Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Trout ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Experimental Lakes Area ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Predominant Form ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Stability

<em>Abstract</em>.—Thiamine pyrophosphate, thiamine monophosphate, and thiamine were measured by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography in tissues of lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush </em>and alewife <em>Alosa pseudoharengus</em>. Mean assay sensitivity for thiamine and its phosphates was 0.012 pmol. Average recoveries of low and high doses of thiamine compounds added to tissue samples ranged from 91.4 to 104.5%. Average coefficients of variation for between assay reproducibility ranged from 4.8 to 12.8%. The predominant form of vitamin B<sub>1 </sub>was unesterified thiamine in eggs and plasma of lake trout. Thiamine pyrophosphate was the predominant form in red blood cells, liver, muscle, and kidney. The stability of thiamine forms in fish tissues was temperature and species dependent. Thiamine levels were markedly depressed in lake trout collected from Lake Ontario relative to levels in fish captured from Lake 468 at the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Thiamine Content ◽  
Lake Variation

<em>Abstract</em>.—Thiamine concentrations in representative Great Lakes prey fish, including alewives <em>Alosa pseudoharengus</em>, rainbow smelt <em>Osmerus mordax</em>, slimy sculpin <em>Cottus cognatus</em>, bloater chub <em>Coregonus hoyi</em>, and lake herring <em>Coregonus artedi</em>, and their major dietary items, including mysids <em>Mysis relicta</em>, amphipods <em>Diporeia hoyi</em>, and net macroplankton, were measured to assess their potential involvement in depressed thiamine concentrations in lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush </em>of the Great Lakes. Mean thiamine concentrations in all biota were greater than the recommended dietary intake of 3.3 nmol/g for prevention of effects on growth, although the adequacy of these concentrations for reproduction is not known. Mean thiamine concentrations decreased in the order alewives > bloater chub, herring > smelt and differed from the order of associated egg thiamine concentrations published for lake trout feeding on these species (herring > alewives, smelt). As a result, these data strongly implicate the high thiaminase content, rather than the low thiamine content, of alewives and smelt as being responsible for the low egg thiamine concentrations of Great Lakes lake trout stocks that feed heavily on these species. Variations in thiamine content among prey species did not appear to be related to levels in their diet, because thiamine concentrations in <em>Mysis</em>, <em>Diporeia</em>, and macroplankton showed little consistency between group or between lake variation. There was no lake to lake variation in mean thiamine concentrations of prey species, but considerable within species variation occurred that was unrelated to size.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Early Mortality Syndrome

<em>Abstract</em>.—Dietary amprolium, a thiamine antagonist, was fed to lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush </em>broodstock from April to October before spawning to determine its effect on egg and tissue concentrations of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate, and thiamine pyrophosphate. The thiamine concentration of eggs from fish fed no amprolium was 61.8 nmol/g, whereas the concentration of thiamine in fish fed 0.05 and 0.10% amprolium was 4.02 and 1.71 nmol/g (<EM>P </EM>< 0.01), respectively. In lake trout fed 0.10% amprolium beginning in August, egg free thiamine concentration was reduced to 11.6 nmol/g. No sign of early mortality syndrome was observed in sac fry from eggs in this study, which suggests that thiamine concentrations in the egg were not low enough to be below a critical threshold or that factors other than thiamine are involved in early mortality syndrome.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ◽  
Predictive Index ◽  
Early Mortality Syndrome

<em>Abstract</em>.—Reproductive success and vitamin B<sub>1 </sub>(thiamine pyrophosphate, thiamine monophosphate, and free thiamine) concentrations were assessed in feral female lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush </em>from Lake Ontario and Lake Manitou. We monitored fertilization success, survival to hatch, incidence of blue-sac disease, other anomalies, and lake trout early mortality syndrome (EMS). Fertilization and hatching success were high, whereas mortality from blue-sac disease and other anomalies was low in egg batches from both lakes. There was no mortality from EMS in families from Lake Manitou. However, EMS occurred after hatching in the offspring of 48% of the females collected from Lake Ontario. We measured thiamine in liver, red blood cells, eggs, and developing embryos. Relative to fish collected in reference lakes, females in Lake Ontario had depressed hepatic, red blood cell, and egg thiamine concentrations. Although more extensive investigation of thiamine balance is required, it may be possible to use red blood cell thiamine pyrophosphate as a predictive index for EMS susceptibility in offspring. Total thiamine concentrations in developing embryos declined by 50% between fertilization and swim-up. Free thiamine reserves declined most rapidly, whereas levels of thiamine pyrophosphate increased between the eyed embryo and hatch stages. A high proportion (67%) of lake trout families in which the initial egg free thiamine reserves or embryonic concentrations of thiamine pyrophosphate levels were <0.8 nmol/g exhibited EMS. Below this threshold (0.8 nmol/g), the occurrence of EMS was variable (0–100%) and only weakly related to free thiamine concentrations (<em>r</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.32, <EM>P</EM> = 0.014). This observation implies the possibility of additional interactions with other factors.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Early Mortality Syndrome

<em>Abstract</em>.—Juvenile and adult lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush </em>that were fed semipurified, thiaminedeficient diets or alewives <em>Alosa pseudoharengus </em>containing thiaminase, a thiamine-destroying enzyme, showed no overt symptoms of thiamine deficiency. Growth rates and ovulation rates were similar among all treatments. However, liver thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a biochemical indicator of impending thiamine deficiency, in juvenile lake trout fed thiamine-deficient diets was reduced to 35 pmol/ g compared with 59 pmol/g in control groups. Blood TPP in adult female lake trout fed alewives was one-third of that in controls fed a commercial diet. Adult lake trout from Lake Michigan had blood TPP levels similar to those of fish fed the alewife diet in the laboratory. Lake Superior lake trout had TPP levels similar to those of fish fed the control diet in the laboratory. Thiamine synthesis occurred in the intestine of lake trout. At least 81% of thiamine in the posterior intestine was synthesized, presumably by bacteria, when a <sup>14</sup>C-labeled thiamine diet was force-fed to lake trout. Thiamine had a long retention time in the lake trout: at 27 weeks after fish were injected with radioactive thiamine, blood cells retained 11% of the radioactivity that was present at 2 d and liver tissue retained 34% of the 2-d level. Lack of self-sustaining lake trout reproduction by Lake Michigan fish may be related to their lower blood thiamine levels. Thiamine deficiency may cause early mortality syndrome, which is common in Lake Michigan but not Lake Superior fish with higher blood thiamine levels.

Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome in Fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Inland Lakes ◽  
Early Mortality Syndrome ◽  
Thiamine Content

<em>Abstract</em>.—Lake trout <em>Salvelinus namaycush </em>eggs were collected from 18 separate locations in the Great Lakes and inland lakes to evaluate the relationship between diet and egg thiamine content. Thiamine concentrations in the eggs of lake trout whose diet consisted primarily of rainbow smelt <em>Osmerus mordax </em>and alewife <em>Alosa pseudoharengus </em>were one-ninth to one-seventeenth those of eggs of lake trout whose diet lacked either of these two species and was composed of lake herring <em>Coregonus artedi</em>, yellow perch <em>Perca flavescens</em>, cyprinids, or invertebrates. Within the Great Lakes, concentrations of thiamine in the eggs of lake trout increased in the order Ontario, Erie, Michigan, Huron < Superior and reflected the proportion of smelt, alewives, or both in the diet. Of the three forms of thiamine found in eggs, free thiamine was the most important and the form most affected by a diet of alewives or smelt. Collections from inland lakes were similar in terms of thiamine content and its relationship to diet composition. Average free thiamine concentrations in lake trout from Lakes Ontario, Erie, Michigan, and Huron were 1.5 to 4 times a threshold of 0.8 nmol/g that has been associated with the development of a thiamine-responsive early mortality syndrome. In contrast, the concentration of free thiamine in Lake Superior lake trout eggs was 26 times the threshold. We concluded that the reduction in egg thiamine concentrations in lake trout whose diet was primarily smelt or alewives was the result of their high thiaminase content, because published thiamine contents could not explain the patterns observed. Egg thiamine concentrations in lake trout were unaffected by maternal age.

Photochemical stability of warfarin potassium in powdered pharmaceutical tablets

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Emi Horiguchi-Babamoto ◽  
Makoto Otsuka
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Partial Least Squares Regression ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Pharmaceutical Tablets ◽  
Light Stability ◽  
Warfarin Potassium ◽  
The Stability

BACKGROUND: Warfarin potassium (Wf) commercial tablets originally formulated for adults are ground before administration to pediatric patients and elderly patients with dysphagia. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the effect of tablet grinding on the photostability of four types of commercial Wf tablets and predicted the photostability of the tablet powders by chemometric analysis. METHODS: The photodegradation of Wf content was evaluated by reversed-phase column high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). RESULTS: The bulk Wf powder was relatively photostable, whereas ground Wf tablets underwent substantial photodegradation. The photostability of the ground powders of a brand-name Wf commercial tablet and three generic Wf commercial tablets was quantitatively assessed and compared. In certain cases, the Wf in all the three ground generic tablets was less photostable than in the ground brand-name tablets. After 28 days of light irradiation, the Wf content decreased to 69.79% in the brand-name tablets, while it was 31.90% in some generic tablets. To clarify the factors influencing the relative photostability in various Wf formulations, we analyzed the intermolecular interactions between the active ingredient and the excipients by partial least-squares regression analysis based on photostability screening for each additive. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the additives light anhydrous silicic acid and povidone adversely affect the stability of Wf tablets. In addition, the light stability of ground tablets was affected considerably by their formulation.

Land water linkages: influences of riparian deforestation on lake thermocline depth and possible consequences for cold stenotherms

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1299-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert France
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Thermocline Depth ◽  
Experimental Lakes Area ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Riparian Trees ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Riparian Tree ◽  
Land Water

The purpose of the present study was to determine if riparian deforestation would expose lake surfaces to stronger winds and therefore bring about deepening of thermoclines and resulting habitat losses for cold stenotherms such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Removal of protective riparian trees through wind blowdown and two wildfires was found to triple the overwater windspeeds and produce thermocline deepening in two lakes at the Experimental Lakes Area. A survey of thermal stratification patterns in 63 northwestern Ontario lakes showed that lakes around which riparian trees had been removed a decade before through either clearcutting or by a wildfire were found to have thermocline depths over 2 m deeper per unit fetch length compared with lakes surrounded by mature forests. Riparian tree removal will therefore exacerbate hypolimnion habitat losses for cold stenotherms that have already been documented to be occurring as a result of lake acidification, eutrophication, and climate warming.

scholarly journals The next generation of RNA vaccines: self-amplifying RNA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Blakney
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
High Efficacy ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Stability

The global COVID-19 pandemic has brought tremendous momentum to the field of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. The advantages of this vaccine platform, such as rapid development and high efficacy, resulted in mRNA vaccines being the first approved vaccines against COVID-19. Looking forward to the development of future vaccines, how can we make RNA vaccines even better? While improvements in the stability of the formulation and cost of the vaccine are inevitable, one of the main challenges is lowering the dose of RNA in order to avoid side effects associated with high doses of RNA. One way to do this is by using self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), a type of mRNA that encodes a replicase that copies the original strand of RNA once it’s in the cell. Here, we discuss the origins of saRNA, how it works in comparison to mRNA, current challenges in the field and the future of saRNA vaccines.

scholarly journals Tissue-specific evaluation of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P Young ◽  
Carmen F Landry ◽  
Daniel J Jackson ◽  
Russell C Wyeth
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Suitable Reference

Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a robust technique for the quantification and comparison of gene expression across multiple tissues. To obtain reliable results, one or more reference genes must be employed to normalize expression measurements among treatments or tissue samples. Candidate reference genes must be validated to ensure that they are stable prior to use in qPCR experiments. The pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) is a common research organism, particularly in the areas of learning and memory, and is an emerging target for qPCR experimentation. However, no systematic assessment of reference genes has been performed in this animal. Therefore, the aim of our research was to identify stable reference genes to normalize gene expression data from a variety of tissues in L. stagnalis. We evaluated a panel of seven reference genes across six different tissues in L. stagnalis with RT-qPCR. The genes included: elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-actin (ACTB), beta-tubulin (TUBB), ubiquitin (UBI), prenylated rab acceptor protein 1 (Rapac1), and a voltage gated potassium channel (VGKC). These genes exhibited a wide range of expression levels among tissues. The stability of each of the genes was consistent when measured by any of the standard stability assessment algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder. Our data indicate that GAPDH and EF1α are highly stable in the tissues that we examined (central nervous system, tentacles, lips, penis, foot, mantle) as well as in pooled analyses. We do not recommend VGKC for use in RT-qPCR experiments due to its relatively low expression stability. Our results were generally congruent with those obtained from similar studies in other molluscs. Given that a minimum of two reference genes are recommended for data normalization, we suggest GAPDH and EF1α are a strong option for multi-tissue analyses of RT-qPCR data in Lymnaea stagnalis.

scholarly journals Prophylactic impact of nano-selenium on performance, carcasses quality, and tissues' selenium concentration using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography during microbial challenge in broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1780-1797
Author(s):  
Essam S. Soliman ◽  
Fadwa F. Mahmoud ◽  
Mai A. Fadel ◽  
Rania T. Hamad
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Tissue Samples

Background and Aim: Nano-selenium (NS) supplementation contributes in improving productivity, performance, and meat quality while reducing public health concern. Influence of NS and inorganic selenium (Se) water additive on performance, carcass quality, immunoglobulin concentration, intestinal microbiota, Se tissue concentrations, and tissue architecture was studied. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred and sixty 1-day-old Hubbard chicks were randomly grouped into five groups (5×52) and supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mL of NS and inorganic Se (100 mg.L-1). G1, G2, G3, and G4 were challenged with Escherichia coli O157: H7 2.6×108 on the 14th day. A total of 2250 samples, including 250 sera, 250 intestinal swabs, and 1500 organ and tissue samples as liver, spleen, heart, bursa, intestine, and breast muscles, and 250 eviscerated carcasses were collected. Results: The results revealed a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in live body weights, weight gains, performance indices, carcasses, and organs weights, whereas immunoglobulin G and M concentrations in broilers treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mL NS, respectively, synchronized reveal a highly significant decline (p<0.01) in total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts of intestinal swabs and breast muscles, final pH24, and drip loss in broilers treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mL NS, respectively. Meanwhile, water holding capacity revealed no significant differences between all groups. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography examination revealed the earlier disappearance of NS residues than inorganic Se from the broiler's liver and muscles. Histopathological photomicrographs of the liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and intestine, as well as, the immunohistochemistry of intestinal sections revealed superior tissue architecture in broilers treated with NS contrary to inorganic Se. Conclusion: The study showed significant stimulation actions of NS on performance, immunity, carcass and meat quality, intestinal and muscles' bacterial load as well as short withdrawal period and nearly normal cellular architecture compared to inorganic Se.

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