scholarly journals COVID-19 DALAM KAJIAN QAWAID FIQHIYAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Nainunis Nainunis
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Relief

This study tries to assess the level of danger of covid-19 in the study of qawaid fiqhiyah. So that the level of vigilance is found based on the study of fiqh. There are several fiqhiyah principles that serve as basic guidelines in fostering human behavior in dealing with COVID-19, there are also some changes in the basic provisions (hukum ashal) to new provisions, which changes according to the level of the virus. The fiqhiyah rules that are relevant to this study are; 1) التيسير تجلب المشقة (difficulty can bring fast), which this rule describes the difficulties obtained from the process of spreading COVID-19 can abort obligations and change the basic provisions. 2) الضرورة تبيح المحظورات (the condition of the dharurat allows something that is forbidden), from the other side this rule also describes the same thing as the rule above, where dharurah is an excuse to fail an obligation and may do things that were originally prohibited.  3) ما أبيح للضرورة يقدر بقدرها (Something What is Allowed because dharurah is Measured According to the Level of ‘Endanger’), this rule describes the level of permissibility or legal relief that arises due to the spread of COVID-19 not absolutely, but it is adjusted to the level of the spread zone. 4), الضرر يزال (‘Endanger’ must be eliminated), in the spread of COVID-19, this rule becomes the basic guide for the new obligations, namely eliminating harm caused by the spread of COVID-19 by following health protocols. 5) قد نزلت منز لة الضرورة عامة كانت أو خاصة الحاجة (hajah;pretention Occasionally Occupies Emergency Positions either General or Special), this rule describes the desire with special criteria parallel to dharurah independently, such as hajah means, isolation of dharurah as a washilah to keep other people from being exposed.

Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Crime

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selden D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Social Custom ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This article is concerned with the overlapping of two phe nomena, each of which can occur independently of the other. The first is deviation from the specific social custom of drinking. The second, crime, refers to a class of deviations from many different customs of a society—deviations possessing one unique attribute in common, that of eliciting purposeful, negative sanc tions by the government. General knowledge about deviation from custom and about the impact of alcohol upon human behavior must be combined with an understanding of each of these two categories of deviance in order to assess the overlap.

On the Production of Religious Configurations

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Benavides
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Hominid Evolution ◽  
The Other

AbstractResearch on the emergence of the configuration known as “religion” requires tracing the articulation among biological, psychological and social processes. This research must take into account evolutionary approaches; first, in terms of hominid evolution, for it is only by taking into consideration work on symbolization, language development, the capacity to engage in metacognition and cooperation, the tendency to form hierarchies, engage in violence, sexual differentiation, and related topics, that one can hope to trace the emergence of certain relatively stable features of human behavior. But since symbolization and the other capacities mentioned above are exercised in specific social circumstances—which themselves could not have come into existence were it not for the exercise of those capacities—it is essential to consider social evolution, especially insofar as this evolution leads to the appearance of stratified societies and to the kind of labor that prevails in them.

scholarly journals Autonomy and the Ownership of Our Own Destiny: Tracking the External World and Human Behavior, and the Paradox of Autonomy

Philosophies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
External World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Autonomy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Autonomy

Research on autonomy exhibits a constellation of variegated perspectives, from the problem of the crude deprivation of it to the study of the distinction between personal and moral autonomy, and from the problem of the role of a “self as narrator”, who classifies its own actions as autonomous or not, to the importance of the political side and, finally, to the need of defending and enhancing human autonomy. My precise concern in this article will be the examination of the role of the human cognitive processes that give rise to the most important ways of tracking the external world and human behavior in their relationship to some central aspects of human autonomy, also to the aim of clarifying the link between autonomy and the ownership of our own destinies. I will also focus on the preservation of human autonomy as an important component of human dignity, seeing it as strictly associated with knowledge and, even more significantly, with the constant production of new and pertinent knowledge of various kinds. I will also describe the important paradox of autonomy, which resorts to the fact that, on one side, cognitions (from science to morality, from common knowledge to philosophy, etc.) are necessary to be able to perform autonomous actions and decisions because we need believe in rules that justify and identify our choices, but, on the other side, these same rules can become (for example, as a result of contrasting with other internalized and approved moral rules or knowledge contents) oppressive norms that diminish autonomy and can thus, paradoxically, defeat agents’ autonomous capacity “to take ownership”.

Cognitive Issues in Bible Translation: The Biblical Text in the Context of Human Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-56
Author(s):  
R. Daniel Shaw ◽  
Danny DeLoach ◽  
Jonathan Grimes ◽  
John O. Luchivia ◽  
Sheryl Silzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Interactive Environments ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive studies affect all disciplines that reflect the connection between the mind–brain and human behavior. To state the obvious, Bible translation is a multidisciplinary task influenced by cognitive processes. What, then, do Bible translators need to know about the intended communication of a biblical text on one hand and a people’s context-based inferences on the other? Can these disparate, but necessarily interactive, environments blend to reflect a totality of knowledge from the content of the biblical text? Together, the coauthors explore a variety of cognitive processes that reflect on the relationship between translation and human behavior. Our objective is to show how translated biblical text interfaces with human cognition to affect behavior in specific contexts.

scholarly journals La conquista de la fortuna

2005 ◽  
pp. 119-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Hermosa Andújar
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Political Liberty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

In this work the author holds the thesis that with Maquiavelo, in accordance with Tucidides, the complete humanization of history and human life arose. Man has become the complete owner of his destiny when conquering fortune by virtù, that is, the entirety of social forces, concrete or diffuse, that oppose to the exercise of his will. It is only nature that remains as a region still inaccessible to human will. This is the reason why in Maquiavelo the concepts which should organize the explanation of human behavior are not, as considered until now, virtù/fortune but virtù/nature. Even though, there are two antagonic limits to the emancipatory virtuos action: on the one hand, its still nondemocratic condition, since only the Prince is capable of such virtù. On the other, the political liberty, something that in principle appears external to the subject, but once known he won´t forget ever, that is, political liberty becomes a constitutive feature of the human being at which every virtuos action of the Prince directed to extirpate it, fails.

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes in translation: stylistic perspective

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Gender Perceptions ◽  
The One ◽  
Standardized Formula

The article focuses on the means of gender stereotype verbalization in the English-Ukrainian literary translation. Within the framework of the study, gender is represented as a social and cultural phenomenon which, on the one hand, is constructed in the course of interaction with the reality, on the other hand, it is spread in time and space through language. Recurrent characteristics which are traditionally regarded as feminine/masculine lead to the emergence of stereotypes associated with a certain gender. The stereotypical perceptions turn into the mechanisms of human behavior regulation which determine actions, words, position in the society to be expected from a man/woman. However, various cultural environments are capable of different gender conceptualization due to discrepancies in the historical experience, even geographical location or dominant religion. Consequently, the translator may face difficulties related to the cleavage between the characteristics forming the stereotype in the interacting cultures, including cases when such features vary in their intensity. The presence of fixed gender perceptions entails the emergence of standardized formula for their verbalization, conventional metaphors, epithets, etc. In a broader sense, every linguistic choice of the author which determines the construction of gender for all the characters is relevant for the translator whose task consists in coherent reproduction of every aspect of their personality. Meanwhile, the manifestations of feminine/masculine characteristics in the representatives of a certain gender, that are considered completely natural for one linguistic and cultural community, can prove unusual or even unacceptable. The stylistic presentation of the text, thus, becomes a powerful instrument allowing the translator to manipulate the original and the subtlest shades of meanings embedded by the author to meet the needs and, to a certain extent, expectations of the target audience, while the translator’s interference remains almost imperceptible. Still, considering all the similarities of the source and target cultures, the translator may produce a more vivid message in the target text or, on the contrary, blur some of the author’s ideas through the stylistic devices he/she employs.

scholarly journals Empathy and Altruism

Psychology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Stocks ◽  
Taylor Clark
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
Fruitful Research

The word empathy has been used as a label for many different phenomena, including feeling what another person is feeling, understanding another person’s point of view, and imagining oneself in another person’s situation. Perhaps the most widely researched phenomenon called “empathy” involves an other-oriented emotional state that is congruent with the perceived welfare of another person. Feelings associated with empathy include sympathy, tenderness, and warmth toward the other person. Other manifestations of empathic emotions have been investigated, too, including empathic joy, empathic embarrassment, and empathic anger. As was the case with empathy, the term altruism has also been used as a label for a broad range of phenomena, including any type of prosocial behavior, as a collection of personality traits associated with helpful persons, and biological influences that evoke protective behaviors toward genetically related others. A particularly fruitful research tradition has focused on altruism as a motivational state with the ultimate goal of protecting or promoting the welfare of a valued other. For example, the empathy–altruism hypothesis claims that empathy (viewed here as an other-oriented emotional state) evokes an altruistic motivational state. Empathy and altruism, regardless of how they are construed, have important consequences for understanding human behavior and social relationships.

scholarly journals The Legal Impact of Islamic Law in the Identity and Provisions of Qatari Legal System: Conceptual Frame and Legislative Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-482
Author(s):  
Abdullah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Conceptual Frame

This article examines the Islamic law situation in Qatari law based on a case study to the main concepts, and some special practical issues in Qatari Law. The paper focuses on a conceptual approach to Qatari law and Islamic law in the light of centrality of Islamic law. Furthermore this paper also focuses on the distinctive characteristics of the law compared to the other such as the concept of human behavior in such a way that it has an impact on the penalty in the legal rule as a distinct component. The analysis also pays an attention to a distinction between the legal rules and other social rules in the matter of giving an influence on structure of human behavior. As a matter of fact, this article also tries to give e light on the centrality of Islamic law on Qatari law, especially on the case of taking back of charity (hibah) as an example. The paper ends with conclusion that for Islamic legislation in Qatari law, Islamic Sharia is considered to be the main source and it is needed to develop a legislative and judicial orientations based on Islamic legal rules that regulate transactions in Qatari law.[Artikel ini membahas situasi hukum Islam di dalam hukum Negara Qatar berdasarkan pada studi kasus atas beberapa konsep kunci dan isu praktis dalam hukum Qatar. Tulisan ini fokus pada pendekatan konseptual hukum Qatar dan Syariah Islam berdasarkan pada sentralitas Syari’ah islam. Selain itu, artikel ini  juga membahas tentang karakter khusus undang-undang dibanding dengan yang lainnya seperti teori prilaku yang mempunyai pengaruh terhadap penerapan hukumannya. Selain itu, pembahasan tersebut juga mempertimbangkan perbedaannya dibandingkan dengan hukum sosial terkait dengan pengaruh terhadap pembentukan prilaku.  Artikel ini juga memberikan penekanan kajian atas sentralitas hukum Islam dan pengaruhnya terhadap konsep undang-undang seperti pengaturan tentang hak menarik kembali dana hibah dalam undang-undang di Qatar. Dalam kesimpulan, artikel ini menyatakan bahwa dalam undang-undang Qatar, hukum Islam menempati posisi yang sentral dan menjadi basis utama dalam pengembangan legislatif dan  orientasi yuridis yang didasarkan pada aturan legal Islam dalam pengaturan transaksi dalam undang-undang hukum di Qatar.]

Empirical Evidence for Empirical International Relations Theorizing: Tests of Epistemological Assumptions With Data

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Rathbun
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Epistemological Position ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Deductive Theory

Balancing theory with evidence, in which we form and adjust our theories at least in part based on their performance, might seem to be a part of any social scientific enterprise. However, there are powerful epistemological tendencies, particularly in the field of international relations (IR), which lead many researchers in other directions. One is somewhat unique to IR—the role played historically by paradigms in the field. At their worst, paradigms put theory before evidence. They offer a set of core assumptions about the nature of international politics and lead their adherents to cherry pick evidence to support them. The other we find in many other social sciences besides political science and international relations—a commitment to deductive theorizing, particularly by practitioners of rational choice. Based on an instrumentalist epistemological position, deductive theory derives hypotheses from a set of assumptions that remain untested, and aims at uncovering general patterns of human behavior that are as generalizable as possible. This type of research, which rests on an instrumentalist epistemological approach, finds itself unable to follow the evidence because it is uninterested in testing its own assumptions with empirical data. When these assumptions prove faulty, it generates bad theory because its foundation is rotten. International relations theorists have squabbled for decades over basic epistemological positions, with each side favoring a particular school in the philosophy of science that justifies their preferred approach to research. As Monteiro and Ruby have nicely argued in 2009, these disagreements cannot be resolved through argument, as each epistemological approach rests on its own set of assumptions that cannot be tested. While they are correct to argue that IR pick and choose their epistemology based on the kind of research they like to do, the viability of epistemological choices is to some degree subject to empirical testing.

Der Sport als Medium der Selbstverwirklichung und Entfremdung / Sport as a way to self-realization and alienation

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Objective Description

AbstractRegarding prescientific judgements as to value and scientific interpretations of sport the discussion points: An essential of sociological thinking about sport was the question of whether and how far sport could be a way to human self-realization and human alienation. The answers were controvers because of anthropological ambiguities: to care for the physical nature on one hand and to refuse this concept of life on the other hand, to concentrate human behavior for performances on one hand and to refuse this concentration as restraints on the other hand. The notions of self-realization and alienation have been depending on anthropological concepts or ideas of human life, on its physical nature and on aspects to discipline this nature. The opposition of the notions of self-realization and alienation depends on ideological concepts of human life; therefore these notions are not suitable for an objective description of sport.

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