<p>Climate change is one of the most urgent issues facing humanity today. Humans have been rapidly changing the balance of gases in the atmosphere which causes global warming. Burning fossil fuels like coal and oil, farming and forestry, agriculture and cement manufacture cause to release water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), ozone and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) known as the primary greenhouse gases. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas absorbing infrared energy emitted from the earth, preventing it from returning to space. It is necessary to separate man-made (anthropogenic) emissions from natural contributions in the atmosphere to obtain accurate emission data [1-4]. Since it could not be achieved with the existing metrological infrastructure, it is required to develop the measurements and references of stable isotopes of CO<sub>2</sub>. In this study, static and dynamic reference materials for pure CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 &#181;mol/mol in air matrix were prepared and it was provided to simulate CO<sub>2</sub> gas in the atmosphere.</p><p>The static gas mixtures were prepared gravimetrically in accordance with the ISO 6142-1 standard. In order to obtain CO<sub>2</sub> gas at desired isotopic compositions, commercial CO<sub>2</sub> gases were also supplied from abroad. Their isotopic compositions were measured by using GC-IRMS. Before filling, aluminum cylinders were evacuated until the pressure of 10<sup>-7</sup> mbar using turbo-molecular vacuum pump. Isotopic compositions of reference materials were determined in a way that covering the range -42 &#8240; to +1 &#8240; vs VPDB for d<sup>13</sup>C-CO2 and -35 &#8240; to -8 &#8240; vs VPDB for d<sup>18</sup>O. In order to develop static and dynamic reference materials of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 &#181;mol/mol in air with the uncertainty targets of d<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> 0.1 &#8240; and d<sup>18</sup>O-CO<sub>2</sub> 0.5 &#8240;, previously prepared pure CO<sub>2</sub> reference gases were used. Dynamic dilution system with the high accuracy was constructed to generate dynamic reference gas mixture of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 &#181;mol/mol. System contains 3 electronic pressure controllers, 3 thermal mass flow controllers with various capacities and 3 molbloc-L flow elements commanded with 2 Molboxes. The isotopic compositions of dynamic reference gas mixtures of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 &#181;mol/mol were aimed to be same with the previously prepared pure CO<sub>2</sub> reference gases. The whole dilution system were calibrated at INRIM to achieve lower uncertainties around 0.07-0.09%. At the measurement stage, CRDS and GC-IRMS equipments are operated simultaneously to determine the concentrations and isotopic compositions of the gas mixtures. The amount of substance fractions of the dynamic reference mixtures are calculated according to ISO 6145-7 standard. It will be checked that whether the isotopic compositions of the gravimetrically prepared pure CO<sub>2</sub> reference gases and the dynamic reference gas mixtures of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 &#181;mol/mol were same or not.</p><p><strong>REFERENCES</strong></p><p>[1] Calabro P. S., &#8220;Greenhouse gases emission from municipal waste management: The role of separate collection&#8221;, Waste Management, Volume 29:7, 2178-2187, 2009.</p><p>[2] Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions, 2019.</p><p>[3] Schwartz, S.E., &#8220;The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change&#8221;, 2017.</p><p>[4] Climate Change, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1, 2019.</p>
Innovation to zero emissions: nuclear energy trough nonproliferation and environment protection- Romanian experience for GEN 4
