the purpose of the chapter is to parse the initial naturalisation of security as the subject’s constitutive right, in order to denaturalise it. Ultimately, Hobbes played a central role, not only in theorising the state, but in securing what the author seeks to unsettle with this book: the body as history’s great naturaliser.


2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-362
Author(s):  
Anne Pieter van der Mei

This contribution presents an overview of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the period April–September 2017 on social security matters. The relevant rulings concern first and foremost the rules determining the applicable legislation as enshrined in Regulation 883/2004 and Regulation 1408/71. In addition, the Court of Justice has delivered important rulings concerning posted worker and the binding effect of A1 certificates, the social security rights of third country nationals holding a single-permit and the protection of social rights in the context of financial crisis and austerity measures.


2019 ◽  
pp. 153-177
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar

This chapter shows that governments performed a critical role, ranging from leader to catalyst or supporter, in the economic transformation of Asia spanning half a century, while their willingness and ability to do so depended on the nature of the state, which in turn was shaped by politics. It argues that the state and the market are complements rather than substitutes and that the two institutions must adapt to each other in an interactive co-operative manner over time. Success at development in Asia was about managing this evolving relationship between states and markets, by finding the right balance in their respective roles, which also changed over time. This experience suggests that efficient markets and effective governments, in tandem, provided the way forward to development. It is only institutionalized checks and balances that can make governments more development-oriented and people-friendly. Thus, for Asia’s continuing journey in development, democracy is clearly better than the alternatives.


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