scholarly journals The history of the emergence of symbolic notation in mathematics in the 17th century and transformation of mathematical practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Khlebalin ◽  
Vitaly Tselishchev
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Practice ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Classical Concept ◽  
Symbolic Notation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
Euclid’S Elements ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Way

The article analyzes the intellectual and cultural preconditions that made it possible to create symbolic notation in mathematics of the 17th century. It is shown that the reprints of Euclid’s Elements in the XVI century formed an intellectual and cultural background that allowed Viet and Stevens to transform the classical concept of arithmos into a symbolic concept of number, which made the creation of symbolic notation possible. It is argued that the development of symbolic notation is not a simple change in the way of notation, but significantly changed the mathematical practice, making it possible to introduce new objects and through symbolic transformations.

scholarly journals “AYAS”: From Aerospace Club to Aerospace Society

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Avetik E. Grigoryan
Keyword(s):  
Educational Activity ◽  
Study Group ◽  
School Students ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Way

The history of educational activity and linking the education with research in the aerospace-related areas in Armenia is presented – all the way from the creation of an extra-curricular study group for school students dubbed the "AYAS" Aerospace Club to the foundation of the "AYAS" Aerospace Society.

scholarly journals Showing Mathematical Flies the Way Out of Foundational Bottles: The Later Wittgenstein as a Forerunner of Lakatos and the Philosophy of Mathematical Practice

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Pérez-Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophy Of Mathematical Practice ◽  
The Way

Abstract This work explores the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics in relation to Lakatos’ philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of mathematical practice. I argue that, while the philosophy of mathematical practice typically identifies Lakatos as its earliest of predecessors, the later Wittgenstein already developed key ideas for this community a few decades before. However, for a variety of reasons, most of this work on philosophy of mathematics has gone relatively unnoticed. Some of these ideas and their significance as precursors for the philosophy of mathematical practice will be presented here, including a brief reconstruction of Lakatos’ considerations on Euler’s conjecture for polyhedra from the lens of late Wittgensteinian philosophy. Overall, this article aims to challenge the received view of the history of the philosophy of mathematical practice and inspire further work in this community drawing from Wittgenstein’s late philosophy.

scholarly journals Constructing imaginative geographies in Genesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Alberto Garijo-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Imaginative Geographies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Patriarchal Narratives ◽  
The Way ◽  
Genesis A

This article considers Edward W. Said’s proposals on ‘imaginative geographies’ as suggested in his leading work Orientalism as a tool to analyse the ideological circumstances that shape geographical spaces in the Bible. My purpose is to discuss how these imaginative geographies are present in the patriarchal narratives of Genesis and how they have left their mark on the history of the interpretation of these texts and on the not always easy relations between members of the religious traditions inherited from the Bible (Hebrews, Muslims and Christians). I propose four types of ‘imaginative geographies’: (1) ‘Equalness’ is the way to represent what is considered as sharing the own identity. The geography of ‘Equalness’ defines the spaces of Isaac, Jacob and their families. (2) ‘Otherness’ is the way to represent the ‘Other’ as opposite or juxtaposed to one’s own identity. A common border is shared, thus kinship relationships can be established. It defines the spaces of Ishmael, Esau/Edom, Lot (Ammon and Moab) and Laban. (3) ‘Foreignness’ is the way to define what is strange, odd or exotic considered as external to the own identity, in a space set beyond even the space of the ‘Other’. Egypt is in Genesis a land of ‘Foreignness’. (4) ‘Delendness’ encompasses whatever claims our same space and therefore threatens our survival and must be destroyed (delendum). As such, processes of annihilation and dominion of Israel on Canaanites and Sichemites are justified.Contribution: The article applies Said’s ‘imaginative geographies’ as an identity mechanism for the creation of biblical literary spaces. A quadripartite classification (‘Equal’/‘Other’/‘Foreigner’/‘Delendum’) instead of the usual bipartite one (‘Equal’ vs. ‘Other’) is proposed and the consequences for the current coexistence between religious identities inherited from Abraham are shown.

scholarly journals LANDASAN FILOSOFIS PEMIKIRAN TASAWUF ABDURRAUF SINGKEL TENTANG ALLAH, MANUSIA, DAN ALAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Ahmad Rivauzi
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Philosophical Foundation ◽  
Hermeneutic Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

<p class="Iabstrak"><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>:</strong> <em>Abdurrauf Singkel (d. 1105 H / 1693 AD), was one of the great scholars of the 17th century and</em><em> he was a key figure in the development of Islam, especially in the field of Sufism</em><em>,it</em><em> was as one of the forms of education in the aspect of mankind in the archipelago. Almost all of the </em><em>Shaṭāriyyah lineage is centered on itself and through some of</em><em> his students, this congregation is spread to various regions of the Malay-Nusantara world. Through</em><em> the research with a hermeneutic approach to his works, this paper aims to reveal the philosophical foundation of the</em><em> Abdurrauf Singkel</em><em> thought about Sufism that puts the </em><em>Quran and Ḥadit</em><em>h as the basis and normative source of </em><em>it. The affirmation and reinforcement of</em><em> tauhid, its reinter­pretation </em><em>to the concept of waḥdāt al-wujūd which places man as the shadow of </em><em>Allah, the concept of the creation of nature through the process of emanation and awakening the consciousness of servanthood through the effort of dying</em><em> (ikhtiyari) by</em><em> fana in zikrullah as </em><em>the way of recognizing the nature of being and ma'rifatullāh, is the philosophical foundation of the Sufism thought which he developed in the </em><em>Shaṭāriyyah</em><em>.</em></p><p class="Iabstrak"><strong>Abstrak</strong>: Abdurrauf Singkel (w. 1105 H/1693 M), adalah salah seorang ulama besar pada abad ke-17 dan merupakan tokoh kunci dalam perkembangan Islam terutama pada bidang tasawuf sebagai salah satu bentuk pendidikan pada aspek keruhanian di Nusantara. Hampir semua silsilah tarekat <em>Shaṭāriyyah</em> berpusat kepada dirinya dan melalui sejumlah muridnya, tarekat ini tersebar ke berbagai wilayah di dunia Melayu-Nusantara. Melalui penelitan dengan pendekatan <em>hermeneutik</em> terhadap karya-karyanya, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan landasan filosofis pemikiran tasawuf Abdurrauf  Singkel yang menempatkan al-Qur’an dan Hadis<em> </em>sebagai dasar dan sumber normatif dari pemikiran tasawuf­nya. Penelitian menemukan bahwa penegasan dan penguatan tauhid, re­inter­pretasi­nya terhadap konsep <em>waḥdāt al-wujūd</em> yang menempatkan manusia sebagai bayangan dari Allah, konsep penciptaan alam melalui proses pe­mancar­an (emanasi) serta membangun kesadaran kehambaan melalui upaya mati <em>ikhtiyari</em> dengan cara <em>fana</em> dalam dzikrullah<em> </em>sebagai<em> </em> jalan untuk mengenali hakikat wujud dan <em>ma’rifatullāh, </em>merupakan pondasi filosofis dari bangunan pemikiran tasawuf yang dikembangkannya dalam tarekat <em>Shaṭāriyyah.</em></p><div><div><div><p> </p></div></div></div>

scholarly journals An Electronic Сatalogue of Slobozhanshchina Icons of the Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries: Prerequisites for Creation, Purposes, Functions

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
И.В. Краснова
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
The Way

В статье обосновывается необходимость создания виртуального каталога слобожанских икон и ставится цель разработки основных характеристик проектируемой электронной коллекции. Проведен анализ документальных источников, использованы результаты исследований российских и украинских ученых. Исследована история музеев Слободской Украины, собиравших произведения иконописи, изучено влияние событий ХХ в. на иконописное наследие Слобожанщины, которое вследствие атеистической кампании 1930-х гг. и действий оккупантов в период Великой Отечественной войны утратило единство и оказалось раздробленным между многочисленными музейными и частными коллекциями. Данный фактор, а также несомненная уникальность региональной иконописной традиции стали предпосылками к разработке концепции электронного каталога, который призван объединить все сохранившиеся на сегодняшний день произведения слобожанской иконописи. The article substantiates the need to create a virtual catalogue of Slobozhanshchina (Sloboda Ukraine) icons and sets the aim of developing the main characteristics of the projected electronic collection. Based on the use of systemic-historical and historical-genetic methods, documentary sources were analysed, the results of research of Russian and Ukrainian historians and culture scientists were studied. The history of museums in Sloboda Ukraine, which collected works of icon painting, is considered; special attention is paid to the Historical and Church Museum. Until the revolutionary events of 1917, this museum’s collections were constantly replenished with new exhibits. The history of the creation of the Museum of Ukrainian Art and the Central Art and History Museum named after Gregory Skovoroda (Museum of Sloboda Ukraine) is analysed. The influence of the events of the twentieth century on the icon-painting heritage of Sloboda Ukraine is considered. This heritage, as a result of the atheistic campaign of the 1930s and the actions of the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War, lost unity and was fragmented between numerous museum and private collections. The consequences of the German fascist invaders’ plunder of the museums of Sloboda Ukraine were especially grave: hundreds of thousands of exhibits were destroyed or taken out of the country. The fact of huge and often irreparable losses in the cultural heritage of Sloboda Ukraine by the middle of the twentieth century is stated. At present, the museums of Sloboda Ukraine have already collected a significant part of icon-painting works (about 500), but this number is not comparable with the richest heritage of Sloboda Ukraine of the beginning of the twentieth century. The author emphasises that a certain number of Slobozhanshchina icons continue to remain in churches and private collections in both Ukraine and Russia. Information about icons received from individuals is insufficient for attribution and museum documentation compilation, so many of the icons have not yet been fully introduced into museum circulation. The way out of this situation, according to the author, is to create an electronic catalogue of Slobozhanshchina icons, which will be a database of icon-painting works from museum and private collections with texts and images. The concept of the electronic catalogue has been developed. The catalogue is designed to unite all the works of Slobozhanshchina icon painting that have survived to date.

Visual Thinking in Mathematics

Philosophy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Carter
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Practice ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Euclid’S Elements

In contemporary philosophy, “visual thinking in mathematics” refers to studies of the kinds and roles of visual representations in mathematics. Visual representations include both external representations (i.e., diagrams) and mental visualization. Currently, three main areas and questions are being investigated. The first concerns the roles of diagrams, or the diagram-based reasoning, found in Euclid’s Elements. Second is the epistemic role of diagrams: the question of whether reasoning based on diagrams can be rigorous. This debate includes the question of whether beliefs based on visual input can be justified, and whether visual perception may lead to mathematical knowledge. The third observes that diagrams abound in (contemporary) mathematical practice, and so tries to understand the role they play, going beyond the traditional debates on the legitimacy of using diagrams in mathematical proofs. Looking at the history of mathematics, one will find that it is only recently that diagrammatic proofs have become discredited. For about 2,000 years, Euclid’s Elements was conceived as the paradigm of (mathematical) rigorous reasoning, and so until the 18th century, Euclidean geometry served as the foundation of many areas of mathematics. One includes the early history of analysis, where the study of curves draws on results from (Euclidean) geometry. During the 18th and 19th centuries, however, diagrams gradually disappear from mathematical texts, and around 1900 one finds the famous statements of Pasch and Hilbert claiming that proofs must not rely on figures. The development of formal logic during the 20th century further contributed to a general acceptance of a view that the only value of figures, or diagrams, is heuristic, and that they have no place in mathematical rigorous proofs. A proof, according to this view, consists of a discrete sequence of sentences and is a symbolic object. In the latter half of the 20th century, philosophers, sensitive to the practice of mathematics, started to object to this view, leading to the emergence of the study of visual thinking in mathematics.

History of the Creation of the Tobolsk Diocese in the Official Correspondence of the 17th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
Sophia N. Shcherbich
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channels ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Anthropological Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Behavioral Culture

This article studies the correspondence of the 17th century on the creation of the Tobolsk diocese in Siberia. The documentary complex has been preserved in the book of the Siberian Prikaz, published in 1994. It consists of two types of documents (letters by tsar, patriarch and archbishop, as well as the replies of the voivodes), which allow determining the mechanism for making managerial decisions and the circumstances of their implementation. Based on the historical and anthropological approach, the author considers the process of creating diocese from the perspective of its participants, focuses on interpersonal interaction, a behavioral culture that has been consolidated in documents. The embodiment of the tsarist plan into reality is a challenge that each of the participants overcomes independently, setting priorities between state interests and personal ones. The dating of the letters allows identifying three stages of documenting the tsar’s decisions on the creation of the Tobolsk bishopric, which allowed revealing the specifics of the communication channels of the center and periphery in the Russian state in the 17th century. Based on the sources, the author tries to answer question: what could be the reason that prompted the first archbishop of Cyprian to agree with the tsar’s decision and to head the new diocese created (according to the documents) in September 1620? Analyzing the correspondence, the author draws attention to the difficulties that the head of the new diocese faced on his way to Siberia and upon arriving in Tobolsk, as well as the details of the ceremonial that the Tobolsk voivodes had to observe during the construction of the bishop’s house and the organization of the meeting of the Siberian archbishop.

Zakāt, Citizenship and the State: The Evolution of Islamic Religious and Political Authority

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
‘ABD al-RAHMAN al-SALIMI
Keyword(s):  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn this essay I will demonstrate the way in which the relationship between political authority and religious authority evolved throughout the history of Islam; and point out where religious rule gave way to the creation of nation states. I will map corresponding changes inZakātcollections, among various nation states, to support my argument in favour of a continued separation of religious and political functions in contemporary nations with Muslim majority populations.

The Mixed Commissions for the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Bethell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Atlantic Slave Trade ◽  
The Way

As a contribution to the history of Britain's campaign for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade in the nineteenth century this article examines, first, the creation of various mixed commissions for the adjudication of vessels captured on suspicion of trading in slaves after the trade had been declared illegal; secondly, the composition of these mixed commissions and the way in which they functioned, with special reference to the several commissions sitting in Sierra Leone which for 25 years dealt with the majority of captured slave vessels; and thirdly, the reasons why after 1839, and especially after 1845, captured ships were increasingly taken before British vice-admiralty courts with the result that the mixed commissions were gradually allowed to run down, although most of them were not abolished until the Atlantic slave trade had been finally suppressed.

scholarly journals Женский голос в современной польской поэзии

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
О. В. Гусева ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Women's Writing ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Women's Poetry ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Important Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Women’S Writing

Women have been involved in the creation of Polish literature since the 17th century. A new page in the history of Polish literature, which came after 1989, is associated with the rapid development of feminism. An important phenomenon of poetry at the beginning of the XXI century was the abundance of female names: at this time, the authors of the older generation, such as V. Szymborska, E. Lipska, K. Miłobędzka, J. Hartwig, continue to create, but new names also appear: J. Mueller, M. Cyranowicz, J. Bargielska, M. Podgórnik, M. Lebda, J. Fiedorchuk, M. B. Kielar. Contemporary Polish women’s poetry is very soulful, sensual and deep, it is filled with empathy, and at the same time it is subjective. Corporeality and frankness become one of the characteristic features of women’s writing: women’s poetry tells more openly and directly about the most intimate experiences.

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