In vitro comparison of impact of different bleaching Agents on the microhardness of Enamel

ABSTRACT Background Various agents are used these days for increasing the esthetics. One such procedure is bleaching that offers various advantages, as it is minimal invasive and cheap option to color the teeth and remove stain. The altered enamel after the bleaching process shows surface demineralization and porosities. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different bleaching agents on the microhardness of enamel. Materials and methods A total of 100 freshly human extracted maxillary premolar teeth were selected for the study. Teeth with sound tooth structure were included for the study. All the specimens were randomly divided into four groups with 25 specimens in each group depending upon the type of bleaching agent used: Group A, artificial saliva (Control group); Group B, 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP); Group C, 25% HP; Group D, 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). Knoop Hardness Number (KHN) was calculated at 24, 48-hour, and 7-week interval. Results Results showed no statistical significant differences between the microhardness of enamel of different groups (p < 0.005). A slight fall in the value of KHN was seen in all the groups, except for the control group, although the results were statistically nonsignificant (p > 0.005). Conclusion Although nonsignificantly, all the bleaching solutions produced some amount of alterations in the microstructure of enamel. More studies with higher study groups and more advanced estimation technologies are required to minimize microstructure alterations and promote for better outcome of bleaching procedures. How to cite this article Dey S, Pandey V, Kumar A, Awasthi N, Sahu A, Pujari SC. In vitro comparison of impact of different bleaching Agents on the microhardness of Enamel. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(3):258-262.

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EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF FERROUS SULFATE ON ENAMEL DEMINERALIZATION OF HUMAN DECIDUOUS TEETH: AN IN VITRO STUDY

Journal of Dentistry & Public Health ◽

10.17267/2596-3368dentistry.v8i3.1549 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 83-89

Author(s):

Johnny Holanda De Gauw ◽

Lara Maria Melo Costa ◽

Rodrigo Neves Silva ◽

Natanael Barbosa Santos ◽

Maria Dânia Holanda Tenorio

Keyword(s):

Ferrous Sulfate ◽

Polarized Light ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Control Group ◽

Group A ◽

Ph Cycling ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ferrous sulfate (FS) on demineralized and non-demineralized human deciduous teeth. Additionally, it was evaluated the penetration extent of FS and its remineralizing effect on the enamel of deciduous teeth using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM). Method: The sample comprised 44 human deciduous teeth. The 44 crowns were divided randomly into four groups: group A (FS after demineralization), group B (FS without demineralization), group C (only demineralization), and group D (control group). FS at 0.45 mol/L-1 was used daily (15 days) and demineralization was done by pH cycling (7 days). Then, three longitudinal slices of the crowns were photographed using PLM. The degree of penetration of the lesion or stain was measured in micrometers, as well as the distance between the external enamel surface and the core of lesion. Results: Group A showed a dark stain on the outer surface of enamel larger than the group B. It is suggested, a remineralizing effect when comparing groups, A and C. The mean depth and standard deviation for groups A, B, and C were 4.27µm (±1.49), 3.72 µm (±1.68) and 5.00 µm (±1.84), respectively. No dark stains were observed in group D. Conclusion: FS stained the demineralized and non-demineralized human deciduous teeth. However, dark stains in the non-demineralized teeth were smaller or absent, than in the demineralized teeth. Therefore, FS may have a protective effect against demineralization.

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Zeolite as a Bone Bio-Modifier Carrier: An In-Vitro Study

Journal of Molecular Biology Research ◽

10.5539/jmbr.v9n1p126 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Mobina Mousavi ◽

Azadeh Esmaeil Nejad ◽

Erfan Shamsoddin ◽

Mohammad Mehdi Golabgiran ◽

Behzad Houshmand

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Alizarin Red ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

And Function ◽

Group D

Background: Zeolite is a microporous aluminosilicate compound which has been successfully used in tissue engineering. The effects of Zeolite on the morphology and functions of pre-osteoblastic MG-63 cells as new bone enhancer material is still unclear. Methods: In this vitro experimental study, MTT and Alizarin red staining test were performed on six groups of MG-63 cells which differed in Zeolite (Z) concentration and the presence or absence of Alloplast extract (A). Group A: 0.1μg/mL Z+A, Group B: 0.1μg/mL Z without A, Group C: 0.2μg/mL Z+A, Group D: 0.2μg/mL Z without A, Group E: 0.3μg/mL Z+A, Group F: 0.3μg/mL Z without A. There were also three control groups as positive control, negative control, and Alloplast control based on each related test. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20 via one-way ANOVA and Welch test. (P<0.05). Results: At 24 hours, results showed that solutions with 0.1μg/mL, 0.2μg/mL, and 0.3μg/mL Zeolite with or without Alloplast had significantly higher proliferation rates than positive control (distilled water) groups without Alloplast (p<0.001). At 72hours time point, the results showed significantly higher proliferation rates in the solutions with 0.1μg/mL, 0.2μg/mL, and 0.3μg/mL Zeolite with or without Alloplast compared to the positive control group without Alloplast (p<0.001). Conclusions: Zeolite can increase proliferation of MG-63 cells without presence of Alloplast; It seems that combination of Zeolite with Alloplast maybe enhancing proliferation and function of MG-63 cells.

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126 EFFECT OF REDUCING GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION DURING IN VITRO EMBRYO CULTURE IN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv23n1ab126 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 168 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. V. Suárez Novoa ◽

S. Di Francesco ◽

M. Rubessa ◽

L. Boccia ◽

V. Longobardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Culture ◽

Embryo Development ◽

Embryo Culture ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Cleavage Rate ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

The current knowledge on metabolism and glucose utilisation of preimplantation bovine and ovine embryos suggest the reduction of glucose concentration during early culture. On the contrary, it has been demonstrated that glucose is absolutely required for in vitro culture of buffalo embryos, as indicated by the poor efficiency recorded in the absence of this substrate during early embryonic development (Monaco et al. 2006 Reprod. Domest. Anim. 41, 332). However, complete removal of glucose from culture medium throughout pre-elongation development is unlikely to benefit the embryo because glucose plays other roles including ribose and NADPH production through the pentose-phosphate pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing glucose concentration up to 0.15 mM (1/10 compared to the standard concentration in SOF) on embryo development in buffalo. In order to evaluate the role of this substrate during development, glucose was reduced at different stages of embryo culture. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (n = 573, over 4 replicates), recovered from slaughtered animals, were matured and fertilized in vitro according to our standard procedures (Gasparrini et al. 2006, Theriogenology, 65, 275–287). On day 1 (Day 0 = IVF), zygotes were cultured in SOF with group A) 1.5 mM glucose (standard concentration in SOF) throughout culture (control); group B) 1.5 mM glucose for early culture (Day 1 to Day 4) and 0.15 mM glucose for late culture (Day 4 to Day 7); group C) 0.15 mM glucose throughout culture; and group D) 0.15 mM glucose for early culture and 1.5 mM glucose for subsequent culture. In vitro culture was carried out at 38.5°C under 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2. Cleavage rate was evaluated on Day 4, and blastocyst yield, in relation to cleaved embryos, was recorded on Day 7. Differences among groups in blastocyst rate were analysed by chi-square test. The reduction of glucose concentration did not affect cleavage rate (73.7 v. 65.1%, respectively, for Groups A-B and C-D). Nevertheless, blastocyst rates significantly decreased when glucose was reduced throughout culture (Group C: 10.1%; P < 0.01) and to a limited degree during early culture (Group D: 17.2%; P < 0.05) compared with the control (Group A: 38.3%). On the contrary, a decreased glucose concentration during late culture did not reduce embryo development (Group B: 35.18%). This finding indicates that energy requirements of buffalo embryos during IVC are different from those of sheep and cattle, which show a significant rise in glucose uptake just around compaction, i.e. during late culture (Thompson et al. 1991 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 3, 571–576; Thompson et al. 1996 J. Reprod. Fertil. 106, 299–306). In conclusion, in buffalo, unlike sheep and cattle, glucose is more critical for early embryo development than for post-compaction development, suggesting the importance of developing other strategies for optimizing in vitro embryo production efficiency.

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Evaluation of the developmental potential of metaphase I oocytes from stimulated intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rd10228 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 433 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mei Li ◽

Yuan Li ◽

Shui-Ying Ma ◽

Huai-Liang Feng ◽

Hui-Jun Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection ◽

Control Group ◽

High Quality ◽

Developmental Potential ◽

Short Period ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D ◽

Metaphase I

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the developmental potential and clinical application value of metaphase I (MI) oocytes obtained from stimulated intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. ICSI was performed on MI oocytes immediately after denudation (Group A), or on in vitro-matured (IVM) oocytes following culture; oocytes in culture were further divided into two groups, being cultured for either 3–5 h (Group B) or 24–28 h (Group C). Metaphase II oocytes from the same cycle(s) isolated for ICSI served as the control group (Group D). The rates of normal fertilisation, cleavage and high-quality embryos were compared among the four groups. High-quality embryos were transferred whenever possible, and pregnancy rates were evaluated. Results showed that normal fertilisation rates for Groups B, C and D were significantly higher than that of Group A (68.6%, 57.8%, 74.5% and 30.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). The rate of high-quality embryos in Group B was comparable with Group D; the rate for Group C was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P < 0.05). Two clinical pregnancies were achieved after transfer of embryos from IVM oocytes. In vitro maturation of MI oocytes for a short period of time may increase the number of available embryos; however, overnight in vitro culture of MI oocytes did not improve results.

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The Role of Obesity in Predicting the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19

Obesity Facts ◽

10.1159/000517180 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Serdar Sahin ◽

Havva Sezer ◽

Ebru Cicek ◽

Yeliz Yagız Ozogul ◽

Murat Yildirim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

Study Groups ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Care Providers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Introduction: The aim of this was to describe the predictors of mortality related to COVID-19 infection and to evaluate the association between overweight, obesity, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. Methods: We included the patients >18 years of age, with at least one positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Patients were grouped according to body mass index values as normal weight <25 kg/m2 (Group A), overweight from 25 to <30 kg/m2 (Group B), Class I obesity 30 to <35 kg/m2 (Group C), and ≥35 kg/m2 (Group D). Mortality, clinical outcomes, laboratory parameters, and comorbidities were compared among 4 groups. Results: There was no significant difference among study groups in terms of mortality. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation requirement was higher in group B and D than group A, while it was higher in Group D than Group C (Group B vs. Group A [p = 0.017], Group D vs. Group A [p = 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.016]). Lung involvement was less common in Group A, and presence of hypoxia was more common in Group D (Group B vs. Group A [p = 0.025], Group D vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [p = 0.006], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.014]). The hospitalization rate was lower in Group A than in the other groups; in addition, patients in Group D have the highest rate of hospitalization (Group B vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group C vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [p < 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.010]). Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with overweight and obesity presented with more severe clinical findings. Health-care providers should take into account that people living with overweight and obesity are at higher risk for COVID-19 and its complications.

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Silymarin and dimercaptosuccinic acid ameliorate lead-induced nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity in rats

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327115591373 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 398-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Y Alcaraz-Contreras ◽

RP Mendoza-Lozano ◽

ER Martínez-Alcaraz ◽

M Martínez-Alfaro ◽

MA Gallegos-Corona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lead Acetate ◽

Chelating Agent ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Positive Control ◽

Dimercaptosuccinic Acid ◽

Control Group ◽

Lead Levels ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

We studied the effect of silymarin and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a chelating agent that was administered individually or in combination against lead (Pb) toxicity in rats. Wistar rats (200 ± 20) were randomly divided into five groups. Group A served as a control. Groups B–E were exposed to 2000 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for 8 weeks. Group B served as a positive control. Group C received silymarin (100 mg kg−1 orally) for 8 weeks. Group D received DMSA (75 mg kg−1 orally) once daily for the last 5 days of treatment. Group E received DMSA and silymarin as groups C and D, respectively. The effect of Pb was evaluated and accordingly the treatments on blood lead levels (BLLs), renal system, and genotoxic effects were calculated using comet assay. The BLLs were significantly increased following the exposition of lead acetate. The administration of silymarin and DMSA provided reduction in BLLs. Silymarin and DMSA provided significant protection on the genotoxic effect of Pb. The toxic effect of Pb on kidneys was also studied. Our data suggest that silymarin and DMSA improve the renal histopathological lesions.

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Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius on the testis and blood testosterone level of adult Wistar rats

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.2.0186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 024-030

Author(s):

Godwin Chinedu Uloneme ◽

Demian Nnabuihe Ezejindu ◽

Darlington Cyprian Akukwu ◽

Amadi Chibundu Chiekezie

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Corchorus Olitorius ◽

Group A ◽

Normal Rat ◽

Group B ◽

Calcium Iron ◽

Group D

Background: The extract of Corchorus olitorius has a reasonable content of vitamins A and C, calcium, iron and fibre, and therefore enjoys a universal application in the treatment of some disease conditions, even as the whole leaf is a very important component of food in so many cultures. Purpose: The study was designed to investigate the effect of Corchorus olitorius extracts on the testis of adult Wistar rats. Method: A total number of thirty two adult Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 200 grammes separated into four groups labeled A,B,C and D respectively were used for the study. Animals in group A which served as the control group were fed with the normal rat chow and water only. The group B rats were administered 100mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Corchorus olitorus; while those in group C were administered 500mg/kg body weight of the extract. The group D rats received 1000mg/kg body weight of the extract. For a period of four weeks, the different experimental animal groups received the respective aforementioned treatments once daily, around nine- o’clock in the morning through oral intubation. At the end of the 28 day treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the testes harvested for histological, investigation, and through cardiac puncture, blood samples for some hormonal studies was also collected and investigated using standard laboratory standards. Results: Observations made showed that the extract produced no histological distortions, degenerative or defective effects on the testicular tissues. The testosterone levels of group B, C, and D rats were observed to be significantly higher (P<0.005) than that of the group A (control group).ound: The extract of Corchorus olitorius has a reasonable content of vitamins A and C, calcium, iron and fibre, and therefore enjoys a universal application in the treatment of some disease conditions, even as the whole leaf is a very important component of food in so many cultures. Purpose: The study was designed to investigate the effect of Corchorus olitorius extracts on the testis of adult Wistar rats. Method: A total number of thirty two adult Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 200 grammes separated into four groups labeled A,B,C and D respectively were used for the study. Animals in group A which served as the control group were fed with the normal rat chow and water only. The group B rats were administered 100mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Corchorus olitorus; while those in group C were administered 500mg/kg body weight of the extract. The group D rats received 1000mg/kg body weight of the extract. For a period of four weeks, the different experimental animal groups received the respective aforementioned treatments once daily, around nine- o’clock in the morning through oral intubation. At the end of the 28 day treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the testes harvested for histological, investigation, and through cardiac puncture, blood samples for some hormonal studies was also collected and investigated using standard laboratory standards. Results: Observations made showed that the extract produced no histological distortions, degenerative or defective effects on the testicular tissues. The testosterone levels of group B, C, and D rats were observed to be significantly higher (P<0.005) than that of the group A (control group).

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Protective effect of LIF-huMSCs on the retina of diabetic model rats

International Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.18240/ijo.2021.10.06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 1508-1517

Author(s):

Shan-Na Chen ◽

◽

Ying-Xue Ma ◽

Song Chen ◽

Guang-Hui He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Model ◽

Group A ◽

Retinal Structure ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Group B ◽

And Function ◽

Group D ◽

Control Group Group

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) modified by the LIF gene on the retinal function of diabetic model rats and preliminarily explore the possible mechanism. METHODS: A stably transfected cell line of hUCMSCs overexpressing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was constructed. Overexpression was verified by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Forty-eight adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (group A), streptozotocin-induced diabetic control group (group B), diabetic rats at 3mo injected with empty vector-transfected hUCMSCs (group C) or injected with LIF-hUCMSCs (group D). Four weeks after the intravitreal injection, analyses in all groups included retinal function using flash electroretinogram (F-ERG), retinal blood vessel examination of retinal flat mounts perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran), and retinal structure examination of sections using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression levels of adiponectin (APN), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in each group was detected using immunohistochemistry, PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: A stable transgenic cell line of LIF-hUCMSCs was constructed. F-ERG and FITC-dextran examinations revealed no abnormalities of retinal structure and function in group A, severe damage of the retinal blood vessels and function in group B, and improved retinal structure and function in group C and especially group D. qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot analyses revealed progressively higher APN and NT-4 expression levels in groups B, C, and D than in group A. hs-CRP expression was significantly higher in group B than in groups A, C, and D, and was significantly higher in group C than in group D (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: LIF-hUCMSCs protect the retina of diabetic rats by upregulating APN and NT-4 expression and downregulating hs-CRP expression in the retina.

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The Effect of Gongronema Latifolum (Utazi) on Some Haematological Parameters of Rabbit

10.37191/mapsci-jccr-1(2)-014 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Mean Values ◽

Platelet Counts ◽

Group A ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B ◽

Differential White Blood Cell ◽

Group D ◽

Gongronema Latifolium

The hematological features of Gongronema latifolium, aqueous leaves extract was evaluated using standard methods. After 10 days of consecutive infusions into 9 experimental animals (rabbits). The rabbits were monitored and the following parameters determined; hemoglobin (HB), PCV, Platelet, WBC, Differential White Blood Cell. The Rabbits were grouped into 4, one consisting of control (group A), group B was fed with 0.5 mg/kg, group C with 1.0 mg/kg, and Group D with 1.5mg/kg of the aqueous extract of Gongronemalatifolium. The mean values obtained for hemoglobin estimation for the control group is 5.9 ± 4.1 g/dl, 9.1 ± 2.9 g/dl for group B 10.2 ± 1.8 g/dl for group C and 12.8 ± 0.1 g/dl for group D with no significant increase on the PCV estimation, the mean value for the control (group A) is 17.7 ± 12.3%, 27.3 ± 8.7% for group B, group C (30.6 ± 5.4%) and D (28.4 ± 0.3) show increase that statistically significant (p > 0.01). the platelet counts of group C (600 ± 0 x 109/L) and D(600 ± 0 x 109/L) show significant increase (p > 0.01) when compared with the control (600 ± 00). But the platelet value of group B (550 ± 50 x 109/L) shows no difference. No significant changes were observed in the White Blood Counts of the test groups B (3.5 ± 0.5 x 109/L), C (1.9 + 2.1 x 109/L) and D(3.6 ± 0.4) when compared with the control group (2.9 ± 1.9). The values obtained from the differential White Blood Counts (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils and Monocytes) were not significant. Therefore, Gongronemalatifolium, when properly taken as a nutritional diet, causes beneficial changes on hemoglobin, packed cell volumes and platelet counts of consumers.

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Effect of intranasal recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica vaccination on some haematological indices of goats infected with peste des petits ruminants virus

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.4314/sokjvs.v13i1.7 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

OZ Tenuche ◽

BO Emikpe

Keyword(s):

Lymphocyte Count ◽

Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽

Control Group ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Group A ◽

Haematological Changes ◽

Ppr Virus ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

There is dearth of information on the haematological changes associated with Mannheimia haemolytica vaccination in goats, hence this report which describes some haematological changes observed following vaccination with intranasal Recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica vaccine in goats naturally infected with peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Twenty one (male, n=11; and female, n=10) goats were assigned to three vaccinated groups (A, B and D) with five goats per group (male: 3, female: 2), while the control group had 6 goats. Group A was vaccinated once intranasally, group B was vaccinated intranasally twice at one week interval and group D was vaccinated intranasally twice at two weeks interval . The control group (C) was not vaccinated. The vaccinated and control groups were challenged by comingling with pneumonic goats to simulate the field experience. PPR virus infection was later diagnosed in all the groups post vaccination. An average of four animals per treatment group in post-vaccination days were bled once weekly for six weeks (every week) to evaluate some haematological changes. The PCV values were within the normal range, while there was a decline in lymphocyte count at week 5, and a steady increase in neutrophil count in group A. In Group B, there was similar decline in lymphocyte count from the sixth week, while in groups C (Control) and D, the lymphocyte count declined at the 7th week, as the neutrophil counts increased. There were no significant changes in monocyte and eosinophil counts. The degree of changes in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts was mild in group B and marked in group D. This study revealed that intranasal vaccination of recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica vaccine in the presence of PPR virus outbreak results in mild hematological derangement when the goats were vaccinated with Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin at a week interval.Keywords: Goats, Haematology, Intranasal Recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica, Peste des Petits Ruminants, Vaccination

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