scholarly journals Modeling the impact of campaign program on the prevalence of anemia in children under five

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Md. Azmir Ibne Islam
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Blood Disorder ◽  
Child Patients ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Anemia, a global health problem, is increasing worldwide and affecting both developed and developingcountries. Being a blood disorder, anemia may occur in any stages of life but it is quite common in childrenunder the age of five. Globally, iron deficiency is the supreme contributor towards the onset of anemia. In thispaper, a general model based on the dynamics of anemia among children under five is formulated. The populationis divided in three classes such as susceptible, affected and treated. A time-dependent control measurenamely campaign program is considered. The model has an equilibrium point and the stability of the pointis analyzed. Moreover, sensitivity of the equilibrium point is also performed to discover the critical parameters.Numerical simulations are carried out to observe the dynamic behavior of the model. Results showthat campaign program is effective in minimizing the disease progression. The number of child patients andyearly deaths significantly decrease with accelerated campaign program that is implemented earlier whereastermination of the applied measure may upturn the burden. Findings also reveal that application of controlmeasure helps to reduce the prevalence of anemia but may not eliminate the disease.

scholarly journals Association between Malaria Infection and Early Childhood Development Mediated by Anemia in Rural Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Erin M. Milner ◽  
Patricia Kariger ◽  
Amy J. Pickering ◽  
Christine P. Stewart ◽  
Kendra Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Social Delay ◽  
The Impact

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age, with most cases occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. Children in this age group in Africa are at greatest risk worldwide for developmental deficits. There are research gaps in quantifying the risks of mild malaria cases, understanding the pathways linking malaria infection and poor child development, and evaluating the impact of malaria on the development of children under five years. We analyzed the association between malaria infection and gross motor, communication, and personal social development in 592 children age 24 months in rural, western Kenya as part of the WASH Benefits environmental enteric dysfunction sub-study. Eighteen percent of children had malaria, 20% were at risk for gross motor delay, 21% were at risk for communication delay, and 23% were at risk for personal social delay. Having a positive malaria test was associated with increased risk for gross motor, communication, and personal social delay while adjusting for child characteristics, household demographics, study cluster, and intervention treatment arm. Mediation analyses suggested that anemia was a significant mediator in the pathway between malaria infection and risk for gross motor, communication, and personal social development delays. The proportion of the total effect of malaria on the risk of developmental delay that is mediated by anemia across the subscales was small (ranging from 9% of the effect on gross motor development to 16% of the effect on communication development mediated by anemia). Overall, malaria may be associated with short-term developmental delays during a vulnerable period of early life. Therefore, preventative malaria measures and immediate treatment are imperative for children’s optimal development, particularly in light of projections of continued high malaria transmission in Kenya and Africa.

scholarly journals Health Outcomes of an Integrated Behaviour-Centred Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Food Safety Intervention–A Randomised before and after Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Morse ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
Kondwani Chidziwisano ◽  
Rossanie Malolo ◽  
Janelisa Musaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Cluster Group ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Diarrhoeal disease in children under five in low income settings has been associated with multiple environmental exposure pathways, including complementary foods. Conducted from February to December 2018 in rural Malawi, this before and after trial with a control used diarrhoeal disease as a primary outcome, to measure the impact of a food hygiene intervention (food hygiene + handwashing) relative to a food hygiene and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention (food hygiene + handwashing + faeces management + water management). The 31-week intervention was delivered by community-based coordinators through community events (n = 2), cluster group meetings (n = 17) and household visits (n = 14). Diarrhoeal disease was self-reported and measured through an end line survey, and daily diaries completed by caregivers. Difference-in-differences results show a 13-percentage point reduction in self-reported diarrhoea compared to the control group. There were also significant increases in the presence of proxy measures in each of the treatment groups (e.g., the presence of soap). We conclude that food hygiene interventions (including hand washing with soap) can significantly reduce diarrhoeal disease prevalence in children under five years in a low-income setting. Therefore, the promotion of food hygiene practices using a behaviour-centred approach should be embedded in nutrition and WASH policies and programming.

Estimating the impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-TB co-infection: Optimal strategy prediction

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150004
Author(s):  
Tanvi ◽  
Rajiv Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a nonlinear population model for HIV-TB co-infection has been proposed. The model is incorporated with the effect of early and late initiation of HIV treatment in co-infectives already on TB treatment, on the occurrence of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). A 15-dimensional (15D) mathematical model has been developed in this study. We begin with considering constant treatment rates and thereafter, proceed to time-dependent treatment rates for co-infectives as control parameters. The basic reproduction number, a threshold quantity, corresponding to each HIV and TB sub-model has been computed in case of constant controls. With constant values of control parameters, mathematical analysis shows the existence and local stability of the disease-free equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point for the model. Together with time-dependent parameters, an optimal control problem is introduced and solved using Pontryagin’s maximum principle with an objective to minimize the number of infectives and disease induced deaths along with the cost of treatment. Numerical simulations are performed to examine the effect of reproduction numbers on control profiles and to identify, the ideal combination of treatment strategies which provides minimum burden on a society. Numerical results imply that if both HIV and TB are endemic in the population, then in order to bring in minimum burden from the co-infection, optimal control efforts must be enforced rather than constant treatment rate.

The impact of food fortification on stunting in Zimbabwe: Does gender of the household head matter? 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence Kairiza ◽  
George Kembo ◽  
Asankha Pallegedara ◽  
Lesley Macheka
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: High prevalence of stunting in children under five years poses a major threat to child development in developing countries. It is associated with micronutrient deficiency arising from poor diets fed to children under five years. Food fortification is amongst the interventions focused at reducing the incidence of stunting in children under five years. Methods : Using a large-scale household data from Zimbabwe, we investigated the gender-based importance of household adoption of food fortification on the proportion of stunted children in the household. We employed propensity score matching to mitigate self-selection bias associated with household adoption of food fortification. Results: We offer three major findings. Firstly, we find statistically weak evidence that female headed households are more likely to adopt food fortification than their male counterparts. Secondly, food fortification reduces the proportion of stunted children in the household. Finally, in comparison to non-adopters, female headed households that adopt food fortification are more able to reduce the proportion of stunted children in their households than their male counterparts.Conclusion: The results highlight the need for policy makers to actively promote food fortification, as such interventions are likely to contribute to the reduction of stunting and to involve men in fortification interventions to improve on their knowledge and appreciation of fortified foods and the associated benefits.

Permasalahan gizi pada anak balita pasca gempa: Studi kasus di Palu, Sigi, dan Donggala

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Nurulfuadi Nurulfuadi ◽  
Ariani Ariani ◽  
Diah Ayu Hartini ◽  
Ummu Aiman ◽  
Devi Nadila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Nutritional Problem ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
The Impact

Palu, Sigi, and Donggala districts experienced a 7,7 magnitude earthquake on September 28 2018. This incident was declared a national disaster. The impact of the disaster is a decrease in the nutritional status of children under five. Nutritional problems in children under five after the earthquake can be caused by paralysis of health service, lack of availability of clean water, poor environmental sanitation, infectious diseases, and lack of consumption of nutritious food. This research is a descriptive study wich to identify nutritional problems in children under five after the earthquake in Palu, Sigi, and Donggala districts. The type of data used is secondary data, including height, weight, and age. The results showed that the nutritional status of under five children based on the weight for age index were underweight 32,1% and very underweight 16,6%. Nutritional status based on the weight for height index, were malnutrition 13,7% and poor nutrition 4,9%. The nutritional status based on the height for age index were stunting 55,7%. The conclusion that the stunting is a nutritional problem with the highest prevalence after the earthquake. The health of children under five is easily influenced by food security, the environment, and the economy. The high prevalence stunting post-earthquake can be caused by job losses, damage to agricultural land and plantations, disruption of the economic system and development in the area which has an impact on low access to food for families.

scholarly journals Potential Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccination in Afghanistan (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palwasha Anwari ◽  
F Debellut ◽  
C Pecenka ◽  
S Mohammed ◽  
A Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Government Perspective

BACKGROUND Despite progress made in child survival in the past 20 years, 5.9 million children under five years died in 2015, with 9% of these deaths due to diarrhea. Rotavirus is responsible for more than a third of diarrhea deaths. In 2013, rotavirus was estimated to cause 215,000 deaths among children under five years, including 89,000 in Asia. As of April 2017, 92 countries worldwide have introduced rotavirus vaccination in their national immunization program. Afghanistan has applied for Gavi support to introduce rotavirus vaccination nationally. OBJECTIVE This study estimates the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of a national rotavirus immunization program in Afghanistan. METHODS This study examined the use of Rotarix (RV1) administered using a two-dose schedule at 6 and 10 weeks of age. We used the ProVac Initiative's UNIVAC model (version 1.2.09) to evaluate the impact and cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine program compared with no vaccine over ten birth cohorts from 2017 to 2026 with a 3% annual discount rate. All monetary units are adjusted to 2017 US$. RESULTS Rotavirus vaccination in Afghanistan has the potential to avert more than one million cases; 660,000 outpatient visits; approximately 50,000 hospital admissions; 650,000 DALYs; and 12,000 deaths, over 10 years. Not accounting for any Gavi subsidy, rotavirus vaccination can avert DALYs at US$82/DALY from the government perspective and US$80/DALY from the societal perspective. With Gavi support, DALYs can be averted at US$29/DALY and US$31/DALY from the societal and government perspective, respectively. The average yearly cost of a rotavirus vaccination program would represent 2.8% of the total immunization budget expected in 2017 and 0.1% of total health expenditure. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of rotavirus vaccination would be highly cost-effective in Afghanistan, and even more so with a Gavi subsidy.

scholarly journals The Impact of Malaria Control Interventions on Malaria and Anaemia in Children under Five after Ten Years of Implementation in the Hohoe Municipality of Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Kweku ◽  
Eric Kwaku Appiah ◽  
Yeetey Enuameh ◽  
Martin Adjuik ◽  
Wisdom Takramah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
The Impact
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