scholarly journals Aspects of Legality For Crew’s Ship Burial At Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-223
Author(s):  
Samsul Bahri ◽  
Bustamin ◽  
Muchlis Muhayyang ◽  
Britney
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decomposition Process ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Investigation Process

Basically burying is burying the body or corpse in the ground. The purpose of burying is to protect the corpse from physical reproach and covering the personal disgrace of the corpse, in addition to avoiding the process of decomposition that spread the smell and the bacteria or viruses from the corpse’s decomposition process. The burial process by throwing corpse into the sea is the last option taken by the leadership onboard. With various considerations.Colonialism and war were the two main reasons for burial or burial into the sea in the 19th century. The ILO Seafarer's Service Regulations on sea sailing are carried out for several reasons including: ships sailing in international waters; ABK has been dead for more than 24 hours or the death is due to infectious diseases; several cases of dumping bodies into the sea were carried out because there were no facilities for handling bodies on board. the ship is unable to store the bodies for hygiene reasons. Refrigerator is one of device that can be holded decomposition process with temperature at + 4 ℃ and -20 ℃. The company must be responsible for the investigation process and provide confirmation of the cause of death of the crew's ship through autopsy.

scholarly journals Profanación, exhumación y violación de los enterramientos: arqueología penal de su regulación en el siglo XIX

2021 ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
David Castro Liñares
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Deceased People

Este trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar el tratamiento penal que durante el siglo XIX se dispensó a los actos indebidos para con el cuerpo y memoria de las personas fallecidas. Para ello, este texto se inicia con un recorrido normativo por los Códigos Penales españoles del siglo XIX (1822-1848-1850-1870) con el propósito de analizar la forma en que el Legislador penal fue incorporando esta cuestión en los distintos textos normativos. A continuación, y como forma de continuar este análisis, se estima adecuado detenerse en las razones político criminales subyacentes a la tipificación de estas conductas. De esta forma, se intenta realizar una aproximación a las lógicas punitivas decimonónicas inherentes a una esfera tan particular como el castigo penal a los actos irrespetuosos para con los difuntos. Por último, se incorpora un apartado conclusivo en el que abordar algunas ideas que, por razón de estructura narrativa no encontraban un acomodo idóneo en otras partes del texto pero que igualmente resultan de importancia para esta propuesta de análisis político-criminal histórico.This work aims to analyse the criminal law treatment that during the 19th century is dispensed to wrongdoing with the body and memory of deceased people. For that purpose, this text begins with a normative view of the Spanish Criminal Codes of the 19th century (1822-1848-1850-1870) in order to investigate how the Criminal Legislator incorporated this issue into the various normative texts. Hereunder, as a way to continue this analysis, it is considered appropriate to dwell on the criminal political reasons typification of these conducts. In this way, an attempt is made to approximate the decimonic punitive logics inherent in an area as particular as criminal punishment to disrespectful acts with the deceased. Finally, a concluding section is incorporated in order to address some ideas that, by reasons of narrative structure, did not find an appropriate accommodation in other parts of the text but which are also relevant for this proposal of historical political-criminal analysis. 

A Magnetic Healer in Iowa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Folk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Health Culture ◽  
Life Force ◽  
The 19Th Century

Chiropractic cannot be understood without examining the decades of “metaphysical” healing before its development. Chapter two considers the early life of D. D. Palmer, who before discovering chiropractic, practiced vital magnetic healing, a popular therapy aimed at relieving obstructions of the life force in the body. An examination of Palmer’s self-published newspapers shows his belief in vitalism and his anti-authoritarian outlook. The chapter explores the roots of chiropractic in magnetism, and discusses the changes in that practice from its 18th century form as mesmerism through its 19th century encounter with neurology and other modern medical sciences. In the 19th century Midwest, magnetic healers were socially marginal in the Midwest, but their practice held appeal in a neurocentric health culture which prioritized spinal treatments. Some practitioners, like Sidney Abram Weltmer and Paul Caster, built their proprietary practices into full magnetic healing hospitals.

Umbilical cord and umbilical care

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Zinc Powder ◽  
Neonatal Tetanus ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Mussel Shells ◽  
The 19Th Century

In most human societies, ritualized and firm rules evolved for cutting the navel-string and handling the umbilical stump. These customs were not always beneficial, and contributed to umbilical infection, neonatal tetanus, and navel hernia. After prematurity, neonatal tetanus was the most frequent cause of death in poor countries up to the 19th century. It was caused by poor cord hygiene and by the age-old habit of severing the navel-string with biological products instead of man-made tools, which included palm leaves, blades of grass, mussel shells, crusts of bread, and other devices likely to be contaminated with tetanus spores. The navel-stump was covered with zinc powder, starch, oak-gall powder, grease, musk, clarified butter, and many other substances believed to protect the baby from evil, but actually creating anaerobic conditions in the umbilical wound. Care of the cord was associated with deep-rooted rituals and customs, and dangerous techniques persisted on islands well into modern times.

scholarly journals Infection in the Graeco-Roman era with the emphasis on epidemic ilness.

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Cilliers ◽  
Francois P. Retief
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Western History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pathogenic Organisms ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this article the views of the ancient Greeks and Romans on the etiology of infectious diseases are assessed. It appeared that these views were remarkably correct in many respects: Hippocrates for instance believed that an imbalance in the humours preceded disease, while we know today that a malnourished body predisposes a patient to epidemic disease. Further acute observations were recorded during the plague which afflicted Athenians in the 5th century BC, when it was noted that the disease (probably smallpox) was spread by close contact with patients and that the same person never contracted the disease twice – the first description in Western history of acquired immunity. The ancients’ theories of miasmata and ‘seeds of disease’ in the air were the forerunners of what is today identified as pathological micro-organisms causing disease. Little progress in the study of the etiology of infectious diseases was made since Graeco-Roman times, in fact, in the 19th century it was still believed in London that infection was the result of ‘bad air’. The problem was eventually solved when in the 19th century Robert Koch, with the help of the microscope, discovered the pathogenic organisms causing infectious diseases. In many respects the scientific discoveries during the last two centuries merely confirmed the observations of the ancient Greeks and Romans made more than 2000 years ago.

scholarly journals The Reflection of the Olfactory Traditions of the Second Half of the 19th Century in the Work of Fyodor Dostoevsky

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-156
Author(s):  
Olga A. Dekhanova ◽  
Mikhail E. Dekhanov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Cultural Standards ◽  
The 19Th Century

The rapid development of natural sciences at the beginning of the 19th century led to the creation of new sanitary and hygienic standards. The attention of the public opinion was now turned to keeping the body and clothing perfectly clean as a way of preventing diseases. New sanitary and hygienic regulations now prescribed not to mask unpleasant bodily odors with aromatic means, but to keep the body and clothing clean, which was regarded as a guarantee of bodily health. The popularization of new scientific discoveries through articles in public newspapers and magazines prepared the public consciousness for a new perception of the smells of everyday life, and the fiction, responding to the discussed social phenomena, fixed new cultural standards in the minds of readers. In this paper, we consider some of the new olfactory criteria used for evaluating characters or behavior patterns in works of fiction written in the second half of the 19th century, as well as their patterns and peculiarities in Dostoevsky’s oeuvre.

scholarly journals Russia an empire of the “form” in Cyprian Norwid’s writings

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 English Version ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Magdalena Karamucka-Marcinkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
19Th Century Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Century Literature

The aim of the article is to analyse Norwid’s historiosophical reflections on Russia, in which the key role is played by metaphors based on the relationship between the “form” and the “content”. This metaphoricity is reflected in the popular motif in the poet’s works, which considered the relationships of the “word” – the “letter” and the “spirit” – the “body”. In the analysed fragments, mainly from the poem Niewola, tsarist, imperialist Russia appears as an empire of the “form”, which in this case is supposed to mean the dominance of formalism and broadly understood enslavement over the spiritual content. In Norwid’s eyes, Russia, similarly to imperial Rome, stands in a clear opposition to the spirit of freedom, nation or humanity. The poet’s vision reflects the popular trends in the 19th-century literature.

scholarly journals Nudity, Sexuality, Photography. Visual Redefinition of the Body

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
Tomasz Ferenc
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Effect ◽  
Sexual Discourse ◽  
Visual Imagination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Naked Body ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the relations between photography, body, nudity, and sexuality. It presents changing relations of photography with a naked or semi-naked body and different forms and recording conventions. From the mid-19th century the naked body became the subject of scientifically grounded photographic explorations, an allegorical motif referring to painting traditions, an object of interest and excitement for the newly-developed “touristic” perspective. These three main ways in which photographs depicting nudity were being taken at that time shaped three visual modes: artistic-documentary, ethnographic-travelling, and scientific-medical. It has deep cultural consequences, including those in the ways of shaping the notions of the corporeal and the sexual. Collaterally, one more, probably prevalent in numbers, kind of photographical images arose: pornographic. In the middle of the 19th century, the repertoire of pornographic pictures was already very wide, and soon it become one of the photographic pillars of visual imagination of the modern society, appealing to private and professional use of photography, popular culture, advertisement, art. The number of erotic and pornographic pictures rose hand over fist with the development of digital photography. Access to pornographic data is easy, fast, and cheap, thanks to the Internet, as it never was before. Photography has fuelled pornography, laying foundations for a massive and lucrative business, employing a huge group of professional sex workers. How all those processes affected our imagination and real practices, what does the staggering number of erotic photography denote? One possible answer comes from Michel Foucault who suggests that our civilization does not have any ars erotica, but only scientia sexualis. Creating sexual discourse became an obsession of our civilization, and its main pleasure is the pleasure of analysis and a constant production of truth about sex. Maybe today the main pleasure is about watching technically registered images, and perhaps that is why we may consider visual redefinition of the body as the main social effect of the invention of the photography.

The formation of the sanitary service in the Voronezh region in the XVIII–XIX centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Evgenievna Mekhantieva ◽  
Mariya Yurievna Leshcheva ◽  
Nataliya Vadimovna Gabbasova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century

The aim of the work was to study the history of the formation of the sanitary service in the Voronezh region in the XVIII–XIX centuries. The material of the research was archival materials of the State Archives of the Voronezh Region, the Voronezh Regional Universal Scientific Library named after I.S. Nikitin. The article presents the main historical stages in the development of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the period of the 18th — 19th centuries. Brief information about the first doctors on the territory of the Voronezh province, the raging epidemics of scurvy, typhus, and plague is presented. The most terrible disease that the population of the Voronezh province faced in the first quarter of the 18th century was the plague. Anti-epidemic measures to combat the plague included the establishment of strong outposts and quarantines on the roads, the burning of houses with belongings, horses and cattle, the delay of couriers and the reception of letters through fire with their three times rewriting, the death penalty if the above measures were violated. In the 18th century, the first hospital for the civilian population was opened in the Voronezh region. Medical institutions were poor, poorly equipped, there was an acute shortage of personnel and medical supplies. In 1797, medical boards were organized in the provincial cities, consisting of an inspector, an obstetrician and an operator. The general supervision of hospitals, keeping records of infectious diseases, monitoring the quality of food, conducting forensic medical examinations, and examining patients was entrusted to the council. In the 19th century, cholera became widespread among the population. To prevent the incidence of smallpox, vaccination of the population was carried out since 1802. At the beginning of the 19th century, the replenishment of medical personnel in the Voronezh province was due to midwives. The situation with medical personnel changed only towards the end of the 19th century. The end of the century is characterized by a significant increase in socially significant infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, syphilis.

scholarly journals Grip Strength Generalization of the Body Mass Index

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Godescu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Body Mass Index (BMI) formula has been developed by Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet and published in 1840 [1] as a law of nature and society, based on statistics about the weight and height of the population of that time, the first part of the 19th century. He called it “social physics”. From then, for nearly two centuries, the BMI had been the most important formula describing the normal relations and ratio of weight to the square of the height for humans. The problem arises if the BMI formula, developed in the first part of the 19th century is still good today when the type of work people perform is very different? In modern times, most people are less muscular than at the time when the BMI was developed because they do not work physically as heavy as at that time. In many cases, the Body Mass index can predict mortality, morbidity and illness but not always, for example cases such as (a) the obesity paradox for some cardiovascular problems and (b) the U shape mortality paradox as well as (c) false positive obesity diagnostic in regard to people who are strong and muscular, have low body fat percentage but are classified as obese by the BMI and (d) cases where BMI is normal but people have an “obese metabolism” (e) BMI normal but high fat percentage. The objective is to develop a formula good for all body types, a formula that makes the difference between fat and non-fat body weight such as muscle and body frame and quantifies the effect of strength and fitness, which BMI does not. Another objective is to develop a formula to predict the health risks and fitness status of people, better than BMI. The first generalizations of BMI using anthropometric metrics could be found in [2], where I discuss and analyze many formulae, developed, tested, and simulated by me, using similar new methods, accounting for body shape, physical shape and body function, making the difference between muscle mass and fat, fat and non fat body weight. Nearly all formulae and methods developed and proposed in this new model are new, never published before. Many experiments published before, in highly cited papers show that grip strength and muscle strength is a predictor of health, mortality, morbidity, endocrine and metabolic disease outside the BMI and anthropometric measures. The purpose of my formula is to explain the outcome of those experiments and create a formula which predicts these experiments [21-41].

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