scholarly journals Draught Requirements of Tillage Tines in Clay Soil under Indoor Soil Bin Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Feranmi Ajayi ◽  
Mouiz Yessoufou ◽  
Titilope Akinbayo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Tool Shape ◽  
Soil Bin

Large tine (Tl) and sweep tine (Tw) were the different model tillage tines used for this research. The blades were used on clay soil in a soil bin of dimension 9.0 × 0.85 × 0.5m located in the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The clay soil used for the experiment was obtained from Agricultural Engineering Step B Farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the draught requirements of the model tillage tools and to evaluate and model the parameters of the soil profile produced under different operating conditions. It involved testing and evaluation of tool shape, depth (12.5 -100mm) and rake angles (300, 450, and 900) and forward speed (0.17m/sec) on draught force. Soil profile patterns measured by a profilometer was analyzed using the following parameters – maximum Width of soil cut (Wfs), Ridge-to- Ridge Distance (RRD), furrow depth (df), height of ridge (Hr), maximum Width of Soil Throw (TDW) and tool width (w). Results showed that draught is directly proportional to the depth of the tine at a certain rake angle. The Tw had the least draught while Tl had the highest draught. Analysis of soil disturbance parameters revealed an increase in parameters with increasing cone index and depth of the tines. The study provides relevant data in the design of soil engaging tools and sustainable crop production. Keywords: Draught, Clay, Soil disturbance, Tillage, Tines.

FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF TILLAGE TOOL DESIGN

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Kushwaha
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Interface Elements ◽  
Tool Shape ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
The Finite Element Model

A non-linear finite element model was developed for three dimensional soil cutting by tillage tools. A hyperbolic constitutive relation for soil was used in the model. Analysis was carried out to simulate soil cutting with rectangular flat and triangular tillage blades at different rake angles and with curved blades. Interface elements were used to model the adhesion and the friction between soil and blade surface. Soil forces obtained from the finite element model for the straight blades were verified with the results from laboratory tillage tests in the soil bin. The finite element model predicted draft force accurately for both tillage tools. Results indicated that the draft was a function of rake angle, tool shape and the curvature.

Investigating the Effects of Interaction of Single-Tine and Rotating-Tine Mechanisms with Soil on Weeding Performance Using Simulated Weeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1283-1291
Author(s):  
Safal Kshetri ◽  
Jafni Johari Jiken ◽  
Brian L. Steward ◽  
Lie Tang ◽  
Mehari Z. Tekeste
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Total Width ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Mechanical Tool ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Soil Bin

Abstract. Mechanical weeding augmented with automation technology should result in highly effective weeding systems. However, the interaction between weeding mechanisms and soil is not well understood. Moreover, soil is highly variable, which makes studying this interaction challenging. The main objective of this research was to develop a method to investigate the effects of mechanical tool-soil interaction on weeding performance for different operating conditions in a controlled environment. Experiments were conducted in an indoor soil bin with loam soil, and the weeding performance was studied using small wooden cylinders as simulated weed plants. The investigations featured a single cylindrical tine and a rotating tine mechanism, vertically oriented and inserted into the soil. The total width of soil disturbance and potential weeding rate were evaluated for the single cylindrical tine at different levels of three operating parameters: tine diameter (6.35, 7.94, and 9.53 mm), working soil depth (25.4, 50.8, and 76.2 mm), and tine speed (0.23 and 0.45 m s-1). Potential weeding rate was examined for the rotating tine mechanism with two operating parameters: working soil depth (25.4 and 76.2 mm) and rotational speed (25, 50, and 100 rpm). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA at p < 0.05. A simulation of the rotating tine mechanism was developed that estimated the disturbed area. For the single tine, soil disturbance width was independent of tine speed; however, tine diameter and depth had significant effects, as the width increased with increased levels of these two parameters. All three parameters had significant effects on the potential weeding rate of the single tine, and the rates were observed to increase with higher levels of the parameters. For the rotating tine mechanism, both depth and rotational speed were significant. The potential weeding rate for the rotating tine mechanism was found to increase with higher levels of these parameters. The results showed that although the width of soil disturbance due to a cylindrical tine was affected by the tine diameter and working soil depth, operating parameters such as increased longitudinal and rotational speeds also affected plant disturbance. The percentage of disturbed soil area in the simulation followed similar patterns as the percentage of disturbed plants observed in the experiments. Keywords: Inter-row weeding, Intra-row weeding, Mechanical weeding, Rotating tine mechanism, Soil disturbance, Tine.

scholarly journals Forces and loosening characteristics of a new winged chisel plough

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoodreza Salar ◽  
Seyed Hossein Karparvarfard ◽  
Mohammad Askari ◽  
Hoda Kargarpour
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Bend Angle ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Bend Angles

This study was devoted to verifying the performance of various configurations of a winged chisel plough (WCP) in a soil bin. The performance of the new tool was assessed at three wing depths (5, 10 and 15 cm), three bend angles (10, 20 and 30 °), and three rake angles (7.5, 15 and 22.5 °) with three replications using a completely randomised design at a constant depth and speed of 30 cm and 1 m·s–1, respectively. The draught and vertical forces, soil disturbed and upheaved areas plus the efficiency of the soil loosening were measured during the tests. The results revealed that the draught and vertical forces were significantly increased by increasing the wing depth, bend and rake angles. The soil disturbance area increased with an increase in the wing depth, bend and rake angles. While the soil upheaving was decreased by increasing the wing depth and bend angle, the effect of the rake angle on the soil upheaving area was not significant. The maximum efficiency of the soil loosening of 268.1 cm2·kN–1 was achieved for a wing depth of 10 cm, a bend angle of 20 °, and a rake angle of 15 °. A significant improvement in the efficiency of the soil loosening along with maintaining a considerable portion of the residue on the soil surface suggest that the WCP should be adopted for conservation tillage.

No-tillage furrow opener performance: a review of tool geometry, settings and interactions with soil and crop residue

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Kojo Atta Aikins ◽  
James B. Barr ◽  
Mustafa Ucgul ◽  
Troy A. Jensen ◽  
Diogenes L. Antille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Furrow Opener ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Depth Increase

The primary features of an effective and efficient furrow opener include controlled soil disturbance and low draught and vertical force requirements. When integrated in a no-tillage seeding system, furrow openers should also have the ability to assist, and not hinder, the functions of seeding system components – such as maintaining adequate surface residue distribution, accurate and uniform placement of seeds and fertiliser, and regular inter-plant spacing. This review highlights how these goals are affected by opener type, geometry and settings, and soil and residue conditions. Typically, tine openers cause greater soil disturbance than disc openers whereas disc openers are likely to cause residue hairpinning. Winged tine openers reduce residue interference with seed placement and support greater lateral seed spread. Inverted-T openers can achieve subsurface soil shattering, which helps conserve moisture and provides good seed–soil contact. A tine opener with concave cutting edge reduces soil disturbance relative to straight and convex cutting edges. Increasing rake angle, tine width and operating depth increase degree of soil disturbance and draught requirement. Increasing forward speed reduces residue interference with sowing but might decrease the accuracy and uniformity of depth and separation of seed and fertiliser placement. Relative to common openers, bentleg openers have lower draught and penetration force requirements while combining minimal lateral soil throw with high furrow backfill, even at speeds of up to 16 km h–1. The performance of bentleg openers need to be evaluated under residue conditions and in cohesive and adhesive soils. Recommendations for future research are presented.

World trends in agricultural engineering and the direction of technical and technological modernization of crop production in the Republic of Belarus

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-39
Author(s):  
I. L. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Technological Modernization ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Programs

Some basic directions in the global development of agricultural machinery and global trends in the dig-ital transformation of agriculture are reviewed and identified based on analysis of reports and articles by well-known expert organizations in this field. The analysis of the technical re-equipment of the Belarusian crop production over the past decade has been carried out, the directions of digitalization of agricultural production of the republic identified by the current State programs in the agricultural sector and Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 8 "On the Development of the Digital Economy" have been determined.

World trends in agricultural engineering and the direction of technical and technological modernization of crop production in the republic of Belarus

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
I.L. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Technological Modernization ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Programs

Some basic directions in the global development of agricultural machinery and global trends in the digital transformation of agriculture are reviewed and identified based on analysis of reports and articles by well-known expert organizations in this field. The analysis of the technical re-equipment of the Belarusian crop production over the past decade has been carried out, the directions of digitalization of agricultural production of the republic identified by the current State programs in the agricultural sector and Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 8 “On the Development of the Digital Economy” have been determined.

MINERALOGY OF CHAMPLAIN SEA SEDIMENTS AND A RIDEAU CLAY SOIL PROFILE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Brydon ◽  
L. M. Patry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Canadian Shield ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Remarkable Similarity ◽  
Textured Materials ◽  
Marine Clays ◽  
Mineral Constituents

Marine clays and silts of the Champlain Sea, or "Leda clays", from several locations in the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Valleys, and a Rideau Clay soil profile developed on this material have been examined. Although the textures of the marine sediments varied, there was a remarkable similarity in the nature of the mineral constituents of the sands, silts and clays; feldspars, quartz, amphiboles, micas, and chlorites occurred in all size fractions. In addition, the clay fractions contained small amounts of montmorillonite and interstratified illite-montmorillonite. All but two of the marine samples were slightly calcareous and, in general, the coarser textured materials contained the highest carbonate content. The main source of the deposits is believed to be the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield, and there is very little evidence of weathering before, during and since deposition.The Rideau Clay is a moderately well-drained regosolic soil with very little difference in exchangeable cations or mineral composition with depth. The occurrence of illuviation could not be shown conclusively because of apparent depositional differences. The Rideau Clay differed from the marine materials in having no carbonates, in being slightly acid throughout, and in having a greater amount and a different type of interstratified clay minerals.

The Brigalow Catchment Study: III. Productivity changes on brigalow land cleared for long-term cropping and for grazing

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Radford ◽  
C. M. Thornton ◽  
B. A. Cowie ◽  
M. L. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Productivity Decline

Productivity of grain crops and grazed pastures inevitably declines without soil nutrient replacement and may eventually make these enterprises unprofitable. We monitored these declines in north-eastern Australia during 23 years after clearing 2 of 3 adjacent brigalow catchments, in order to define the productivity levels of developed brigalow land over time. One catchment (11.7 ha) was used for grain production and another (12.7 ha) for beef production from a sown buffel grass pasture. There was no upward or downward trend in annual rainfall amounts throughout the study period. In the cropped catchment, grain yield from 14 winter crops without added nutrients declined significantly in 20 years from 2.9 to 1.1 t/ha.year on the upper-slope clay soil (92 kg/ha.year) and from 2.4 to 0.6 t/ha.year on the Sodosol (88 kg/ha.year). Crop production per year declined by 20% between 2 successive 10-year periods. Wheat grain protein content also declined with time, falling below the critical value for adequate soil N supply (11.5%) 12 years after clearing on the Sodosol and 16 years after clearing on the clay soil. Such declines in grain quantity and quality without applied fertiliser reduce profitability. The initial pasture dry matter on offer of 8 t/ha had halved 3 years after clearing, and a decline in cattle liveweight gain of 4 kg/ha.year was observed over an 8-year period with constant stocking of 0.59 head/ha. Due to fluctuating stocking rate levels of 0.3–0.7 head/ha over the trial period, liveweight productivity trends are attributed to the multiple effects of stocking rate changes and fertility decline. The amount of nitrogen exported from the cleared catchments was 36.1 kg/ha.year in grain but only 1.6 kg/ha.year in cattle (as liveweight gain). Total soil N at 0–0.3 m declined by 84 kg/ha.year under cropping but there was no significant decline under grazing. The soil nutrients removed during grain and beef production need to be replaced in order to avert productivity decline post-clearing.

scholarly journals Study on the Interaction between Soil and the Five-Claw Combination of a Mole Using the Discrete Element Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwan Yang ◽  
Mo Li ◽  
Jin Tong ◽  
Yunhai Ma
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Element Method ◽  
Discrete Element ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Distance Ratio ◽  
Soil Failure ◽  
Soil Cutting ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Rupture Distance ◽  
Element Method

A mole is a born digger spending its entire existence digging tunnels. The five claws of a mole’s hand are combinative to cut soil powerfully and efficiently. However, little was known in detail about the interaction between the soil and the five-claw combination. In this study, we simulated the soil cutting process of the five-claw combination using the discrete element method (DEM) as an attempt for the potential design of soil-engaging tools to reduce soil resistance. The five-claw combination moved horizontally in the soil bin. Soil forces (draught and vertical forces) and soil failure (soil rupture distance ratio) were measured at different rake angles and speeds. Results showed that the draught and vertical forces varied nonlinearly as the rake angle increased from 10 to 90°, and both changed linearly with the speed increasing from 1 to 5 m/s. The curve of the soil rupture distance ratio with rake angles could be better described using a quadric function, but the speed had little effect on the soil rupture distance ratio. Notably, the soil rupture distance ratio of the five-claw combination in simulation was on average 19.6% lower than the predicted ratio of simple blades at different rake angles indicating that the five-claw combination could make less soil failure and thereby produce lower soil resistance. Given the draught and vertical forces, the performance of the five-claw combination was optimized at the rake angle of 30°.

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