scholarly journals British Colonial System and The Forests of Garhwal and Kumaon Himalayas: Consequences of colonial interventions in Himalayan Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra Singh Bisht
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government

In this paper endeavour has been made to address historical context of colonial influence on the forests of Uttarakhand Himalayas. The conflict of interest between local population, the government and the commercial forces over a period of more than 120 years of colonial regime are considered. Consequences of the scientific forest management on the forest and forest based rural economy of local folk is an important aspect of the study. It also shows that how in the name of scientific forest management, bulk of local population was alienated from their traditional forest rights, use and management of forests and, how most of the benefits of forest accrued to the government and richest classes of society. A major aspect of the study is how and in what stages a forest region was opened out and exploited for the larger colonial economic interests, what effects it had on Uttarakhand Himalayas region itself and its agriculture in the colonial period.

scholarly journals Chinatown Warisan Budaya China Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata di Singapura

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Leonita Alfiyani
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Electric Train

Chinatown is one of the ethnic villages that have existed since the British colonial period. Chinatown has a long historical background, declining quality in the post-war world, into a slum environment until it is conserved by the government and a tourism asset of Singapore. Chinatown is a traditional Chinese nuanced area, with homes and traditional culture still preserved. The building in Chinatown traditional architecture is still maintained. In 1843 Chinatown became famous and visited by many tourists with local uniquess it has. This causes the density and flow of people coming and going increasingly. So in 1885 Chinatown was facilitated by public transportation is steam train, electric train and trolley bus in 1929.

scholarly journals Chinatown Warisan Budaya China Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata di Singapura

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Leonita Alfiyani
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Electric Train

Chinatown is one of the ethnic villages that have existed since the British colonial period. Chinatown has a long historical background, declining quality in the post-war world, into a slum environment until it is conserved by the government and a tourism asset of Singapore. Chinatown is a traditional Chinese nuanced area, with homes and traditional culture still preserved. The building in Chinatown traditional architecture is still maintained. In 1843 Chinatown became famous and visited by many tourists with local uniquess it has. This causes the density and flow of people coming and going increasingly. So in 1885 Chinatown was facilitated by public transportation is steam train, electric train and trolley bus in 1929.

Developing the Assessment and Indicators for Local Institutions in Dealing with Forest Fire Dilemma

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-163
Author(s):  
Eko Priyo Purnomo ◽  
Agustiyara ◽  
Rijal Ramdani ◽  
Dina Wahyu Trisnawati
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Organization Capacity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Fire Incidence

This study analyzes the main criteria and indicators in strengthening local institutions in charge of forest management towards dealing with forest fire incidence in Riau Province, Indonesia. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, observation, and questionnaires and analyzed with Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and other Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques such as SPSS and Smart PLS. Moreover, only 87 out of the 120 questionnaires administered to related stakeholders were retrieved. Four variables, including Organization, Capacity, Authority, and Governance, were measured using ten indicators for each. The results showed a significant correlation between local institutions and these variables in solving forest management issues. It means there is a need to strengthen the institutions' structural plans to ensure the effective management of natural resources, and this is achievable through the support and help of the government and communities. Keywords: forest fire, local institutions, forest management.

Truth to Power

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Intelligence Support ◽  
The Cold War

This first-ever history of the US National Intelligence Council (NIC) is told through the reflections of its eight chairs in the period from the end of the Cold War until 2017. Coeditors Robert Hutchings and Gregory Treverton add a substantial introduction placing the NIC in its historical context going all the way back to the Board of National Estimates in the 1940s, as well as a concluding chapter that highlights key themes and judgments. The historic mission of this remarkable but little-understood organization is strategic intelligence assessment in service of senior American foreign policymakers. It has been at the center of every critical foreign policy issue during the period covered by this volume: helping shape America’s post–Cold War strategies, confronting sectarian conflicts around the world, meeting the new challenge of international terrorism, and now assessing the radical restructuring of the global order. Each chapter places its particular period of the NIC’s history in context (the global situation, the administration, the intelligence community) and assesses the most important issues with which the NIC grappled during the period, acknowledging failures as well as claiming successes. With the creation of the director of national intelligence in 2005, the NIC’s mission mushroomed to include direct intelligence support to the main policymaking committees in the government. The mission shift took the NIC directly into the thick of the action but may have come at the expense of weakening its historic role of providing over-the horizon strategic analysis.

Great Britain, International Law, and the Evolution of Maritime Strategic Thought, 1856–1914

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela A. Frei
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
International Law ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Maritime Law ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
State Practice ◽  
Sea Power ◽  
Maritime Strategy ◽  
Strategic Thought

The book addresses the interaction between international maritime law and maritime strategy in a historical context, arguing that both international law and maritime strategy are based on long-term state interests. Great Britain as the predominant sea power in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries shaped the relationship between international law and maritime strategy like no other power. The book explores how Great Britain used international maritime law as an instrument of foreign policy to protect its strategic and economic interests, and how maritime strategic thought evolved in parallel to the development of international legal norms. The book offers an analysis of British state practice as well as an examination of the efforts of the international community to codify international maritime law in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As the predominant sea power and also the world’s largest carrier of goods, Great Britain had to balance its interests as both a belligerent and a neutral power. With the growing importance of international law in international politics, the book examines the role of international lawyers, strategists, and government officials who shaped state practice. Great Britain’s neutrality for most of the period between 1856 and 1914 influenced its state practice and its perceptions of a future maritime conflict. Yet, the codification of international maritime law at The Hague and London conferences at the beginning of the twentieth century demanded a reassessment of Great Britain’s legal position.

Technical or political? The socialist economic calculation debate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Camarinha Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
Technical Terms

Abstract The paper presents both the key arguments and the historical context of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that Oskar Lange presented the most developed strategy to deal with bourgeois economics, decisively helping to create the scientific consensus that rational economic calculation under socialism is possible. Lange’s arguments based on standard economic theory reveal that the most ardent defenders of capitalism cannot reject socialism on technical terms and that, as a consequence, the Austrian School was left with no choice but to diverge from mainstream economics in its search to develop a framework that could support its political position. This shows that Mises’ challenge from 1920 was solved and has been replaced by a political posture developed by Hayek and leading Austrians economists, who have been struggling since the 1980s to revise the standard interpretation of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that this revision should not be uncritically accepted and conclude that socialism cannot be scientifically rejected; it can only be politically rejected, by those whose economic interests it opposes.

Historical Context of Agricultural Commercialisation in Ghana: Changes in Land and Labour Relations

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Awetori Yaro ◽  
Joseph Kofi Teye ◽  
Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Global Capital

This paper provides a broad review of agrarian change in Ghana by highlighting the major developments in the agrarian political economy and their implications for agricultural commercialisation and its modifying influence on land tenure systems, livelihoods, production systems, social relations, and labour relations. While current land tenure arrangements and labour relations in Africa are often explained in terms of globalisation, we argue that the historical context of agricultural commercialisation in Ghana shows continuities and discontinuities in agrarian relations from the colonial period to the present. We also argue that changes over the years have blended with globalisation to produce the distinct forms of labour relations that we see today. The commercialisation of agriculture in Ghana has evolved progressively from the colonial era aided by policies of coercion, persuasion and incentives to its current globalised form. The expansion in the range of commodities over time necessarily increased the demand for more land and labour. The article contributes to the literature by providing great insights into changes in land and labour relations due to increasing commercialisation, and how these enhanced wealth accumulation for the richer segments of society and global capital to the detriment of the poor throughout Ghana’s agrarian history.

Famine of 1943 in Bakarganj and British Colonial Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saiful Islam ◽  
Tasnuva Habib Zisan
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Local History ◽  
Government Failure ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Government Inspection ◽  
Large Production ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government

In the vast literature of Bengal famine of 1943, it is hard to offer new insights about that vicious source of mass misery. Local history may mark a significant departure here, as it provides scope for an in-depth study of both the origin and course of the famine. Bakarganj was called the granary of Bengal, which used to supply rice to other regions even in the driest years due to its large production. But the famine of 1943 gravely affected this district. The present study shows how it was the colonial measures that played a vital role in intensifying the famine in Bakarganj. The government’s led to: hoarding of rice and serious shortage of food supply. The article concentrates on four aspects of the government failure: inappropriate warning system, callous purchase policy, lack of effective government inspection and a policy of disaster denial.

scholarly journals HONG KONG SAR IMMIGRATION IN THE DYNAMICS OF POLITICS, POLICY AND INSTITUTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Andry Indrady
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Power Domination ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hong Kong Sar ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
And Control

The Bureaucratic System of the Immigration Department of Hong Kong SAR is one of the legacies from British Colonial Government seen from legal and also immigration bureaucratic perspectives reflect the executive power domination over immigration policymaking. This is understandable since Hong Kong SAR adopts “Administrative State Model” which means Immigration Officer as a bureaucrat holds significant roles at both stages of policymaking and also its implementation. This research looks at transition period of the Immigration Department and its policies since the period of handover of Hong Kong SAR from the British Government to the Government of China especially throughout the concern from the public including academics about the future of immigration policies made by the Department that arguably from colonial to current being used as political and control tools to safeguard the interest of the Ruler. This situation ultimately will question the existence of Hong Kong SAR as one of the International Hub in the Era of Millennium.  

scholarly journals Partnerstwo dla Modernizacji w stosunkach niemiecko-rosyjskich

2018 ◽  
pp. 93-107
Author(s):  
Bogdan Koszel
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Government ◽  
European Partner

Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia has become Germany’s main Central European partner. The economic interests and hopes of gigantic contracts to modernize the Russian economy have played a colossal role in German policy. The Government of Chancellor Angela Merkel aspired to shape the Eastern policy of the European Union, and it was highly favorable towards the strategy of Russian modernization to be implemented with the participation of Western partners, as proposed by President Medvedev in 2009. However, this project never went beyond the stage of preliminary agreements, and both sides are increasingly disappointed with its progress. Germany continues to aspire to play the role of the leading EU member state involved in the transformation process in Russia, yet this is no longer treated in terms of the ‘Russia first’ attitude without any reservations. Germans are becoming increasingly aware that their efforts are doomed to fail without true Russian efforts aimed at the democratization of both their public life and economic structures.

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