scholarly journals The Role of Obesity in Predicting the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19

Obesity Facts ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Serdar Sahin ◽  
Havva Sezer ◽  
Ebru Cicek ◽  
Yeliz Yagız Ozogul ◽  
Murat Yildirim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The aim of this was to describe the predictors of mortality related to COVID-19 infection and to evaluate the association between overweight, obesity, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We included the patients &#x3e;18 years of age, with at least one positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Patients were grouped according to body mass index values as normal weight &#x3c;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group A), overweight from 25 to &#x3c;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group B), Class I obesity 30 to &#x3c;35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group C), and ≥35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Group D). Mortality, clinical outcomes, laboratory parameters, and comorbidities were compared among 4 groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was no significant difference among study groups in terms of mortality. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation requirement was higher in group B and D than group A, while it was higher in Group D than Group C (Group B vs. Group A [<i>p</i> = 0.017], Group D vs. Group A [<i>p</i> = 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [<i>p</i> = 0.016]). Lung involvement was less common in Group A, and presence of hypoxia was more common in Group D (Group B vs. Group A [<i>p</i> = 0.025], Group D vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [<i>p</i> = 0.006], and Group D vs. Group C [<i>p</i> = 0.014]). The hospitalization rate was lower in Group A than in the other groups; in addition, patients in Group D have the highest rate of hospitalization (Group B vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group C vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group D vs. Group A [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [<i>p</i> = 0.010]). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> COVID-19 patients with overweight and obesity presented with more severe clinical findings. Health-care providers should take into account that people living with overweight and obesity are at higher risk for COVID-19 and its complications.

scholarly journals Prophylactic temporary abdominal aortic balloon occlusion for patients with pernicious placenta previa: a retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Huo ◽  
Hansheng Liang ◽  
Yi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Placenta Previa ◽  
Balloon Occlusion ◽  
Artery Embolism ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Group D ◽  
Central Placenta Previa

Abstract Background Pernicious placenta previa (PPP) can increase the risk of perioperative complications. During caesarean section in patients with adherent placenta, intraoperative blood loss, hysterectomy rate and transfusion could be reduced by interventional methods. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of maternal hemodynamics control and neonatal outcomes of prophylactic temporary abdominal aortic balloon (PTAAB) occlusion for patients with pernicious placenta previa. Methods This was a retrospective study using data from the Peking University People’s Hospital from January 2014 through January 2020. Clinical records of pregnant women undergoing cesarean section were collected. Patients were divided into two groups: treatment with PTAAB placement (group A) and no balloon placement (group B). Group A was further broken down into two groups: prophylactic placement (Group C) and balloon occlusion (group D). Results Clinical records of 33 cases from 5205 pregnant women underwent cesarean section were collected. The number of groups A, B, C, and D were 17, 16, 5 and 12.We found that a significant difference in the post-operative uterine artery embolism rates between group A and group B (0% vs.31.3%, p = 0.018). There was a significant difference in the Apgar scores at first minute between group A and group B (8.94 ± 1.43 vs 9.81 ± 0.75,p = 0.037),and the same significant difference between two groups in the pre-operative central placenta previa (29.4% vs. 0%,p = 0.044), complete placenta previa (58.8% vs 18.8%, p = 0.032),placenta implantation (76.5% vs 31.3%, p = 0.015). We could also observe the significant difference in the amount of blood cell (2.80 ± 2.68vs.10.66 ± 11.97, p = 0.038) and blood plasma transfusion (280.00 ± 268.32 vs. 1033.33 ± 1098.20, p = 0.044) between group C and group D. The significant differences in the preoperative vaginal bleeding conditions (0% vs 75%, p = 0.009), the intraoperative application rates of vasopressors (0% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.044) and the postoperative ICU (intensive care unit) admission rates (0% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.044) were also kept. Conclusions PTAAB occlusion could be useful in reducing the rate of post-operative uterine artery embolism and the amount of transfusion, and be useful in coping with patients with preoperative vaginal bleeding conditions, so as to reduce the rate of intraoperative applications of vasopressors and the postoperative ICU (intensive care unit) admission. In PPP patients with placenta implantation, central placenta previa and complete placenta previa, we advocate the utilization of prophylactic temporary abdominal aortic balloon placement.

scholarly journals ARE CD44+/CD24– CELLS THE ASSUMED CANCER STEM CELLS IN BREAST CANCER

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Ryspayeva ◽  
I I Smolanka ◽  
A S Dudnichenko ◽  
A A Lyashenko ◽  
Yu A Grinevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Identification and characterization of the population of cancer stem cells (CSC) depends on several cellular markers, which combination is specific for the phenotype of CSC in the corresponding tumor. Several markers of CSC have already been identified in breast cancer (BC), but there are no universal indicators that could specifically identify the CSC in BC. Aims: To determine the validation of the CSC model for cell surface markers such as CD44 and CD24 and their clinical significance. Materials and Methods: Primary tumor samples of 45 patients with invasive BC without chemotherapy prior to surgery exposure were examined in paraffin blocks. CD44 and CD24 antigens expression was evaluated by the percentage of positive cells using different chromogens and the MultiVision detection system by immunohistochemical method. In this research the evaluation was determined by the following criteria: (-), negative — expression in < 10% of tumor cells; (+), positive — expression in ≥10% of cells. The same scoring system was applied for the expression of CD44+/CD24−. Results: 62.2% of investigated patients are patients older than 50 years and most of them with stage II of disease (71.0%) and luminal tumor subtypes (68.9%). We analysed the expression of CD44, CD24 and CD44+/CD24− for different patients with dividing them into two groups. The group A consists of patients with unfavorable prognosis (relapses and metastases have occurred in the first three years after diagnosis), and the group B — with a favourable prognosis (the development of metastases after three years). Median disease-free survival in the group A is 19 months, in the group B — 46 months. The difference between the overall survival (OS) curves in the groups A and B is statistically significant (p < 0.001), the risk of death was higher in the group A (hazard ratio (HR) 5.9; confidence interval (CI) 2.3–15.2). The content of CD44 cells did not differ statistically between groups A and B (p = 0.18), but there was a tendency for increasing in OS with the existence of CD44+ cells (p = 0.056). The distribution of the expression of CD24 marker did not differ between the groups (p = 0.36) as well as the OS curves (p = 0.59). Analysis of the expression of CD44+/CD24− which were considered as possible CSC, revealed a paradoxical increase (p = 0.03) of the frequency in patients of the group B (40.9%) compared to the group A (8.7%). Nevertheless, the comparison of the clinical outcomes did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the survival curves in the groups with existence and absence of CD44+/CD24– expression (p = 0.08). The analysis showed the increasing of the risk of worse clinical outcomes in the cases of expression absence of CD44+/CD24− (HR 2.8; CI 1.1–6.8). Conclusions: As a result of our research, the analysis of the quantity of assumed stem cells of the BC, which were identified by immunohistochemistry as CD44 and CD24 cells, failed to detect a statistically significant relation between groups of patients with different prognosis, and the identification of their expression is not enough for the characteristics of CSC. The obtained data demonstrating the worst clinical outcome in the cases of absence of CD44+/CD24− expression apparently require further investigations and the validation of the immunohistochemical method with the determination of the cut-off line in defining of CD44 and CD24 status.

scholarly journals Effect of Delayed Light-Curing Through a Zirconia Disc on Microhardness and Fracture Toughness of Two Types of Dual-Cure Cement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pouran Samimi ◽  
Sara Kaveh ◽  
Maryam Khoroushi
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Delay Group ◽  
Fracture Toughness Test ◽  
Irradiation Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Light Curing ◽  
Group B ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Group D

Objectives: Photopolymerization immediately sets dual-cure cements and prevents the continuation of chemical polymerization. Delayed light-curing allows the chemical process to continue up to the point before starting irradiation; however, there is a controversy in this respect. The present study evaluates the effect of delayed light-curing through a zirconia disc on the microhardness and fracture toughness (KIC) of two types of dual-cure cement. Materials and Methods: Samples measuring 25×5×3 mm3 were prepared for fracture toughness test, and discs measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were prepared for microhardness test using Bifix and BisCem cements. Light-curing protocols were as follows: immediate light-curing (group A), a 2-minute delay (group B), a 5-minute delay (group C), direct irradiation (group D), and no irradiation (group E). In groups A to C, light-curing was carried out through a zirconia disc. Data were analyzed by two-way and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Tukey's test, and Kruskal-Wallis test at 95% confidence interval. Results: There was a significant difference in the microhardness of the cements (P=0.00). Delayed light-curing had no effect on microhardness (P=0.080). The microhardness of BisCem in group E was significantly lower than that in group D (P=0.015). The fracture toughness of Bifix in groups B and C was significantly different than that in group E and BisCem groups. Conclusions: Under the limitations of our study, delayed light-curing had different effects on microhardness and fracture toughness. Differences in light-curing protocols resulted in different effects based on the cement type. Light-curing is recommended to achieve optimal mechanical properties.

scholarly journals The Efficacy and Safety of Nabufen and Sufentanil in the Prevention of Visceral Pain After Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Gu ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Huihua Liao ◽  
Jian Mo ◽  
Weiming Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Sedation Score ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D ◽  
Ramsay Sedation Score

Abstract Background: To compare the efficacy and safety of different compatibility schemes in the prevention of visceral pain after gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods: from April 2019 to April 2020, patients undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery in our hospital were randomly divided into four groups: group A: sufentanil 3 μ g / kg; group B: low-dose nalbuphine group: 0.1 mg / kg of nabufen + 3 μ g / kg of sufentanil; group C: medium dose of nabufen group: 1 mg / kg of nabufen + 2 μ g / kg of sufentanil; group D: high-dose nabufen 2 There were 30 cases in each group. The degree of pain and the number of adverse reactions at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after operation were observed and recorded. The number and dosage of morphine used as a remedial analgesic were recorded. The pain degree was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS). The total amount of analgesic pump used, the total number of times of pressing and the effective times of pressing were recorded. The adverse reactions included respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, restlessness and skin The skin itches. Results: the analgesic effect of group B was similar to that of group A, and there was no significant difference in the number of invalid pressing, total pressing times and rescue analgesia rate (P > 0.05), while the invalid pressing times, total pressing times and remedial analgesia rate of group C and group D were significantly lower than those of group A (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between group C and group D in the number of invalid compressions, the total number of compressions and the rate of remedial analgesia (P > 0.05), suggesting that increasing the dose of nalbuphine could not significantly increase the analgesic effect. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, skin pruritus, lethargy and Ramsay Sedation score in group B and group C were significantly lower than those in group A (P < 0.05). Ramsay Sedation score and incidence of drowsiness were lower than those in group D, which indicated that the incidence of adverse reactions was higher in group D than group B and group C.Conclusion: the combination of 1 mg / kg nabufen and 2 μ g / kg sufentanil is a safe and effective combination scheme for the prevention of visceral pain after gynecological laparoscopic surgery with small adverse reactions.Trial registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=40635Registration number：ChiCTR1900025076 . Prospectively registered on 10 August 2019.

scholarly journals The Clinical Outcome in Patients with Peritoneal Metastasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Spiliotis J ◽  
◽  
Farmakis D ◽  
Raptis A ◽  
Kopanakis N ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Chemotherapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Peritoneal Metastases ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Chemotherapy Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Cytroreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC are controversial effective treatment options for selected patients with peritoneal metastases. We retrospectively examined 4.500 patients with peritoneal metastases from different tumors from 2005 to 2020. Patients were divided in 4 groups, surgery plus HIPEC and then systemic chemotherapy: Group A n=730, Group B n=700, R0 surgery plus systemic chemotherapy, Group C n=870, palliative surgery plus systemic chemotherapy and Group D n=2.200, palliative care and best support. The postoperative outcomes, morbidity, mortality were compared between the 4 groups. The mean survival rates Group A=24,4+10,2m, Group B= 18,4+6,3m, Group C=12,3+5,7m, Group D=5,8+2,3m (p<0.05 between Gr A vr Gr B). There was no statistically significant difference in the 30-day mortality and morbidity. In conclusion CRS + HIPEC are feasible in 16% of our patients with peritoneal metastases and are associated with pro-longed survival.

scholarly journals Assessment of Range of Movement, Pain and Disability Following a Whiplash Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atif A. Malik ◽  
Simon Robinson ◽  
Wasim S. Khan ◽  
Bernice Dillon ◽  
Martyn E. Lovell
Keyword(s):  
Neck Pain ◽  
Whiplash Injury ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Pain Group ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Background: Whiplash has been suggested to cause chronic symptoms and long term disability. This study was designed to assess long term function after whiplash injury. Material & Methods: A random sample of patients in the outpatient clinic was interviewed, questionnaire completed and clinical examination performed. Assessment was made of passive cervical range of movement and Visual Analogue Scale pain scores. One hundred and sixty-four patients were divided into four different groups including patients with no whiplash injury but long-standing neck pain (Group A), previous symptomatic whiplash injury and long-standing neck pain (Group B), previous symptomatic whiplash injury and no neck symptoms (Group C), and a control group of patients with no history of whiplash injury or neck symptoms (Group D). Results: Data was analyzed by performing an Independent samples t-test and ANOVA, with level of significance taken as p<0.05. Comparing the four groups using a one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). There were significant differences when comparing mean ranges of movement between Group A and Group D, and between Group B and Group D. There was no significant difference between Group C and Group D. similar differences were also seen in the pain scores. Conclusion: We conclude that osteoarthritis in the cervical spine, and whiplash injury with chronic problems cause a significantly decreased cervical range of movement with a higher pain score. Patients with shorter duration of whiplash symptoms appear to do better in the long-term.

Outcomes of Flank-Free Modified Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Based on BMI

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Esam Desoky ◽  
Khaled M. Abd Elwahab ◽  
Islam M. El-Babouly ◽  
Mohammed M. Seleem
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Morbid Obese ◽  
Group B ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Nonobese Patients ◽  
The Impact

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> To evaluate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the flank-free modified supine position. <b><i>Patients and Methods:</i></b> A prospective study was carried out in the urology department during the period from May 2015 to October 2019 on 464 patients admitted for PCNL. The patients were divided into 4 matched groups according to their BMI: group A, normal weight with 18.5 ≤ BMI &#x3c;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; group B, overweight with 25 ≤ BMI &#x3c;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; group C, obese with 30 ≤ BMI &#x3c;40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; and group D, morbid obesity with BMI ≥40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. All operative data as well as postoperative outcomes are recorded and compared to each other. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The 4 studied groups were matched regarding age. The comorbidities were slightly higher in groups C and D. The operative time and fluoroscopy time were slightly high in obese and morbid obese groups but with no significant difference. The rate of complications either major or minor was comparable in all groups. No significant difference was seen among all groups regarding hemoglobin loss, stone-free rate, hospital stay, and need for auxiliary procedures. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The outcome of PCNL in flank-free modified supine position is not affected by changes in BMI. The procedure can be performed in obese and morbid obese patients safely with results similar to and comparable to nonobese patients.

Treatment of Major Laparoscopic Bile Duct Injury: A Long-Term Follow-up Result

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1584-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Dong Xu ◽  
You Cheng Zhang ◽  
Pen Gao ◽  
Farah Bahrani-Mougeot ◽  
Ling Yi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Bile Duct Injury ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Secondary Operation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The goal of this study is to present the multiple institutions experience comparing the outcome of management between initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) surgeon and specialist as well as the outcome of different operative procedures to major bile duct injury (BDI) after LC. We have retrospectively collected data of 77 cases of perioperatively detected major BDI in LC at 15 general surgical institutions from 1997 to 2007. We classified 42 cases treated by an experienced biliary surgeon as Group A and 35 cases treated by the initial LC surgeon as Group B. Forty-eight cases were treated with duct-to-duct anastomosis as Group C and 29 cases were treated with Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy as Group D. The median duration of follow-up was 62 months. The outcome of groups was compared. In Group A, 7 of 42 (16.7%) patients developed a failure. Two of seven (28.6%) patients were treated by a secondary operation. In Group B, 24 of 35 (68.6%) patients developed a failure. Seventeen of 24 (70.8%) patients were treated by a secondary operation. One of 35 (2.85%) patients died. The significant differences were observed in failure and secondary operations (16.7 vs 68.6%, P < 0.01 and 28.6 vs 70.8%, P < 0.01). There is no significant difference Group C and Group D in failure rate (28.5 vs 11.7%, P > 0.05). A multiple institutional cooperative methodology between the local surgical institution and tertiary care centers provided a good way to limit further operations, failure. The reconstructive strategy is important and should be selected according to the type of injury and the diagnosed status of major BDI.

scholarly journals Influence of different auxiliary agents of biomechanical preparation in the filling of "artificially prepared" lateral canals

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Ivaldo Gomes de Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Hybrid Technique ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Filling Materials ◽  
Rotary Instruments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of some auxiliary agents of biomechanical preparation of the root canal on the filling of artificial lateral canals in extracted human teeth. A total of eighty single-rooted teeth were employed, which were submitted to preparation of three artificial lateral canals in one of the proximal aspects at the cervical, middle and apical thirds, besides one in the buccal aspect. The main canals were prepared by Profile 0.4 rotary instruments through the crown-down technique and irrigated with the irrigants investigated, as follows: Group A - 1% sodium hypochlorite and final irrigation with trisodium EDTA for 5 minutes; Group B - Endogel (2% chlorhexidine gel); Group C - Endo PTC and Dakin's solution and final irrigation with Tergentol- Furacin; and Group D - File Eze. The root canals were obturated by the Tagger's hybrid technique and then radiographed for assessment of the penetration rate of the filling materials in the lateral canals. Analysis of the results demonstrated no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the irrigants both to each other and as regards the location (thirds and aspects) of the artificial lateral canals.

scholarly journals The effects of smoking and alcoholism in acute coronary syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Correia ◽  
V Neto ◽  
J Santos ◽  
I Pires ◽  
L Goncalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Excessive Alcohol ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Intake

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Several studies have concluded that smoking increases mortality in patients with coronary disease. On the other hand, a J-shaped dose-effect curve has been used to describe the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular mortality. According to the majority of studies, a moderate intake of alcohol is associated with a decrease in mortality, while an excessive alcohol intake appears to increase mortality. Aim To evaluate the effect of smoking and excessive alcohol intake in hospital mortality and 1-year mortality in patients hospitalized due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods A single-centre retrospective study was conducted, with inclusion of all consecutive patients admitted in the Cardiology Department due to ACS. Follow-up started after hospital admission and ended upon hospital death, death within the following 12 months or 12 months after study entry. Patients were divided in two groups: smokers (Group-A) and non-smokers (Group-B), to analyse the effect of smoking in hospital mortality and 1-year mortality. To analyse the effect of excessive alcohol intake, patients were also divided in other two groups: Group-C (excessive drinkers) and Group-D (non-excessive drinkers). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS and a p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results 1120 patients (68.9% male, mean age 69.12 ± 12.67 years) were included in this study. 20.5% were smokers and 3.2% had a previous excessive alcohol intake. Between Group-A and Group-B, a statistically significant difference was observed in gender (93.1% male in Group-A vs 62.9% male in Group-B, p = 0.002), but not in age (p = 0.116). Hospital mortality rates in Group-A and Group-B were respectively 6.0% and 8.7% (p = 0.191) and 1-year mortality rates were 3.1% vs 5.1% (p = 0.239). Between Group-C and Group-D, a statistically significant difference was observed in gender (94.4% male in Group-C vs 69.8% male in Group-B, p &lt; 0.001), but not in age (p = 0.730). Hospital mortality rates in Group-C and Group-D were respectively 25% and 9.6% (p = 0.003) and 1-year mortality were 3.8% vs 6.6% (p = 0.577). Conclusions Smoking did not have a positive or negative effect in hospital mortality and 1-year mortality. However, excessive alcohol intake was associated with increased hospital mortality in this population.

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