آيات الفرار في القرآن الكريم

2021 ◽  
pp. arabic cover-english cover
Author(s):  
زياد الفهداوي ◽  
فاطمة عبد علي الكثيري

لما كانَ الفرارُ إحدى مشكلاتِ العصر الراهن، والتي انتشرت في الآونةِ الأخيرةِ، حيثُ كثرت موجاتُ الهروبِ من البلادِ الإسلاميّةِ إلى الدول الأوربيّة، والتي تعدتْ مفهوم الهجرة في علم الديموغرافيا - والتي تعني انتقال الأفراد والجماعات من المكان الأصلي إلى مكان آخر- إلى مفهوم الفرار، بسبب ما يتعرضون له من الخوف، والقتل، والاضطهاد، وشظف العيش، وأثر ذلك في الأفراد من الناحيةِ النفسيّة، والاجتماعيّة، والدينيّة. وتكمنُ مشكلة البحثِ في الحاجةِ الماسةِ إلى بيان جملة من الأحكام المتعلقة بالفرار، وتسلط الضوء على الفرار، وأنواعه وأسبابه، وعلاجه. ويهدفُ البحثُ إلى: التعريف بالفرار، وأنواعه، وإظهار أسباب الفرار والكشف عن آثاره، وبيان المحمود منه والمذموم، ومقاربة العلاج القرآني لهذه المشكلة. وقد أظهرت الدراسة العلاج القرآني لمشكلة الفرار بمختلف ألوانه، لا سيما مشكلة الفرار من الأوطان التي أصبحت ظاهرة منتشرة، ومتزايدة في النمو، بسبب الاضطهاد والخوف والقتل. وكذا الفرار من مواجهة الأعداء وقتما تتعرضُ البلادُ الإسلاميّة للفتن، والحروب، والصراعات، وبيان التوجيه القرآني لعلاج هذه المشكلة، وبينت متى يكون الفرار محمودًا ومتى يكون مذمومًا؟ واقتضى موضوعُ البحثِ أنْ يُسلك فيه المنهج الاستقرائيّ والتحليليّ، وذلك باستقراء لفظة الفرار في القرآن الكريم، وبيان أقوال المفسرين فيها، وربط الآيات القرآنية بالواقع المعاصرة بمنهجية تحليلة استنباطية. الكلمات المفتاحية: (الفرار، الهروب، اللجوء، الهجرة، التباعد). Abstract: Escape is one of the problems of the present era, which has recently spread. The waves of those fleeing from Muslim countries to Europe, exceed the definition of migration in demography - which means the movement of individuals and groups from the original place to another place. It can be attributed to fear, murder, persecution and severe living conditions, and the impact on individuals psychologically, socially, and religiously. In the attempt to address this phenomenon from the perspective of the Qur'an, this study highlights the concept of escape, its types, causes, and solutions. The problem of the study lies in showing the Qur'anic treatment of the problem of fleeing the homelands, which has become a widespread phenomenon, and is growing, due to persecution, fear and killing. It can be basically found in Muslim countries are that are exposed to sedition, wars, and conflicts. Lack of religious background, especially doing Zakat, can also be seen as one of the reasons. The study, is thus, an attempt to investigate the statement of Qur’anic guidance to remedy this problem. This study is expected to answer the following questions: 1. Definition of escape, its types, and its causes. 2. Limiting the Qur'anic verses that talked about escape. 3. Stating the approved vs. the reprehensible types of escape. Objectives of the Study: 1- Defining escape, and its types. 2- Highlighting causes of escape and revealing its effects. 3- Stating approved vs. the reprehensible escapes. 4- Qur'anic treatment of the problem. Keywords: (Escaping - Fleeing - Asylum - Migration – Distancing).

EDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Karianga

Sources of revenue and expenditure of APBD (regional budget) can be allocated to finance the compulsory affairs and optional affairs in the form of programs and activities related to the improvement of public services, job creation, poverty alleviation, improvement of environmental quality, and regional economic growth. The implications of these policies is the need for funds to finance the implementation of the functions, that have become regional authority, is also increasing. In practice, regional financial management still poses a complicated issue because the regional head are reluctant to release pro-people regional budget policy, even implication of regional autonomy is likely to give birth to little kings in region causing losses to state finance and most end up in legal proceedings. This paper discusses the loss of state finance and forms of liability for losses to the state finance. The result of the study can be concluded firstly,  there are still many differences in giving meaning and definition of the loss of state finace and no standard definition of state losses, can cause difficulties. The difficulty there is in an effort to determine the amount of the state finance losses. The calculation of state/regions losses that occur today is simply assessing the suitability of the size of the budget and expenditure without considering profits earned by the community and the impact of the use of budget to the community. Secondly, the liability for losses to the state finance is the fulfillment of the consequences for a person to give or to do something in the regional financial management by giving birth to three forms of liability, namely the Criminal liability, Civil liability, and Administrative liability.Keywords: state finance losses, liability, regional finance.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Saida Parvin

Women’s empowerment has been at the centre of research focus for many decades. Extant literature examined the process, outcome and various challenges. Some claimed substantial success, while others contradicted with evidence of failure. But the success remains a matter of debate due to lack of empirical evidence of actual empowerment of women around the world. The current study aimed to address this gap by taking a case study method. The study critically evaluates 20 cases carefully sampled to include representatives from the entire country of Bangladesh. The study demonstrates popular beliefs about microfinance often misguide even the borrowers and they start living in a fabricated feeling of empowerment, facing real challenges to achieve true empowerment in their lives. The impact of this finding is twofold; firstly there is a theoretical contribution, where the definition of women’s empowerment is proposed to be revisited considering findings from these cases. And lastly, the policy makers at governmental and non-governmental organisations, and multinational donor agencies need to revise their assessment tools for funding.


Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Roche Cárcel

The four most important King Kong films (1933, 1976, 2005, and 2017) contain religious sentiments that are related to the numinous and mysterious fear of Nature and death that gives meaning to life, and to the institutionalization of society. In this way, as observed in the films, the Society originated by religion is a construction against Nature and Death. Based on these hypotheses, the objective of this work is to (a) show that the social structure of the tribal society that lives on Skull Island is reinforced by the religious feelings that they profess towards the Kong divinity, and (b) reveal the impact that the observation of the generalized alterity that characterizes the isolated tribal society of the island produces on Western visitors—and therefore, on film viewers. The article concludes that the return to New York, after the trip, brings an unexpected guest: the barbarism that is installed in the heart of civilization; that the existing order is reinforced and the society in crisis is renovated; and that the rationality subject to commercial purposes that characterizes modernity has not been able to escape from the religiosity that nests in the depths of the human soul.


2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110260
Author(s):  
Mairead Connolly ◽  
Laura Phung ◽  
Elise Farrington ◽  
Michelle J. L. Scoullar ◽  
Alyce N. Wilson ◽  
...  

Preterm birth and stillbirth are important global perinatal health indicators. Definitions of these indicators can differ between countries, affecting comparability of preterm birth and stillbirth rates across countries. This study aimed to document national-level adherence to World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of preterm birth and stillbirth in the WHO Western Pacific region. A systematic search of government health websites and 4 electronic databases was conducted. Any official report or published study describing the national definition of preterm birth or stillbirth published between 2000 and 2020 was eligible for inclusion. A total of 58 data sources from 21 countries were identified. There was considerable variation in how preterm birth and stillbirth was defined across the region. The most frequently used lower gestational age threshold for viability of preterm birth was 28 weeks gestation (range 20-28 weeks), and stillbirth was most frequently classified from 20 weeks gestation (range 12-28 weeks). High-income countries more frequently used earlier gestational ages for preterm birth and stillbirth compared with low- to middle-income countries. The findings highlight the importance of clear, standardized, internationally comparable definitions for perinatal indicators. Further research is needed to determine the impact on regional preterm birth and stillbirth rates.


Author(s):  
Nadine T. Hillock ◽  
Tracy L. Merlin ◽  
Jonathan Karnon ◽  
John Turnidge ◽  
Jaklin Eliott

Abstract Background The frameworks used by Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies for value assessment of medicines aim to optimize healthcare resource allocation. However, they may not be effective at capturing the value of antimicrobial drugs. Objectives To analyze stakeholder perceptions regarding how antimicrobials are assessed for value for reimbursement purposes and how the Australian HTA framework accommodates the unique attributes of antimicrobials in cost-effectiveness evaluation. Methods Eighteen individuals representing the pharmaceutical industry or policy-makers were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results Key emergent themes were that reimbursement decision-making should consider the antibiotic spectrum when assessing value, risk of shortages, the impact of procurement processes on low-priced comparators, and the need for methodological transparency when antimicrobials are incorporated into the economic evaluation of other treatments. Conclusions Participants agreed that the current HTA framework for antimicrobial value assessment is inadequate to properly inform funding decisions, as the contemporary definition of cost-effectiveness fails to explicitly incorporate the risk of future resistance. Policy-makers were uncertain about how to incorporate future resistance into economic evaluations without a systematic method to capture costs avoided due to good stewardship. Lacking financial reward for the benefits of narrower-spectrum antimicrobials, companies will likely focus on developing broad-spectrum agents with wider potential use. The perceived risks of shortages have influenced the funding of generic antimicrobials in Australia, with policy-makers suggesting a willingness to pay more for assured supply. Although antibiotics often underpin the effectiveness of other medicines, it is unclear how this is incorporated into economic models.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Orlando Durán ◽  
Javier Aguilar ◽  
Andrea Capaldo ◽  
Adolfo Arata

Resilience is an intrinsic characteristic of systems. Through it, the capacity of a system to react to the existence of disruptive events is expressed. A series of metrics to represent systems’ resilience have been proposed, however, only one indicator relates the availability of the system to this characteristic. With such a metric, it is possible to relate the topological aspects of a system and the resources available in order to be able to promptly respond to the loss of performance as a result of unexpected events. This work proposes the adaptation and application of such a resilience index to assess the influence of different maintenance strategies and topologies in fleets’ resilience. In addition, an application study considering an actual mining fleet is provided. A set of critical assets was identified and represented using reliability block diagrams. Monte Carlo simulation experiments were conducted and the system availability data were extracted. Resilience indexes were obtained in order to carry out the definition of the best maintenance policies in critical equipment and the assessment of the impact of modifying system redundancies. The main results of this work lead to the overall conclusion that redundancy is an important system attribute in order to improve resiliency along time.


2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 107941
Author(s):  
Erica Vassoney ◽  
Andrea Mammoliti Mochet ◽  
Maria Bozzo ◽  
Roberto Maddalena ◽  
Donatella Martinet ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 4058
Author(s):  
Paolo Esposito ◽  
Valerio Brescia ◽  
Chiara Fantauzzi ◽  
Rocco Frondizi

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, it aims to analyze what kind of value is generated by hybrid organizations and how; second, it aims to understand the role of social impact assessment (SIA) in the measurement of added value, especially in terms of social and economic change generated by hybrids. Hybrid organizations are a debated topic in literature and have different strengths in responding to needs, mainly in the public interest. Nevertheless, there are not many studies that identify the impact and change generated by these organizations. After highlighting the gap in the literature, the study proposes an innovative approach that combines SIA, interview, interventionist approach and documental analysis. The breakdown of SIA through the five elements of the value chain (inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impact) guarantees a linear definition of the value generated through change with procedural objectivity capable of grasping hybrid organizations’ complexity. The value generated or absorbed is the change generated by the impact measured based on the incidence of public resources allocated. Through the SIA and counterfactual approach, the civil service case study analysis highlights how the value generated by public resources can be measured or more clearly displayed in the measurement process itself.


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