The Attitude of the Authorities of The Independent State of Croatia Towards the Refugees in Sarajevo During 1941 and 1942 / Odnos organa vlasti Nezavisne Države Hrvatske prema izbjeglicama u Sarajevu tokom 1941. i 1942. godine

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-198
Author(s):  
Ajdin Muhedinović
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Refugee Camp ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Population Migrations ◽  
Interethnic Violence

The establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) produced a period of extreme interethnic violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina, resulting in forced population migrations, both temporary and permanent. In eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily from insurgent and later predominantly Chetnik attacks, thousands of Muslim refugees fleeing from death sought refuge in ‘safer’ parts of the NDH. Sarajevo, as the closest and, in a wider circle, the biggest city quickly became refugees’ central gathering and rescue point. This paper aims to track the main course of attitude primarily of the local NDH authorities towards the Muslim refugees from autumn 1941 until mid-1942, and the establishment of the Alipašin Most refugee camp.

scholarly journals Sfera symboliczna w procesach transformacyjnych krajów byłej Jugosławii. Pomniki

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Lilla Moroz-Grzelak
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liberation Struggle ◽  
Transformation Processes

The Symbolic Sphere in the Transformation Processes of the former Yugoslavia. Monuments The article focuses on the ways of treating the monumental memory of the past in the states that were established after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. These examples, which are not exhaustive, show that the process of transformation in the symbolic sphere does not create a uniform image in all countries. It oscillates between the destruction of the monuments of the past period in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also the different intensity of the events of the tragic war of the last decade of the 20th century. Breaking such a description, Serbia protects the monuments of the Yugoslavian era, while at the same time recalling the memory of the Serbian liberation struggle in the anti-Turkish uprising of 1804. The protection of the monuments of the NOB (struggle for national liberation) period in Montenegro not only proves the connection with the federal Yugoslavia, but also reflects a kind of Yugonostalgia. In turn, the monuments of this period on Macedonian territory, preserved in various states, gave way to a “flood of monuments” referring to the ancient and medieval history of this land. The changes in the monumental sphere in all countries, however, prove the willingness to justify the ideological existence of independent state entities embedded in the native tradition confirming their sovereignty.

LANGUAGE POLICY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND ITS ETHNO-LINGUISTIC CONTEXT: DO LANGUAGES CAUSE INTER-ETHNIC TENSION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Azamat Akbarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
English Language ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Units ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Banja Luka ◽  
Main Streets

After the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, the new independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina was inundated by a horrible ethnic conflict, which led to inhumane violence and mass killings that ended with genocide. The Bosnian war resulted in the death of about 100,000 people, over half of whom were Bosnians. Two decades later, the violence has stopped, but the conflict in Bosnia has not yet come to an end; hasty social segregation, undertaken as a result of the 1995 Dayton Accords, which intended an immediate stopping of the violence, is still in force. The current distribution of population and languages is evidence of this segregation. Two different ethnic minorities live in two Bosnian political units, the Srpska Republic and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Serbs in the first and Bosnians in the second. In these circumstances, which are very sensitive, the government was recently worried that the ordinary publication of statistical data on ethnic groups might lead to violence. The languages representing these two groups are important indicators of social presence and power. Signboards in the main streets of the capital cities of both countries (Sarajevo in the Federation and Banja Luka in Serbian Republic) were scrupulously photographed for the purpose of assessing the presence of Serbians and Bosnians. The presence of the English language in Bosnia was also documented. An assumption was made that the linguistic majority would correspond to the ethnic majority in both main streets, and that English would be used in advertising. The number of photos in which each language was used was calculated to determine the frequency and the situations in which the languages are commonly used. An analysis of these results showed that English is the second most used language in both streets after Bosnian, while comparatively little presence of the Serbian language in both streets showed that the language environment in Bosnia does not facilitate peace and making peace.

scholarly journals Bosnia in focus of Ottoman studies: Parallels of the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav period

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Ramiza Smajić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Natural Sequence ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Practical Experiences

More than a quarter of a century after the international recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state outside of Yugoslavia, a period for a comparative analysis of historiographic results is appropriate. In this paper, attention is devoted to the treatment of Bosnian territory in various social frameworks, financial and personnel capacities, affinities and ideological orientations. Certain areas of scientific work, of course, had a natural sequence of activities, some needed to be adjusted, while approaches and focus in some fields developed completely new forms in the spirit of contemporary osmanism. The planned exhibition is a collection of practical experiences in the field of the Ottoman work in both the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav periods.

scholarly journals The Limits of Foreign Authority: Publicity and the Political Logic of Ambivalence in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Independent State ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Comparative Study

AbstractThis article explores the ambivalent forms of authority and legitimacy articulated by the Office of the High Representative of the international community in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina. The High Representative exercised quasi-sovereign powers that placed his position at the center of two contradictions: a democratization paradox of “imposing democracy,” that is, promoting democracy through undemocratic means, and a state-building paradox of building an independent state by violating the principle of popular sovereignty. I analyze the Office's use of mass-mediated publicity to show how the High Representative sought to legitimize his actions in ways that both sustained the norms of democracy and statehood he advocated and suspended the contradictions behind how he promoted them. In doing so, he claimed that Bosnia was caught in a temporary state of exception to the normal nation-state order of things. This claim obliged him to show that he was working to end the state of exception. By focusing on one failed attempt by the OHR to orchestrate an enactment of “local ownership” that was aimed at demonstrating that Bosnia no longer required foreign supervision, this article identifies important limits to internationally instigated political transformation. It offers a view of international intervention that is more volatile, open-ended, and unpredictable than either the ordered representations of the technocratic vision or the confident assertions that critique international intervention as a form of (neo)imperial domination. It also demonstrates the analytic importance of publicity for the comparative study of international nation-building and democratization in the post-Cold War era.

scholarly journals Bibliography of periodicals of 'The Independent State of Croatia' (1941-1945)

2008 ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Drago Njegovan
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
University Library ◽  
Latin Script ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Hungarian Language ◽  
The University ◽  
Single Publication

The author presents the Bibliography of Periodicals of 'The Independent State of Croatia' (ISC) 1941 -1945, which was compiled in the former Archive for the History of Labour Movement in Zagreb and whose one copy is kept in The Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica (Historical Section, Collection of Documents, reg. no 1615/62). The authors of the Bibliography particularly underlined that it includes 'all periodical journals and publications published in the territory of ISC', and that the material 'was for internal use only'. The majority of the listed periodical publications is kept in the University Library in Zagreb (237), and the remaining ones (44) in different libraries in the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most of these publications are printed in the Croatian language, and a smaller number in German and Italian languages. One publication was published in the Hungarian language. All publications were printed in the Latin script and none of them in the Cyrillic script, even though the Serbs, whose primary script it was, at the beginning made half of the population of 'The Independent State of Croatia'. In the Ustashas' ISC the Cyrillic script was forbidden, and the Serbs underwent a genocide. This Bibliography - which does not include a single publication with the adjective 'Serbian' - testifies about that. .

scholarly journals Literarcy of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s population in the period of People’s liberation war (1941-1945)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-277
Author(s):  
Semir Hadžimusić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Special Review ◽  
Literacy Process ◽  
Second World ◽  
Very High

The author of the paper presents the state of literacy of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina until the Second World War, and in particular explains the activities that are conducted with regard to the literacy of the population in the period of the National Liberation War (NOR). Certainly, a special review was given to the presentation of the literacy process of the population, which is an outgrowth for regular primary school education, and on the activities that took place on the occasion of the NOR on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, the literacy of children through attending elementary school, as well as literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the fascist occupation and administration of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), were partly given in order to review the framework state. Bosnia and Herzegovina had a very high percentage of the illiterate population before the Second World War. How fascist occupation, warfare, human and material losses have compounded this picture, and whether during the war, in the liberated areas, adequate methods of working for the literacy of the population were found, the author explains on the pages of this paper.

Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

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