A review on the COVID-19, its history, diagnostic approaches, role of herbs and current world scenario

COVID- 19, a novel coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2) transmitted from person to person, is now declared as a pandemic worldwide by WHO. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of Coronaviridae. Covid-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease with clinical symptoms like fever, sore throat, sneezing, shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, diarrhoea, chills, and respiratory symptoms that has now entered into the new dangerous phase. This virus can easily extend and can cause severe illness to the global village. Till 7Nov 2020, the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases was 48534508, and the death number is 1231017, affecting, directly and indirectly, more than 215 territories worldwide. Hence an effective international strategy is required to control and prevent this disaster. To combat the coronavirus-2 different approaches have been initiated in scientific concern, but focussed attention should be given to the medical value of herbal plant extract to prevent these endemic type diseases. Hence, this review describes the symptoms and the role of herbal plants in treating the COVID-19.

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The role of haematological parameters in patients with COVID-19 and influenza virus infection

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026882000271x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 148 ◽

Author(s):

Sumeyye Kazancioglu ◽

Aliye Bastug ◽

Bahadir Orkun Ozbay ◽

Nizamettin Kemirtlek ◽

Hurrem Bodur

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Data ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

The Novel ◽

Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

End Of Treatment ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), was identified in Wuhan, China. Since then, the novel coronavirus started to be compared to influenza. The haematological parameters and inflammatory indexes are associated with severe illness in COVID-19 patients. In this study, the laboratory data of 120 COVID-19 patients, 100 influenza patients and 61 healthy controls were evaluated. Lower lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, platelets and higher delta neutrophil index (DNI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were found in COVID-19 and influenza groups compared to healthy controls. The eosinophils, lymphocytes and PLR made the highest contribution to differentiate COVID-19 patients from healthy controls (area under the curves (AUCs): 0.819, 0.817 and 0.716, respectively; P-value is <0.0001 for all). The NLR, the optimal cut-off value was 3.58, which resulted in a sensitivity of 30.8 and a specificity of 100 (AUC: 0.677, P < 0.0001). Higher leucocytes, neutrophils, DNI, NLR, PLR and lower lymphocytes, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit levels were found in severe patients at the end of treatment. Nonsevere patients showed an upward trend for lymphocytes, eosinophils and platelets, and a downward trend for neutrophils, DNI, NLR and PLR. However, there was an increasing trend for eosinophils, platelets and PLR in severe patients. In conclusion, NLR and PLR can be used as biomarkers to distinguish COVID-19 patients from healthy people and to predict the severity of COVID-19. The increasing value of PLR during follow-up may be more useful compared to NLR to predict the disease severity.

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Examination of Antigout Activity of Apiumgraveolens in Three Different Solvent Extract

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.c1031.1083s219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3S2) ◽

pp. 936-940

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Tissue ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Anticoagulant Activity ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Good Source ◽

Glucose Lowering ◽

The Family ◽

Herbal Plants ◽

Bioactive Phytochemicals ◽

Herbal Plant

Herbal plants are an important source of natural active products that are different based on the mechanism and biological properties of the plant. Celery (Apiumgraveolens) is considered as a native medicinal plant of Europe. This medicinal herbal plant is used as a medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Apiumgraveolens is a plant from the family apiaceae has been undergone study by several scientists. Apiumgraveolens involves in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, lowering blood glucose, Lowering blood pressure, strengthening the cardio system, antifungal, anti-inflammatory & anticoagulant activity. Apiumgraveolens leads to an increased amount of calcium and decreased amount of potassium in the cardiac tissue. The essential oil of Celery has an antibacterial effect as well. The current finding illuminates the importance of Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Apiumgraveolens Linn in three different solvents Ethanol, Ethyl acetate & Hexane which acts against the disease state called Gout.The review strongly proves that the Apiumgraveolens has been as a good source of medicine in treating various diseases. There is also a consideration to identify the bioactive phytochemicals present in the plant Celery (Apiumgraveolens Linn)

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The Significance of Toll-Like Receptors in the Neuroimmunologic Background of Alcohol Dependence

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.797123 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Agnieszka Czerwińska-Błaszczyk ◽

Edyta Pawlak ◽

Tomasz Pawłowski

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Behavioral Control ◽

Immunological Response ◽

Alcohol Addiction ◽

Specific Response ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Specific Immunity ◽

The Family

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a group of protein belonging to the family of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) which have the ability to distinguish between an organism's own antigens and foreign ones and to induce immunological response. TLR play a significant part in non-specific immunity but at the same time they are also a vital element linking non-specific response to the specific one. A growing number of data seems to indicate that the non-specific immunity mechanisms affect the development and sustenance of alcohol addiction. Alcohol damages the organism's cells not only directly but also through an increase inintestinal permeability which induces innate immune response of peripheral blood cells. The signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors located on the surface of brain immune cells intensifies the inflammatory reaction and, through modifying gene expression of proinflammatory factors, unnaturally supports it. This overly protracted “sterile inflammatory reaction” positively correlates with alcohol craving affecting also the functioning of the reward system structures and increasing the risk of relapse of alcoholism. Recurrent alcoholic binges sensitize the microglia and cause an escalation in inflammatory reaction which also leads to neurodegeneration. The induction of innate immunity signaling pathways exposes clinical symptoms of alcohol addiction such as increased impulsivity, loss of behavioral control, depressive-anxiety symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions. Traditional methods of treating alcohol addiction have tended to focus predominantly on reducing symptoms which—given the frequency of relapses—seems insufficient. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the role of toll-like receptors as elements of the immunity system which, together with the nervous system, plays a crucial part in the pathogenesis of alcohol addiction. We also wish to present pharmacotherapeutic perspectives targeted at the neuroimmunological mechanisms of alcohol addiction.

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Coronavirus detection system using IoT: A design prototype

WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy ◽

10.32438/wpe.292021 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 323-329

Author(s):

Vinay Babu ◽

Shyamsunder Mishra

Keyword(s):

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Detection System ◽

Direct Access ◽

Shortness Of Breath ◽

Course Of Action ◽

Medical Facilities ◽

Reporting Tool ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Internet Of Things

The severity level of the epidemic situation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in respective countries is fully identified and documented now. However, the learnings from these episodes were not taken well, leading to the pandemic situation of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Clinical signatures for COVID-19 positive cases range from asymptotic to fever, fatigue, myalgia, shortness of breath, sore throat, pneumonia etc., making it difficult to differentiate. Amongst these common clinical signatures, anecdotal symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia of COVID-19 cases are additional growing evidence and under consideration in “COVID-19 Anosmia Reporting Tool for Clinicians”. The role of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its uses are not new for healthcare industries now. The proposed system of COVID-19 Detection System (CDS) is based on symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19 positive cases. The CDS is a flexible IoT tool to include further appropriate clinical symptoms and will serve for people having no direct access to proper medical facilities. However, scrutiny from appropriate medical agencies may be the further course of action.

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RNA Coronaviruses’ Outbreaks: Recent Progress on the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Diagnostic Tests, Vaccination and Therapeutics

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557521666210422113915 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Ghadeer A. R. Y. Suaifan ◽

Bayan A. Alkhawaja ◽

Aya A. M. Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Viral Infections ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

The Novel ◽

Clinical Prognosis ◽

High Profile ◽

Intervention Measures ◽

Diagnostic Approaches ◽

Novel Coronavirus

: Coronaviruses are RNA-infective viruses that could be considered principal players in universal high-profile outbreaks, namely the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2002-2003), the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS, 2012) and the continuing novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19, 2019) pandemic. RNA coronaviruses infections raise public health concerns with infections’ severity ranging from serious pandemics and highly contagious infections to common influenza episodes. With a wide consensus concerning the seminal role of early detection of the infectious agent on the clinical prognosis, recent technological endeavors have facilitated the rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of viral infections. Given that the burst of confirmed cases of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are climbing steeply, and we are amid this pandemic, this work will center at the respiratory RNA-viruses outbreaks, including the three coronaviruses-related pandemics, emphasizing on the approved diagnostic approaches, outlining therapeutic clinical trials as well as vaccine candidates. Based on the accumulated data and knowledge on the previous RNA-virus outbreaks, this review aspires to link the current intervention measures against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the previous interventions and to provide a roadmap for any possible future measures.

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A review on role of Pratimarsha Nasya with Anutaila in the prevention of covid-19

Ayurline: International Journal of Research in Indian Medicine ◽

10.52482/ayurline.v5i02.504 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Ashwini R. Parkanthe ◽

Brijesh Mishra

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Promising Result ◽

Preventive Measure ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

The Family ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus belonging to the family coronaviridae and is now known to be responsible for the outbreak of a series of recent acute atypical respiratory infections originating in Wuhan, China. The disease caused by this virus, termed coronavirus disease 19 or simply Covid-19, has rapidly spread throughout the world at an alarming pace and has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. In Ayurveda pandemic is explained in Charak Samhita viman sthana under Janpadodhwansiya adhyaya. Till date no medicine or therapy has demonstrated promising result in Covid-19. So, we can prevent and defend this disease by boosting own immunity. Which can be achieved by adopting ayurvedic measures such as following proper Dincharya, Ritucharya, Sadvritta, Achar Rasayan Panchkarma etc. These practices lay emphasis on prevention of disease and promotion of health, one of such preventive measure is Pratimarsha nasya. Pratimarsha Nasya with Anutaila explained in Dincharya. Most of ingredients of Anutaila possess Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Anti-viral properties ultimately these functions of Anutaila will lead to enhancement of respiratory immunity and will help in prevention of covid-19 a respiratory disease.

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Cytokine Storms, Evolution, and COVID-19

Evolution Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.1093/emph/eoab005 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joe Alcock ◽

Alix Masters

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Evolutionary Medicine ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Host Immune System ◽

The Novel ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Medical Interventions ◽

Experimental Therapies ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Since the identification of severe illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the role of the host immune system in causing disease has attracted widespread attention, along with intense interest in medical interventions that target the host immune response. A wide variety of agents have been proposed to treat a cytokine storm in COVID-19, but so far, only one class of medications, corticosteroids, has proved useful. In recent decades, experimental therapies for cytokine storms have been tried and mostly failed to help patients with severe sepsis and other infections. We summarize this history in order to frame expectations for novel interventions in COVID-19 and to bring an evolutionary medicine perspective to the concept of cytokine storms and their treatment.

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Protease-activated receptor 1 as a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1177/1535370220978372 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 153537022097837

Author(s):

Emanuel S. Rovai ◽

Tomaz Alves ◽

Marinella Holzhausen

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Progressive Increase ◽

Prothrombotic State ◽

Potential Therapeutic Target ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Protease Activated Receptor 1 ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread all over the world, since its discovery in 2019, Wuhan, China. This disease is called COVID-19 and already killed over 1 million people worldwide. The clinical symptoms include fever, dry cough, dyspnea, headache, dizziness, generalized weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Unfortunately, so far, there is no validated vaccine, and its management consists mainly of supportive care. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are highly prevalent in patients suffering from severe COVID-19. In fact, a prothrombotic state seems to be present in most fatal cases of the disease. SARS-CoV-2 leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, causing immune-mediated tissue damage, disruption of the endothelial barrier, and uncontrolled thrombogenesis. Thrombin is the key regulator of coagulation and fibrin formation. In severe COVID-19, a dysfunctional of physiological anticoagulant mechanisms leads to a progressive increase of thrombin activity, which is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome development and a poor prognosis. Protease-activated receptor type 1 (PAR1) is the main thrombin receptor and may represent an essential link between coagulation and inflammation in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the potential role of PAR1 inhibition and regulation in COVID-19 treatment.

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