scholarly journals Predictors of Shisha Consumption among Students in Tertiary Institutions: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Abdulrehman Halima Allahdad ◽  
Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti ◽  
Rahma Udu Yusuf ◽  
Valentine Budambula
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Recall Bias ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Hookah Smoking ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Abuse ◽  
Laws And Policies

Tobacco use is a risk factor for several diseases, disabilities and premature deaths. Shisha is specially flavoured tobacco and majority of the users perceive hookah smoking to be safer than cigarette. Shisha use has become rampant and trendy among students in tertiary institutions. This review aims to evaluate predictors of shisha consumption among students in tertiary institutions. We reviewed references of authentic databases and journals including Web of Science, PubMed, Iranian Databases, National Agency for the Campaign against Alcohol and Drug Abuse, CDC and WHO. The review focused on data documented from 2010 up to 2020.Predictors of shisha use were: shisha availability and accessibility, flavouring ,gender, awareness level, parental factors, marital status, social acceptability, peer pressure, birth order, monthly stipend, course enrolled in, internet and legal framework on hookah smoking. Most students using shisha reported to be poly drug users with marijuana, tobacco products, alcohol and khat. Most students consume shisha either singly or concurrently or simultaneously alongside other drugs. However, it is not possible to tell if shisha use preceded use of other drugs or was an aftermath. There is need to strengthen laws and policies regulating waterpipe industry. Since nearly all the reviewed literature was based on self-reported history which is prone to both social desirability bias and memory recall bias there is need to have confirmed incidence of shisha use in this sub-population.

scholarly journals The Adequacy of Existing Support Systems in Addressing the Issue of Teenage Pregnancies in Malaysia: A Legal Response

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-150
Author(s):  
Aishah Mohd Nor ◽  
Najibah Mohd Zin ◽  
Roslina Che Soh
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Integrated Services ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Activist ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Legal Response ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Laws And Policies

This article examines the adequacy of the current support systems in addressing the issue of teenage pregnancies in Malaysia. This study was conducted primarily through a doctrinal study of existing literature such as articles, journals and reports related to the current issues encountered by the pregnant teenagers. There is also a non-doctrinal method carried out whereby the researchers had conducted fieldwork interviews with the government department, non-government organisations (NGOs) and social activist on the efforts done in addressing the problem. Due to the lack of a specific policy on teenage pregnancies in Malaysia, there have been concerns on issues related to the rights of these teenagers to education during pregnancy; criminal issues on abortion, infanticide and child sexual grooming; child marriages and the lack of support from parents, family members and the society for care, motivation, healthcare and preparation for motherhood among these teenagers. The findings establish the current support system is inadequate to meet the contemporary needs of pregnant teenagers. It is suggested that a comprehensive legal framework for teenage pregnancies in Malaysia needs to be put in place. These can include legislating necessary laws and policies, which can be more effective through integrated services and proper monitoring and enforcement in order to meet the current needs of the targeted group.

Prevention and Regulation of Cyber-Crimes in the Age of Terrorism

2010 ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
S.R. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
Information Infrastructures ◽  
Information Technology Sector ◽  
Cyber Crimes ◽  
Laws And Policies

India is the 12th nation in the world to have a special system of laws addressed to the information technology sector. Besides the general criminal law of the country, the Information Technology Act, 2000 incorporates a special legal framework relating to cyber-crimes. Looking differently, India is also a global hub of information technology and its allied services. Accordingly, the growth and development of the information technology sector and its contribution to national economy is phenomenal. It is in this context, the chapter examines and analyses the Indian ICT laws and policies in the backdrop of cyber-crime prevention and regulation, with the aim of offering a comprehensive model of ICT policy. It will discuss the extent of legal framework in the light of classification and criminalization of various cyber-crimes. Also, while examining the policy instruments, it will bring out the public and private initiatives on protection of information infrastructures, incident and emergency response and the innovative institutions and schemes involved.

scholarly journals How Does the Law and Policy Encourage Towards a Low Carbon Energy Transition in the Scotland?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Md. Raisul Islam Sourav
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transition ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Low Carbon Energy

This article contains a doctrinal analysis of the law and policy encouragement towards a low carbon energy transition in the Scotland. To do this, the present article is primarily focused on electricity sector of the Scotland and its commitment towards a low carbon transition in this sector in coming years. This article analyzes the existing significant laws and policies in Scotland that encourage towards a low carbon transition. However, it also evaluates international obligation upon the Scotland and the UK, as well, towards this transition. Subsequently, it assesses the UK’s legal framework in this regard. However, Scotland is firmly committed to achieve its targets towards a low carbon transition in the power sector although it needs more incentive and tight observation of the government to smoothen the process.

LIETUVOS MOKSLEIVIŲ PSICHOTROPINIŲ MEDŽIAGŲ (NARKOTIKŲ) VARTOJIMO, PASEKMIŲ IR PRIEŽASTINIŲ RYŠIŲ TYRIMAS

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Saulius Čaplinskas
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Parental Attachment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Substance Use Prevention

Objective. To assess prevalence and social dimensions (family, school and peers) of substance use among Lithuanian adolescents and to provide effective recommendations of substance use prevention. Methods. A survey using a standard questionnaire was administered in three biggest cities of Lithuania (Vilnius, Klaipeda and Kaunas) twice: in 2006 and 2008. The target population was students of the age group 15-16 years old. Totally 14,155 students were enrolled. Results. 46 percent of respondents had no experience of any substance use. The most consumed drug was cannabis (hashish and marihuana) – 24 percent, followed by sleeping pills - 20 percent. Age of the substance use debut was directly related to further substance, especially cannabis (hashish or marihuana), use (r=0.891, p<0.001). Substance use had especially negative impact on the learning progress and perspectives of further studies and was related to the attitudes towards learning/school: the less interest in studies, the more extensive substance use (r=-0.151, p≤0.001). Parceived parental support and free time spent with parents were significantly related to the children attitudes towards substance use. Children without parental attachment were more prone to substance use and more submissive to the peer pressure. Cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use were concurrent: students, who smoked cigarettes more often (r=0.425, p<0.001), consumed beer (r=0.323, p<0.001) more often, consumed low percentage drinks (r=0.255, p<0.001) and strong alcohol more often (r=0.313, p<0.001), were also more intensely immersed drug users. Conclusions. Adolescents engaged in the free-time activities with their parents were less prone to smoke cigarettes or marihuana and consume alcohol. Having friends who use drugs was one of the great potential risk factors for personal drug use. Strengthening of relationships among parents, school, community and adolescents is an important measure in helping adolescents to abstain from substance use.

Drug use and HIV risk in Trinidad and Tobago: qualitative study

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Djumalieva ◽  
W Imamshah ◽  
U Wagner ◽  
O Razum
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Oral Sex ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Rehabilitation Care ◽  
The Family ◽  
Female Drug Users

Crack use is an important risk factor for HIV infection because of its association with unsafe sexual practices. We investigated factors promoting the initiation of crack cocaine use; the sexual behaviour of crack users; and their rehabilitation care seeking behaviour in Trinidad and Tobago. We conducted 40 indepth interviews with drug users. Respondents frequently reported a history of parental desertion, alcohol abuse, and physical abuse within the family. They perceived peer pressure and drug use in the family as important factors promoting first drug use. Exchanging sex for drugs was common, and practising oral sex was considered safe. Female drug users rarely seek rehabilitative care because of stigmatization and lack of care for their children. In Trinidad, attitudes towards drugs in society and families need to be changed. Campaigns promoting safer sex should emphasize the risk of oral sex. Rehabilitation facilities caring for female drug users should offer child care.

scholarly journals Lessons from export to New Zealand of the second opinion appointed doctor scheme

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
John Dawson ◽  
Paul Glue ◽  
Pete M. Ellis ◽  
Jessie Lenagh-Glue ◽  
David Goldsmith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Second Opinion ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Compulsory Treatment ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Equivalent Scheme ◽  
Patients Rights

Aims and methodWe compared findings of an audit of New Zealand's version of the second opinion appointed doctor (SOAD) scheme with published information on the equivalent scheme for England and Wales, to consider what might be learnt from the different jurisdictions' experience.ResultsStrong similarities exist between the two schemes in the demographic profile of individuals subject to the SOAD process and rates of approval of compulsory treatment. The clearer legal framework for the English scheme and its supervision by an independent national agency may offer significant advantages in terms of consistency and transparency, compared with the informal, decentralised structure of New Zealand's scheme.Clinical implicationsClinicians may not always favour greater formality or elaborate national structures for administering the Mental Health Act, but there are advantages in promoting clarity and consistency in a mandatory statutory process designed to protect compulsory patients' rights.

DASAO: Software Tool for the Management of Safeguards, Waste and Decommissioning

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Noynaert ◽  
Isi Verwaest ◽  
Henri Libon ◽  
Jean-Marie Cuchet
Keyword(s):  
Software Tool ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Fissile Material ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Fuel Fabrication ◽  
Sound Management ◽  
Integrated Software

Decommissioning of nuclear facilities is a complex process involving operations such as detailed surveys, decontamination and dismantling of equipment’s, demolition of buildings and management of resulting waste and nuclear materials if any. This process takes place in a well-developed legal framework and is controlled and followed-up by stakeholders like the Safety Authority, the Radwaste management Agency and the Safeguards Organism. In the framework of its nuclear waste and decommissioning program and more specifically the decommissioning of the BR3 reactor, SCK•CEN has developed different software tools to secure the waste and material traceability, to support the sound management of the decommissioning project and to facilitate the control and the follow-up by the stakeholders. In the case of Belgium, it concerns the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, the National Agency for radioactive waste management and fissile material and EURATOM and IAEA. In 2005, BELGONUCLEAIRE decided to shutdown her Dessel MOX fuel fabrication plant and the production stopped in 2006. According to the final decommissioning plan (“PDF”) approved by NIRAS, the decommissioning works should start in 2008 at the earliest. In 2006, the management of BELGONUCLEAIRE identified the need for an integrated database and decided to entrust SCK•CEN with its development, because SCK•CEN relies on previous experience in comparable applications namely already approved by authorities such as NIRAS, FANC and EURATOM. The main objectives of this integrated software tool are: • simplified and updated safeguards • waste & material traceability • computerized documentation • support to project management • periodic & final reporting to waste and safety authorities. The software called DASAO (Database for Safeguards, Waste and Decommissioning) was successfully commissioned in 2008 and extensively used from 2009 to the satisfaction of BELGONUCLEAIRE and the stakeholders. SCK•CEN is now implementing a simplified release of the software for the management of the decommissioning of the THETIS reactor. Its decommissioning will start in March 2013 and will be completed by the end of 2014.

scholarly journals General features of anti-corruption policy in Ukraine

Legal Ukraine ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
General System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Soviet Union

The article examines the history of anti-corruption policy in Ukraine and the current state of the legislative framework. Various approaches to legal regulations and the etymology of anti-corruption law are considered. Great emphasis is placed on the study of the institutional framework of our state, namely, the study of the functioning of such state structures as the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption, the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office, Supreme Anti-Corruption Court. The analysis of the historical retrospective, taking into account political events for a better legal analysis. Based on the recommended amount of work, the state of anti-corruption policy is considered fragmentarily. In order to systematize the analysis of the work, the anti-corruption system of Ukraine was divided into 3 historical stages: the Soviet effect, the neoliberal tendency and the general system. The initial stages of the Ukrainian legal system are characterized by the dominance of the Soviet Union. It was during this period that corruption, as a phenomenon, is gaining new dimensions. Among the main methods of fighting corruption, the Soviet Union used methods of cruel punishment. In the USSR, the death penalty was introduced in 1950 for the theft of socialist property. Soon it was not possible to control power, and during the Brezhnev era, an alternative economy appeared due to which bribery increased. Soviet leaders often used corruption for political ends to eliminate their direct political rivals. The Soviet government tried to ignore corruption and not regulate crime within the legal framework. The period of independent Ukraine was characterized by the country’s movement choice. The national doctrine boiled down to neutrality between Europe and the post-Soviet countries, which created a common legal system. The key moment was Ukraine’s accession to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 1996. The liberalization of legislation to the European model soon began. Revolutionary changes were adopted, and in 2014 the construction of anti-corruption bodies began. . Key words: normative legal act, anti-corruption legislation, legal doctrine, institutional framework.

scholarly journals Copyright Concerns for Educators: Online Learning Post Pandemic Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 456-462
Author(s):  
Mardiah Hayati Abu Bakar ◽  
Syazni Nadzirah Ya'cob ◽  
Mimi Sintia Mohd Bajury ◽  
Wan Rosalili Wan Rosli
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Copyright Owner ◽  
Fair Dealing ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Online Distance Education ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The Law ◽  
Online Distance

Online distance education was once a process that was not easily been accepted by students, even by the educators, but when the pandemic strikes, they had to adopt and adapt the process in order to gain knowledge. The COVID-19 has resulted in shutting down schools, including tertiary institutions, all across the world. Consequently, education changed dramatically, and the mode of teaching was done remotely and on a digital platform. One of the adoptions of online learning involves using numerous online platforms and inserting interactive programs, music, animated graphics, photos in the teaching material to attract the interest of students. These types of works are, more often than not, copyrighted works that belong to someone. Generally, a license or permission must be sought before these works can be used by anyone. The permission or license, once granted, would involve a licensing fee or royalty payments to the copyright owner. However, this article looks at the law relating to the copyright exploitation awareness in the context of the law of intellectual property and the exceptions to this law, in particular, the scope of the hybrid fair dealing defence for education. This paper employs a doctrinal analysis using secondary data from academic journals, books, and online databases. The findings will respond to the legal framework for the understanding of copyright exploitation and its exception in the post-pandemic era.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document