scholarly journals "Currency is a Most Poisonous Tool": State Capitalism, Nonmarket Socialism, and the Elimination of Money during the Cambodian Genocide

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
James A Tyner
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Khmer Rouge ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Structural Context ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Mode Of Production

Between 1975 and 1979, the Communist Party of Kampuchea sought to establish a non-monetary and non-market economy. In the process, however, upwards of 1.7 million men, women, and children perished. This paper provides a critical evaluation of the CPK’s decision to eliminate money in its attempt to transform Cambodia’s pre-revolutionary economy into a communist mode of production. First, I provide some general remarks on Marx, money, and markets; the purpose here is to establish a common foundation for readers, in order to properly assess Khmer Rouge monetary policies with those of orthodox reading of Marxism. Second, I position CPK macro-economic policies within the context of the Non-Aligned Movement and revolutionary socialism, as these movements greatly informed economic policies in Democratic Kampuchea. Third, I comment upon the decision of senior CPK personnel on the elimination of money. Lastly, I evaluate the contradictions of CPK macro-economic policies, specifically, the suspension of money and markets domestically but the need to participate in the global economy in order to accumulate rapidly much needed capital for investment purposes. These contradictions, I conclude, established the structural context of the subsequent Cambodian genocide and the resulting famine that resulted in a massive loss of life.

scholarly journals A PERSPECTIVE OF MONETARY POLICIES WITHIN CHINA AND EU TOWARDS COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanxin Li ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
Actual Impact ◽  
The World

COVID-19 has shut down the real economy since its outbreak by assaulting the society and its system, which was affected directly or indirectly, including the significant decrease of demand, huge shock of supplies, highly nervous and volatile of the financial market and the overall deterioration of the economic index. With the spread of the epidemic around the world, major economies have continuously introduced extraordinary economic policies to respond. This paper attempts to systematically sort out and analyze the characteristics and development of the epidemic, its impact mechanism, transmission path and actual impact on the global economy, as well as the response models, main goals and measures of macroeconomic policies of EU and China. It compares the macroeconomic policies by China and EU fighting against the COVID-19 and promoting the economy horizontally and vertically.

scholarly journals Commentary: Masculinity and the Racial State

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-522
Author(s):  
Christopher Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Relationship

In their 1991 monograph on Nazi Germany,The Racial State, Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann asked why it was “acceptable to use anthropological categories in the case of youth or women, and apparently unacceptable to employ them in the case of men?” The expansive historiography of Nazism, they complained, offered nothing “beyond an isolated venture into the realm of male fantasies, or a few studies of homosexuals.” The answer, in fact, had a lot more to do with scholarly motivation than acceptability. Put starkly, there was no intellectualfrissonin recovering the history of “men” as a social category in Nazi Germany. Influential asThe Racial Stateproved to be in driving the research agenda for historians of National Socialism, the authors’ ensuing chapter, “Men in the Third Reich,” merely confirmed as much. It presented a dry, empirical overview of Nazi racial and economic policies, excised of those specifically directed at women and children. The termsgender,masculine, ormasculinitydo not appear once in thirty-six dense pages of text. To be sure, this reflected the wider state of knowledge in the academy. Now, almost three decades later, historians can draw on a sociology of gender relations that was still in its infancy when Burleigh and Wippermann were writing. They study “men” to decode historical configurations of power. They no longer conceive of women, children, and men as discrete actor groups, but as protagonists in systems of gender relations. A sophisticated interdisciplinary literature has rendered men legible as gendered subjects, rather than as an unmarked norm. This scholarship stresses the plurality of masculine identities. It advises that a racial state, like all known states, will be a patriarchal institution, and that the gendering of oppressed ethnic minorities plays a key role in the construction of majority femininities and masculinities. By pondering the relationship between racial and social identities in Nazi Germany, Burleigh and Wippermann nevertheless raised questions with which historians continue to grapple. Each of the contributors to this special issue ofCentral European Historyfocuses productively on the intersection of gender, ethnicity, and power in the “racial state.”

scholarly journals Fiscal-Monetary-Financial Stability Interactions in a Data-Rich Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hodula ◽  
Lukáš Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Fiscal And Monetary Policy

Abstract In this paper, we shed some light on the mutual interplay of economic policy and the financial stability objective. We contribute to the intense discussion regarding the influence of fiscal and monetary policy measures on the real economy and the financial sector. We apply a factor-augmented vector autoregression model to Czech macroeconomic data and model the policy interactions in a data-rich environment. Our findings can be summarized in three main points: First, loose economic policies (especially monetary policy) may translate into a more stable financial sector, albeit only in the short term. In the medium term, an expansion-focused mix of monetary and fiscal policy may contribute to systemic risk accumulation, by substantially increasing credit dynamics and house prices. Second, we find that fiscal and monetary policy impact the financial sector in differential magnitudes and time horizons. And third, we confirm that systemic risk materialization might cause significant output losses and deterioration of public finances, trigger deflationary pressures, and increase the debt service ratio. Overall, our findings provide some empirical support for countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies.

scholarly journals Restructuring Institutional Care: Challenges and Coping Measures for Children and Caregivers in Post-COVID-19 Era

2020 ◽  
pp. 234930032097382
Author(s):  
Sudeshna Roy
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Rights Of The Child

The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has rattled the world and has severely compromised not only the public health system but has decelerated the global economy. In this backdrop, the article explores the dynamics of the institutional care of the out-of-home care (OHC) children, adolescents and children who are residing in alternative care homes, childcare institutes (CCIs), foster homes and who are in conflict with law like refugees or in juvenile correctional centres. The article attempts to highlight the risk factors and systematic barriers that CCIs and associated functionaries have been confronting in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. It would also catalogue the remedial, preventive and protective initiatives undertaken as best practices. The qualitative content analysis method is used to identify major themes related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and institutional care of children. Critical evaluation of literature reviews, published newspaper reports and articles and documentation of webinar proceedings is performed for theoretical and thematic conceptualisation of this article. The fundamental barriers that surfaced include financial barriers, health and nutrition, social justice, educational barriers, safety issues, administrative barriers, management, rehabilitation and integration of children living in CCIs and the ones who are leaving the CCIs. The unprecedented challenges have exposed the emergency unpreparedness and lacunae in functioning of CCIs in diverse ways. This has necessitated the undeniable need for reframing the regulatory directives for protection of child rights; accounting for the newer structural reforms aiming for standard operating procedures (SOPs); compliance and accountability guidelines; upgrading training and capacity building of the caregivers; addressing issues of psycho-social, mental health and well-being of the children and caregivers; building resilient coping strategies and enhancing the dignity, flexibility, inclusivity and sustainability in the responsive policy formulation regarding overall childcare system. This entails a multi-sectoral, participatory and coordinated approach as envisaged in United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) where the concerned stakeholders, including government legislations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), civil societies, grassroot organisations, individual CCIs and management staff, would ensure non-discriminatory measures protecting the best interests of the children.

Political responses to interdependence: what's “left” for the left?

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Garrett ◽  
Peter Lange
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Economic Interdependence ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Industrial Democracies ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The Right

Heightened economic interdependence in recent years is commonly argued to have generated great pressures for convergence in economic policies across the advanced industrial democracies. Interdependence has clearly had a great impact on the types of economic policies that governments can pursue: they have been unable to pursue independent fiscal and monetary policies since the mid-1970s. Furthermore, all governments have been forced to attempt to promote the competitiveness of national goods and services in world markets and to increase the speed and efficiency with which national producers adjust to changes in global markets. There are, however, different policies consistent with these goals. Statistical analyses of economic policies since the mid-1970s show that governments of the left and the right continue to be able to enact distinctive supply-side policies that promote competitiveness and flexible adjustment and simultaneously further their partisan objectives.

A Century of Experimentation

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-769
Author(s):  
Alexey Ivanov ◽  
Elena Voinikanis
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Mode Of Production

The Soviet system of knowledge production based on cooperation, knowledge sharing, but also intense competition was already an inspiration for innovation policymakers in the U.S. and in Europe back in the 1950 and 1960s. Nowadays, as the global economy is moving towards a new mode of production, the Soviet case may still play an important role to help to frame a better institutional approach to innovation. With the dramatic challenges already brought by the fourth industrial revolution and the tectonic economic and social shifts it is expected to cause around the world, the Soviet case with all its pros and cons is becoming more and more relevant for this debate as it provides necessary empirical data to consider other institutional approaches to innovation distinct from the established property-focused model. In this context, intellectual property and competition law scholars hopefully would better understand the Soviet innovation system through further academic studies.

scholarly journals Assessment of the effectiveness of anti-COVID tax support for innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises in OECD countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-86
Author(s):  
A. O. Shapovalova ◽  
◽  
Yu. B. Ivanov ◽  
V. F. Tyschenko ◽  
V. V. Karpova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Support For Innovation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pension Contribution

The global economy has rebounded from the lows of 2020, but its recovery will depend on innovations. Therefore, it is important to identify the most effective tax support instruments for the innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are used in the framework of anti-crisis economic policies in the OECD countries. It is suggested that tax incentives are the most effective tax instrument of all; the effectiveness of the profit tax benefit depends on the SME’s profitability; as to the social insurance and pension contribution, there is an allowable minimum of the rate, determined by the level of wages, that will stimulate innovation. To assess the effectiveness of tax support tools, the study used the methods of linear multivariate regression and simulation in Simulink. The source of information for regression analysis was the data published by the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It was concluded that the most effective measures of tax support are tax incentives, as well as deferred payment of social insurance and pension contributions. The 10% profit tax was shown to be optimal to stimulate innovation provided the company keeps the saved profit for development. For innovative SMEs, the minimum allowable contribution rate for social insurance and pension provision, which stimulates their innovative activities, is 12%. The results of modeling confirmed that the proposed threshold indicators for supporting SMEs’ innovation activity can be an effective tool for overcoming the consequences of the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Peran Negara dalam Ekspansi PT Wijaya Karya Tbk ke Afrika: Tinjauan Kapitalisme Negara

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Anggi Mariatulkubtia Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
National Interests ◽  
State Capitalism ◽  
Construction Firm ◽  
Centralized Planning ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

In the past few years, publicly-listed construction firm PT Wijaya Karya Tbk. (WIKA) has been actively expanding to the African market amidst the high needs of domestic infrastructure development. At the same time, studies on rising state intervention in the global economy are gaining attention from IPE scholars. Based on these factors, this paper examines the role of the government in WIKA’s expansion to Africa from the perspective of state capitalism. By examining the role of President Joko Widodo's regime through (1) centralized planning; (2) economic diplomacy; and (3) capital assistance, this paper argues that WIKA's expansion is aimed not only at generating profits, but is also influenced by political factors to meet national interests. As a state-owned enterprise (SOE), WIKA is positioned as the national champion in the infrastructure sector, which is deemed as a strategic industry for President Widodo’s regime. This paper is expected to fill the void of political economy research on the expansion of national SOEs abroad.   Keywords: SOEs, state role, state capitalism, overseas expansion, WIKA.

scholarly journals Characteristics of intellectual capital, competitiveness and industrial policies of innovation-intensive sectors in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
Gordana Kokeza ◽  
Mihailo Paunović
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Further Development

This paper explores the characteristics of intellectual capital, competitiveness and industrial policies of innovation-intensive sectors in Serbia. It consists of four parts. The first part presents the characteristics of intellectual capital as the basis of economic growth and competitiveness. The second part analyses the characteristics of national intellectual capital and competitiveness of individual countries in the global economy, while the third part of the paper discusses the competitiveness of the Serbian economy and gives recommendations for a new growth model. The fourth part of the paper is concerned with analysis of the characteristics of intellectual capital and industrial policies of innovation-intensive companies in Serbia, presenting also the results of the research study. The paper proposes that the new growth model of the domestic economy should be based on advanced industrial production and services with a high degree of added value, as well as the application of new economic policies, which should be based on a heterodox approach. It is also concluded that the level of development of intellectual capital of the analyzed companies is at a relatively high level, their structural capital is relatively developed, and the surveyed companies have an excellent reputation. Finally, it is concluded that further development of innovation-intensive sectors implies the application of appropriate industrial policies specific for containing the elements of both vertical and horizontal policies which should focus on encouraging development and innovation.

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