scholarly journals Ruminal ammonia concentration and fermentation kinetics of commercial herbal feed additives with amino acids

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-295
Author(s):  
Angélica Valeria Lorenzana Moreno ◽  
María Eugenia De la Torre Hernández ◽  
Augusto César Lizarazo Chaparro ◽  
Fernando Xicoténcatl Plata Pérez ◽  
Luis Alberto Miranda Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Herbal Mixture ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Herbal Mixtures ◽  
Standard Protein

The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of rumen fermentation while estimating it’s in vitro protein degradation (from ruminal ammonia concentration) and kinetics regarding two herbal feed plant additives. The tested herbal mixtures were elaborated with Phaseolus mango and Linum usitatissimum, providing lysine (Lys) and Trigonella foenum-graecum and Allium sativa, providing Methionine (Met). They were compared to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and solvent extracted soybean meal (Glicine max), as standard sources of protein using the in vitro gas production technique modified to estimate N-NH3, recording fermentation kinetics and dry matter digestibility (72 h), in a completely randomized design followed by Tukey test. Ruminal ammonia concentration in the herbal mixtures was lower (P<0.05) than in the standard protein sources, indicating that protein from herbal mixtures could resist ruminal degradation. Herbal additives with Lys or Met showed minimum N-NH3 concentration in the first 4 h of incubation. At 8 h, the concentration was 0.27 and 0.54 mg dL-1 for the herbal products with Lys and Met, significantly lower than solvent extracted soybean meal and alfalfa (1.15 and 2.24 mg dL-1 respectively, P<0.05). Highlights The tested herbal mixture elaborated with Phaseolus mango and Linum usitatissimum, provide bypass Lysine. The tested herbal mixture elaborated with Trigonella foenum-graecum and Allium sativa, provide bypass Methionine. Ruminal ammonia concentration in the herbal mixtures was lower than in the standard protein sources. Protein from herbal mixtures could resist ruminal degradation.

EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN MEAL ON RATES OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND MICROBIAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN THE BOVINE RUMEN

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MAHADEVAN ◽  
R. M. TEATHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Bovine Rumen ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Highly Correlated

Four rumen-fistulated cows were fed concentrate:corn silage (40: 60) diets in a 4 × 4 latin square design experiment. The diets differed in the soybean meal or soybean meal treated with 0.1, 0.3 or 0.6% (wt/wt) formaldehyde. Rumen contents were collected hourly from 0900 h to 1600 h with an additional sample at half an hour after the 1100 h feeding on 3 days in the second week of each 2-wk experimental period. The maximum ammonia concentration in rumen contents decreased with increasing levels of formaldehyde used to treat the soybean meal. From 1130 to 1200 h the rates of ammonia appearance in the rumen contents were different (P < 0.05) for all four diets. Treatment of soybean meal with between 0.1 and 0.3% (wt/wt) formaldehyde reduced its in vitro degradation by rumen protease by about 50% compared with the untreated control. The rates of in vivo ammonia appearance and in vitro proteolysis were highly correlated (r = 0.966, P < 0.01) between 1130 h and 1200 h. These rates of rumen ammonia appearance reflected the in vivo rate of proteolysis. Both bacterial and protozoal protein content decreased significantly at the higher levels of formaldehyde treatment. There was a negative correlation (r = − 0.63, P < 0.01) between protozoal and bacterial protein. Key words: Formaldehyde, soybean meal, bovine, rumen, degradation, protease

MEASUREMENT AND USE OF D-ALANINE AS A BACTERIAL MARKER

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. GARRETT ◽  
R. D. GOODRICH ◽  
J. C. MEISKE
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Bacterial Marker ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Use of D-alanine as a marker of bacterial dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) was evaluated and rates of degradation of soluble and insoluble protein in soybean meal (SBM) were determined. Accuracy and precision of the method used to measure D-alanine were high. D-alanine was superior to diaminopimelic acid as an indicator of bacterial N because of its smaller coefficient of variation (15.4 vs. 35.2%, respectively) when expressed as a ratio with bacterial N. During an in vitro incubation, ratios of bacterial N to D-alanine declined and when bacteria harvested from steers and from continuous culture fermentors receiving the same diet were compared, different bacterial N to D-alanine ratios were observed. Therefore, constant ratios should not be assumed and bacterial samples should be taken whenever possible to avoid errors in correcting for bacterial DM and N. Ten SBM samples were analyzed for soluble and insoluble protein content. Soluble, insoluble and total protein from SBM were incubated in vitro to estimate ruminal rates of protein degradation. Rate of degradation of soluble protein was greater (P < 0.05) than that of insoluble protein (10.69 vs. 9.57% h−1, respectively). Rate of degradation of total protein was 10.61% h−1. The small differences in rates of ruminal degradation for soluble and insoluble protein indicate that, at passage rates frequently observed for liquids and solids in cattle, a larger proportion of soluble SBM protein will escape bacterial degradation in the rumen than insoluble SBM protein. Key words: Cattle, D-alanine, bacterial nitrogen, degradation rate, soybean meal

scholarly journals Slow-Release Urea as a Sustainable Alternative to Soybean Meal in Ruminant Nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2464
Author(s):  
Saheed A. Salami ◽  
Maria Devant ◽  
Juha Apajalahti ◽  
Vaughn Holder ◽  
Sini Salomaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using a commercial slow-release urea product (SRU; Optigen®, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) as a partial replacement for vegetable protein sources in cattle diets. The first experiment was an in vitro rumen fermentation that evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) nitrogen with nitrogen from either SRU or free urea in diets varying in forage:concentrate ratios. The second experiment examined the effect of replacing SBM with SRU on in situ dry matter and nitrogen degradability in the rumen. In the third experiment, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing SBM (0% as-fed SRU) with 1% or 3% as-fed SRU on feed carbon footprint (CFP; total greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life cycle of feed raw materials) and the toxicity potential of SRU in growing beef cattle. Results showed that replacing SBM with SRU up to 1.3% did not negatively affect in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Supplementing SRU favourably decreased ruminal accumulation of ammonia and lactic acid when compared to free urea. There was no significant effect on effective rumen degradability of dry matter and nitrogen when one-third of SBM was replaced by SRU in the in situ study. Compared with the 0% SRU diet, feed CFP decreased by 18% and 54% in 1% SRU and 3% SRU diets, respectively. Additionally, feeding up to 3% SRU diet to beef cattle did not affect health and intake, and blood hematological and biochemical indices were within the physiological range for healthy bulls, suggesting no indication of ammonia toxicity. Overall, these results indicate that SRU can be used as a sustainable alternative to partially replace vegetable protein sources in ruminant diets without compromising rumen function and health of ruminants.

scholarly journals Protein Solubility, In Vitro Ammonia Concentration, and In Situ Disappearance of Extruded Whole Cottonseed and Other Protein Sources

1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 3323-3333 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Stutts ◽  
W.A. Nipper ◽  
R.W. Adkinson ◽  
J.E. Chandler ◽  
A.S. Achacoso
Keyword(s):  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Whole Cottonseed

The effect of tannins in grape pomace on the protein fractions in soybean meal

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 170-170
Author(s):  
Darioush Alipour ◽  
Yousef Rouzbehan
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

Soybean meal (SBM) is commonly used as protein supplement in the ration of high producing dairy cattle. It has a good palatability and acceptable amino acid balance. However, SBM has relatively low protein efficiency because of the extensive ruminal degradation. Recently, tannins have become a matter of interest in ruminant nutrition because of their potentially beneficial effects on decreasing the ruminal degradation of dietary protein (Barry and McNab, 1999). Several methods (in vivo, in vitro, in situ and solubility methods) have been proposed to characterize the dietary protein. Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) have a submodel in which crude protein is partitioned into five fractions with different degradation rates. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the protein fractions of soybean meal treated with tannin in grape pomace.

Effects of Isotricha, Eudiplodinium, Epidinium + Entodinium and a mixed population of rumen protozoa on the in vitro degradation of fish meal, soybean meal and casein

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Jouany ◽  
Y. Papon ◽  
B. Lassalas ◽  
M. Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Single Species ◽  
In Vitro Degradation ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Different Sources

An in vitro rumen simulation system was used to study effects of different types of rumen protozoa (Isotricha, Eudiplodinium, Epidinium + Entodinium, total mixed fauna) on the degradation of three feed proteins (fish meal, soybean meal, casein). A comparison of the fermentations containing different feed proteins was made with the control fermentations containing no added feed protein. Rumen contents used in the fermentations originated from defaunated sheep, or from sheep containing a single genus of protozoa (Isotricha spp. or Eudiplodinium spp.), a mixture of genera Entodinium spp. and Epidinium spp., or a total mixed fauna. In the presence of the total mixed fauna the degradabilities were 82.0, 51.1 and 26.5% for casein, soybean meal and fish meal, respectively. The absence of protozoa resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) degradation of fish meal and soybean meal but had no effect (P > 0.05) on casein. The single genus Isotricha spp. decreased (P < 0.05) the degradation of all three protein sources compared with the defaunated fermentations or those containing the total mixed fauna. Eudiplodinium did not affect (P > 0.05) fish meal or soybean meal, but it decreased (P < 0.05) the degradation of casein compared with the defaunated fermentations. However, when this organism was compared with the total mixed fauna the degradability of fish meal was not affected (P > 0.05), but that of soybean meal or casein was decreased (P < 0.05). The combination of Epidinium + Entodinium decreased (P < 0.05) the degradation of all three protein sources when compared with the total mixed fauna. When compared with the defaunated fermentations, the protozoal combination had no effect on fish meal (P > 0.05), but the degradation of soybean meal and casein was decreased (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was systematically reduced (P < 0.05) by the sole presence of Isotricha. The presence of other genera or the total mixed fauna had variable effects on the production of VFA or gases for different sources of protein. It was concluded that the mode of action of a single species or genus of protozoa on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen is different from that of total mixed fauna. The protozoal effect on protein degradation varies according to the type of protozoa present and the nature of the protein. Key words: Protozoa, in vitro degradation, fish meal, soybean meal, casein, rumen

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of some selected under-utilized tropical seeds as protein sources in ruminants’ diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin Bode Omotoso ◽  
Mary Oluwafunmilayo Adeduntan ◽  
Adebowale Noah Fajemisin
Keyword(s):  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Monodora Myristica

Abstract Background The study highlighted the potential of three common and under-utilized tropical leguminous seeds (Tomentosa nilotica, Dioclea reflexa and Monodora myristica) to be used as supplementary feed to ruminant livestock. These seeds (their plants inclusive) are valuable sources of food and medicine for the prevention of illness and maintenance of human health. The medicinal properties of these seeds include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immuno-stimulant. Trypsin inhibitors, which are common anti-nutritional factors in legumes and for monogastric animals, do not exert adverse effects in ruminants because they are degraded in the rumen. Hence, the crux of this study is to examine the effect of processing methods on the nutritional composition (proximate, fibre fractions, minerals, anti-nutrients) and in vitro digestibility of Tomentosa nilotica, Dioclea reflexa and Monodora myristica seeds and their suitability as feedstuff (protein sources) in small ruminant feed, particularly during off-season. Results From the results, raw Tomentosa nilotica and Monodora myristica have the highest crude protein (30.35% CP) and fat (22.40% EE), respectively. It is noteworthy that roasting best improve the mineral and significantly reduce the anti-nutrients observed in this study better compared to boiling and soaking methods. The highest organic matter digestibility, short-chain fatty acids, metabolizable energy and in vitro dry matter digestibility values were obtained in Dioclea reflexa compared to other test seeds. Roasting best improved the nutritive values, while Dioclea reflexa seed was rated highest for all the nutritional attributes and in vitro digestibility. Conclusions Dioclea reflexa could be incorporated in ruminants’ diet as protein source, particularly during the off-season, for improved ruminant production in Nigeria. However, in vivo study is therefore recommended to validate this report.

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