OCCURRENCE OF SELECTED ANTHROPOGENIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER FROM RURAL AREAS OF EASTERN ROMANIA

Often the government and the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are criticised for their poor performances in delivering services particularly in rural areas. However, there has been limited research on the assessment of their relative performances in service delivery as well as on the perceptions of people on the quality of such service delivery. This study examines the relative performances of NGOs and the governmental development interventions that provide basic services including public health, education, drinking water and sanitation. The study explains the impact of agricultural extension services and infrastructure such as access to roads and markets on the rural people and measures the satisfaction level of the rural community. For this purpose, 225 households (HHs) in 8 villages of Phalia Tehsil, district Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan were first surveyed in 2010 and then in 2014 using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal different satisfaction levels of HHs, with most of them expressing less satisfaction on government service delivery compared with NGOs. They reveal satisfaction over the performance of NGOs in health, drinking water supplies and agriculture extension services. Further, the study shows an increasing satisfaction of people on access to road, transport, agri-market and price of agri-commodities by the government.

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Institutional variations in practice of demand responsive approach: evidence from rural water supply in India

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2014.155 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 650-668 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Satyapriya Rout

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Rural Areas ◽

The State ◽

Indian Society ◽

Institution Building ◽

Rural Water Supply ◽

Long Run ◽

Rural Water ◽

Village Communities

The paper reports the main findings of a study, designed to develop a better understanding of institutional variations in working with the demand responsive approach (DRA) in rural water supply in the state of Odisha in India. Data for the paper were collected from twelve village communities, where water is being supplied either through their community based institution or through the local government institution of the Gram Panchayat. The findings suggest that the two types of institutions performed differently in implementing the DRA. It depicted that the DRA under the broader rubric of institutional reforms in the water sector has failed to address the question of social inequality, and rather had reinforced and extended the already existing inequity of Indian society to access to safe and secure drinking water in rural areas. The study highlights that participation, cost recovery, full operation and management transfer may be an efficient proposition, but not sustainable in the long run without proper investment in institution building and support from the state, especially in provisioning of basic services like drinking water to rural poor.

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Detection of Adenoviruses and Rotaviruses in Drinking Water Sources Used In Rural Areas of Benin, West Africa

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01807-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 75 (9) ◽

pp. 2798-2801 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Jens Verheyen ◽

Monika Timmen-Wego ◽

Rainer Laudien ◽

Ibrahim Boussaad ◽

Sibel Sen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Test Site ◽

Water Sources ◽

Major Health ◽

Viral Contamination ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACT Diseases associated with viruses also found in environmental samples cause major health problems in developing countries. Little is known about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. We established a method to analyze 10 liters of water from drinking water sources in a rural area of Benin for the presence of adenoviruses and rotaviruses. Overall, 541 samples from 287 drinking water sources were tested. A total of 12.9% of the sources were positive for adenoviruses and 2.1% of the sources were positive for rotaviruses at least once. Due to the temporary nature of viral contamination in drinking water sources, the probability of virus detection increased with the number of samples taken at one test site over time. No seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Overall, 3 of 15 surface water samples (20%) and 35 of 247 wells (14.2%) but also 2 of 25 pumps (8%) tested positive for adenoviruses or rotaviruses. The presence of latrines within a radius of 50 m in the vicinity of pumps or wells was identified as being a risk factor for virus detection. In summary, viral contamination was correlated with the presence of latrines in the vicinity of drinking water sources, indicating the importance of appropriate decision support systems in these socioeconomic prospering regions.

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Analysis of Legal System and Public Policy on Rural Water Source in China

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4126 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 4126-4129

Author(s):

Zhen Hua Liu

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Legal System ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Rural Water ◽

Laws And Regulations

Source of water is the beginning of rural drinking water projects, safe water source is the key to rural drinking water safety. Status of rural drinking water source in china and laws and regulations on rural water conservation were analyzed. The population of centralized water supply accounts for 51% of the total population in rural areas in 2008, centralized water supply 49%. Groundwater source accounts for 57% of the population of centralized water supply projects in rural areas in 2008, surface water sources 43%. China has a relatively sound legal system of drinking water source, including basic law, general law, administrative regulations, local regulations.The paper draws a conclusion that sources of drinking water in rural areas is mainly groundwater, water conservation is short of specific laws and regulations and not suitable for rural area,it is necessary to improve laws and regulations on rural water conservation, government must assume responsibility for rural water conservation, especially financial investment and public policy support.

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MALABSORPTION OF FOOD IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.62.1.53 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 53-53

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Intestinal Absorption ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Adult Men ◽

Definite Improvement ◽

Experimental Introduction ◽

Cash Cost ◽

Better Than

The survey on malabsorption of food in rural communities of Guatemala indicated that the experimental introduction of drinking water in a community resulted in a definite decline in the incidence of diarrhoea in children from 3 to 7 years of age. Longitudinal evaluation of the capacity of healthy men to absorb d-xylose revealed malabsorption in 30% of individuals living under poor sanitation conditions, as compared with 9% among those living under sanitation conditions which were better than those in rural areas. A definite improvement in d-xylose absorption was observed in the community where drinking water was introduced. Findings of longitudinal studies on intestinal absorption indicated that between 50 and 60 per cent of all the adult men were losing about 350 calories per day, a loss which, expressed in economic terms, is equivalent to 5-7 per cent of the cash cost of the diet.

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De watervoorziening op de zandgronden

Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie ◽

10.5117/thg2019.2.001.groe ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 74-88

Author(s):

BERT GROENEWOUDT

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Water Supply ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Functional Differentiation ◽

16Th Century ◽

14Th Century ◽

Local Topography ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Settlement Landscape

Water supply in the sandy dry lands (the Netherlands). Spatio-temporal developments Wells as water facilities were standard elements of the Dutch settlement landscape only since the Roman period. At the same time (drinking) water facilities became largely detached from the local topography. The position of a well within a settlement became determined by that of its associated house, and its position relative to the house became more or less fixed. This reflects the functional and social subdivision of the farmhouse into two distinct sections: ‘front’ and ‘back’. Communal water facilities (socially important as well) seem to have been associated with nucleated settlement, and they always existed alongside private facilities. Communal (public) wells first appeared in towns around the 13th or 14th century, but in rural areas probably not until the 16th century. In different periods there is evidence for the expression of social and functional differentiation.

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The impact of investment on drinking water quality in rural China

China Agricultural Economic Review ◽

10.1108/caer-05-2015-0062 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 255-269

Author(s):

Ai Yue ◽

Yaojiang Shi ◽

Renfu Luo ◽

Linxiu Zhang ◽

Natalie Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Tap Water ◽

Rural China ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Content Type ◽

Representative Data ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Impact

Purpose Although access to safe drinking water is one of the most important health-related infrastructure programs in the world, drinking water remains a large problem in China today, especially in rural areas. Despite increased government investment in water resource protection and management, there is still an absence of academic studies that are able to document what path the investment has taken and whether it has had any tangible impact. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of drinking water investment on drinking water in China. Design/methodology/approach The authors make use of nationally representative data from 2005 and 2012 to measure the impact of drinking water investment among 2,028 rural households in 101 villages across five provinces. Both ordinary least squares regression and probit regression are used to analyze the correlates and the impact of drinking water investment. Findings The authors demonstrate that water quality was likely a significant problem in 2004 but that China’s investment into drinking water appears to have resulted in initial improvements during the study period. The authors show that the most significant change came about in terms of hardware: villages that received more drinking water investment now have more piped tap water and more access to water treatment infrastructure (disinfecting and filtering facilities). High rates of rural resident satisfaction with drinking water suggest the effects of drinking water investment are being felt at the village level. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study on drinking water investment over time in rural China using nationally representative data.

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Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among School-going Children of Age 1-5 years in Dharan, Eastern Nepal

Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/hijost.v5i01.42129 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

pp. 26-35

Author(s):

Dhiren Subba Limbu ◽

Samana Shrestha ◽

Kamana Bantawa ◽

Ramesh Majhi ◽

Milan Kharel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Plastic Container ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Intestinal parasitic infections have been a major public health burden of developing countries, especially in children. Higher prevalence has been reported among school children, mostly in rural areas of Nepal where water, toilets, hygiene, and sanitation facilities are insufficient. This cross-sectional study was carried out from April to September 2019 to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school-going children1-5 years of Dharan, Nepal, and to assess the associated risk factors. Stool samples were collected in a clean, dry, screw-capped, and wide-mouthed plastic container, kept in an icebox, and transported to the laboratory. Data relating to different risk factors were collected from the parents of 116 participants using a structured questionnaire. The parasites were identified by using the direct wet mount method and formal-ether concentration method. Pearson’s chi-square test was carried out to establish associations between dependent and independent variables using SPSS version 20, and the test considered a greater than < 0.05% as statistically significant with a 95% confidence level. Out of the 116 stool samples, 9 (7.75%) tested positive for the parasitic infections in which 5 (55.5%) were protozoa and 4 (44.45%) were helminths. The prevalent parasites, were Entamoeba histolytica (23%), Hyamenolepis nana (22%), Giardia lamblia (11%), Hookworm (11%), Entamoeba coli (11%), Ascaris lumbricoides (11%), and Intestinal parasitic infections had a significant association with drinking water, bowel syndrome, bathing habit, toilet facility, and washing hands after toilets (p<0.05). Lack of toilets, poor hygiene, and unsafe drinking water were the main risk factors. Improved hygienic practices, safe drinking water, and the use of latrines could lower the rate of parasitic infections.

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