Development of a prototype dry decontamination method for particulate contamination: The DryCon system

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-273
Author(s):  
Barbara M. Alexander, PhD, PE, CIH ◽  
H. Amy Feng, MS ◽  
Gabriel Merk, BS
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Respiratory Protection ◽  
Particulate Contamination ◽  
Air Jets ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Different Types

Objective: This article describes the development of a prototype dry decontamination system (DryCon) for use in the event of a contamination incident involving a particulate contaminant. Disrobing and showering is currently recommended almost exclusively in mass decontamination, although it may not be feasible when water is scarce, in cold weather environments, or when there may be compliance issues with the requirement to disrobe, ie, unwillingness to disrobe. During disrobing, dust particles could also re-aerosolize, leading to inhalation of contaminants.Design: The DryCon prototype uses air jets for dry decontamination. The system is portable and can run on building-supplied 220-V power or generator power. Multiple contaminated persons can be treated rapidly, one after the other, using this system.Setting: We tested DryCon in a controlled environment, using a manikin and three different types of fabric squares to investigate its effectiveness, with a decontamination time of 60 seconds.Main outcome: At the higher airflow tested, ie, 90 percent of full blower speed or approximately 540 cfm (15 m3/minute), mean decontamination efficiencies of 56.8 percent, 70.3 percent, and 80.7 percent were measured for firefighter (FF) turnout fabric, cotton denim, and polyester double knit fabric, respectively.Results: Removal of this easily re-aerosolized fraction of the contaminants helps protect contaminated people, as well as healthcare providers they come in contact with, from the potential risk of further inhalation exposures from the re-aerosolization caused by doffing clothing.Conclusion: The results demonstrate the promise of the DryCon system for use where water is not available, as a first step prior to wet decontamination, or in an industrial setting for post-work-shift decontamination. Further lab and field research will be necessary to prove the effectiveness of this technique in real-world applications and to determine if respiratory protection or other personal protective equipment (PPE) is needed during use of the DryCon system.

COEVALNESS OF INSECT TRACE FOSSILS AND TRACE-BEARING ROCKS, A CASE STUDY FROM THE PLIO?-PLEISTOCENE OF SW SPAIN

Palaios ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
EDUARDO MAYORAL ◽  
JORGE F. GENISE ◽  
FRANCISCO J. RODRÍGUEZ-TOVAR ◽  
ANA SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sw Spain ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Time Gap

ABSTRACT Plio?-Pleistocene outcrops located at the southwestern edge of the Guadalquivir Basin in the area of Lepe (Huelva, Spain) provide an interesting example for studying the contemporaneity of traces with the rocks that contain them. Two different types of cells compatible with the ichnogenera Celliforma (Type 1) and Palmiraichnus (Type 2) were found in these outcrops. Their walls were constructed with the same material as the matrix and our first research in the area showed no extant bees producing them suggesting that they were coeval with the trace-bearing rocks. The case of the “Palmiraichnus-like” Type 2 cells was misleading because of its similarity with Palmiraichnus described from the region in the Canary Islands and Balearic Archipelago (Spain). Two determining features were vital in clarifying this first appearance. In the Palmiraichnus-like cells we found remains of a larval cocoon in one cell that could be dated by C14, giving a modern age. In the Celliforma-like cells more field research in the area allow us to observe extant bees nesting in these rocks in autumn. Ichnological literature show a few cases of asynchronies involving extant traces found mostly in Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. In contrast, the case presented herein indicates the time gap between the bearing rocks and the Lepe traces was shorter (ca. 12 ky–2.6 My), enhancing the similarity of traces and rocks and thus their potential coevalness. This case may serve as a warning about other potential examples in the fossil record in which relatively short asynchronies between traces and paleosols exist.

scholarly journals Pelaksanaan Perlindungan Konsumen Obat-Obatan dalam Kefarmasian

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
I Putu Rusdi Eka Pratama ◽  
I Nyoman Putu Budiartha ◽  
Desak Gde Dwi Arini
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Pharmaceutical Services ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Technological Advances

Technological advances have helped in the discovery of the latest medicines, this has further strengthened healthcare providers. However, this is not the case with consumers (patients). Consumers are less aware of their rights as users of goods and services so that which ones are good and which are bad, and which are really needed, consumers leave completely to competent health workers. This study aims to explain the legal protection of drug consumers for pharmaceutical services and to explain the liability of pharmaceutical companies regarding the losses suffered by drug consumers. This research used empirical law. Primary data sources were obtained by conducting field research with interview techniques and secondary data obtained by library research consisting of primary and secondary legal materials. The results showed that the legal protection of drug consumers in pharmaceutical services, which contains the rights and obligations of consumers as well as the rights and obligations of pharmaceutical companies as business actors. In principle, consumer legal protection is regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, in practice in pharmacies, legal protection for drug consumers is in accordance with applicable regulations and has been effective and conducive, then the responsibility of pharmaceutical companies for consumer losses drugs have provided compensation for material and immaterial damages when consumers are harmed.

Anatomy of Counter-Jihad

2019 ◽  
pp. 379-388
Author(s):  
Stig Jarle Hansen ◽  
Linnéa Gelot
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Field Research ◽  
African Union ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
Territorial Control

This chapter considers how Al-Shabaab messaging can be best countered, drawing on field research in Mogadishu and Baidoa, focusing on the area of Bay/Bakool. It shows that lack of security, opportunity, and justice, combined with clan conflicts create conditions that Al-Shabaab can exploit. In Bay/Bakool, the group is seen as having semi-territorial control; in other words, a fairly regular presence despite intermittent deployments or patrols by forces of the Federal Government of Somalia and African Union Mission in Somalia. Thus, the involvement of sheikhs and clan elders is all the more important as they wield considerable influence in communities and can strengthen efforts of countering violent extremism (CVE). A wide, inclusive approach is recommended, drawing upon a combination of different types of religious leaders, in which Sufi, Shafi'i, and Quietist/non-political Wahhabism are represented.

scholarly journals The Influence of Forest Resting Environments on Stress Using Virtual Reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
Yaxing Shi ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Yencheng Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Stress Relief ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Psychological Indicators ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Therapy Services ◽  
Environment Type ◽  
Positive Effect

To explore the effects of different types of forest environments for forest therapy, this study focused on forest resting environments. Seven representative forest resting environments found in field research in Beijing were used as independent variables and were shown to subjects by a virtual reality (VR) video. Stress level was used as the dependent variable, and blood pressure, heart rate, salivary amylase, and the Brief Profile of Mood States (BPOMS) were used as physiological and psychological indicators. A between-subjects design was used in the experiment. A total of 96 subjects were randomly assigned to each environment type, and only one type of forest resting environment was observed. Through the relevant sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance, the pre- and post-test data of the indicators were analyzed. This study found that all the seven different types of forest resting environments can produce stress relief effects to some extent. Different types of forest resting environments have different effects on relieving stress. The most natural environment does not have the most significant effect on stress relief. A water landscape has a positive effect on the relief of stress. The conclusions of this study are conducive to the better use of the forest environment for forest therapy services.

Comparison of Various Systems for On-Site Wastewater Treatment

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frits A. Fastenau ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Gerard Martijnse
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Selection Of

Diffuse pollution, caused by direct discharges from individual houses, small built-up nuclei, farms, camp-sites, etc., for which connection to central wastewater treatment systems is unfeasible, may be significantly reduced by on-site treatment. Based on a large scale research, including intensive field-research work on 14 systems of different types and sizes in a range equal to population equivalents (p.e) of 5 - 200 persons, 8 different types of system were compared. The comparison involved technological features, such as removal efficiency, reliability, operational and maintenance aspects, environmental impacts and land claims, together with economical features showing significant differences. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are highlighted to enable a selection of suitable systems to be made. When no limiting factors are present, it was found that - in general-infiltration systems (infiltration pits; infiltration trenches) have the best features for on-site treatment up to 100 p.e. For larger capacities, or when infiltration is not possible, the rotating biological contactor will be the best solution mainly because of the lower costs.

Modeling of surface temperature distributions on powered e-textile structures using an artificial neural network

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senem Kursun Bahadir ◽  
Umut Kivanc Sahin ◽  
Alper Kiraz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Artificial Neural

An artificial neural network (ANN) model is constructed to derive the surface temperature of e-textile structures developed for cold weather clothing. A series of textile transmission lines made of different types of conductive yarns, insulated by using different types of seam tapes, were enclosed in a thermoplastic textile structure via hot air welding technology, and then they were powered with different levels of specific voltages in order to obtain different heating levels. The surface temperatures of the powered e-textile structures were measured using a thermal camera. The experimental input variables, sample type, temperature, feeding speed, resistance of samples, applied voltage and current were used to construct an ANN model and the outputs of surface temperature and electric power dissipated were used to test the prediction performance of the developed model. It was concluded that the ANN provided substantial predictive performance. Simulations based on the developed ANN model can estimate the surface temperature distributions of powered e-textile structures under different conditions. The ANN model developed for prediction of electric power dissipated was very successful and can be useful for e-textile product designers as well as textile manufacturers, particularly for cold weather protection products such as jackets, gloves and outdoor sleeping mats.

Efficiency of Tungsten Dust Collection of Different Types of Dust Particles by Electrostatic Probe

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1642-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Begrambekov ◽  
A. N. Voityuk ◽  
A. M. Zakharov ◽  
O. A. Bidlevich ◽  
E. A. Vechshev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Particles ◽  
Dust Collection ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electrostatic Probe

The Granularity of Dust Particles when Sanding Wood and Wood-Based Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 1001 ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Očkajová ◽  
Ján Stebila ◽  
Marek Rybakowski ◽  
Tomasz Rogozinski ◽  
L'uboš Krišták ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sieve Analyses ◽  
Narrow Belt ◽  
Technical Safety

The article presents results of the granulometric composition of chip particles when sanding wood (beech) and wood-based materials (particleboard and semi-hardboard) using different types of sanders – wide belt sander, narrow belt sander, and hand sander. On the basis of the carried out sieve analyses, the proportion of produced particles, which can be marked as dust with the particle size of ≤ 80 μm, is high at the interval from 89.21% - 96.29 %. The highest percentage of dust particles was reached at dust from the hand disk sander. At the end of the article we point to possible technical safety measures – additional dust exhausting, suction, to possibly reduce the dust getting to the working environment.

ARRANGEMENT WITH GARDENS AND PARKS IN COUNTRY HOMESTEADS OF KURSK CITY. PART II. COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND GARDENS AND PARKS ARRANGEMENT IN THE LARGE HOMESTEADS OF THE FIRST HALF OF XIX CENTURIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Elena Kholodova
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Kursk Region

The study is based on the identified archival and published sources, field research of the author, which enable to reconstruct a more reasonably shaped, the material structure is lost in the nobility and merchant estates in the area of origin of horticulture and the natural border of Russia. The basis of the study is the study of topography and physical and geographical types of terrain characteristic of the Kursk region. The scientific novelty of the research is associated with the author's expeditions to identify signs of the existence of manor objects – landscapes and parks, full-scale survey of a number of preserved manor com-plexes, which did not attract the attention of researchers to a sufficient extent.. Of particular importance is the identification of archival and printed sources that allow more reasonably reconstruct the figurative and material structure of the lost elements of noble and merchant estates. The contribution to modern knowledge is systematic information about different types of management, their impact on the spatial structure of the estate and its natural environment, as well as about the features of garden and Park techniques that existed in the studied period of the history of the Kursk region.

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