IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI AIR MINUM ISI ULANG DARI DEPOT YANG MENGGUNAKAN SUMBER AIR NON PDAM DI KOTA SAMARINDA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Nur Maulida Aulia ◽  
Sudrajat Sudrajat ◽  
Eko Kusumawati
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Methyl Red ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria

This aim of the present work is to know the type and the number of contamination in drinking water refill from depot using Non-PDAM water resource in Samarinda City. The sample were obtained from five subdistricts such as North Samarinda, Sambutan, Palaran, Loa Janan Ilir and Samarinda Ilir. Identification of bacteria using PCA (Plate Count Agar) media, BA (Blood Agar) and MCA (Mac Conkey Agar). Potentially pathogenic colonies tested for biochemical include SIM (Sulfid Indol Motile), SC (Simon Citrate), MR (Methyl red), VP (Voges Proskauer), TSIA (Triple Sugar Iron Agar), Nitrate, Urea, PAA (Phenyl Alanin Agar) and Glucose of. The results show that there is bacterial contamination in drinking water refill from depot using Non-PDAM water resource such as genus Staphylococcus, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter. The number of bacterial contamination were found at least in samples C1 and C2 from Sambutan, sample D2 from Palaran and the most contamination number was found in sample A1 from North Samarinda.

Evaluation of Dichloran-Rose Bengal Agar for Enumeration of Fungi in Foods1

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 562-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. KOBURGER ◽  
F. C. CHANG ◽  
C. I. WEI
Keyword(s):  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Standard Procedures

Samples of flour, corn meal, ground meat and carrots were analyzed by standard procedures for presence of fungi using both Dichloran-Rose Bengal (DRBC) and Plate Count agar with antibiotics. Bacterial contamination was so extensive with ground meat and carrot samples on DRBC that meaningful fungal counts could not be obtained. Therefore, DRBC is not recommended for routine enumeration of fungi in foods.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Mikroba Simplisia Herba Ekinase (Echinacea Purpurea) dan Daun Kepel (Stelechocarpus Burahol) Pada Empat Variasi Kemasan dengan Rapid tm One System

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniska Novita Sari ◽  
Inge Oktaviani ◽  
Fitriana Fitriana ◽  
Dyah Subositi
Keyword(s):  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Packaging Material ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Coated Paper ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Agar Media

Abstract The lifestyle back to nature encourages the development of herbal research in the world. The quality of herbal products is influenced by several factors including the packaging process and the types of packaging material. The objective of this study was to identify of microbes in Echinacea purpurea and Stelechocarpus burahol which were packaged in 4 packaging material types (Paper, Vacuum plastic, plastic-coated paper, plastic coated paper). Sample were collected after being stored for 2 months in WKJ (Wisata Kunjungan Jamu) Kalibakung. Microbes were grown in PCA (Plate Count Agar) media, observation of colony morphology, microbial purification in NA (Nutrient Agar) media, gram staining, Catalase Test, Oxidase Test, and Identification Test using the RapID TM ONE System. The results showed that packaging material variations had an effect in microbial species grown in E. purpurea and S. burahol herbs simplisia. Bacteria on simplisia of E. purpurea packed using paper material were Corynebacterium jeikeium and Leminorella richardii ; Vacuum Plastic: Enterobacter cloacae; plastic-coated paper: E. aerogenes and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; and paper plastic: A. calcoaceticus . Bacteria in simplisia of S. burahol leaves packed using paper material: Shigella sp., E. aerogenes, and Burkholderia cepacia; Vacuum plastic: A. calcoaceticus, Leminorella richardii and arabic; plastic- coated paper: A. calcoaceticus ; and paper coated plastic: L. richardii . There were no microbes species required by BPOM found in simplisia that packaged using various types of packaging materials. Recommendation for simplisia packaging material is using vacuum plastic. Keywords : Echinacea purpurea, Stelechocarpus burahol, microbes, packaging material types Abstrak Gaya hidup kembali ke alam mendorong pengembangan penelitian herbal di dunia. Kualitas produk herbal dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor termasuk proses pengemasan dan jenis bahan kemasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi mikroba dalam simplisia kering Echinacea purpurea dan Stelechocarpus burahol yang dikemas dalam 4 jenis bahan kemasan (Kertas, plastik vakum, kertas berlapis plastik, kertas dilapisi plastik). Sampel dikumpulkan setelah disimpan selama 2 bulan di WKJ (Wisata Kunjungan Jamu) Kalibakung. Mikroba ditanam dalam media PCA (Plate Count Agar), dilakukan pengamatan morfologi koloni, pemurnian mikroba dalam media NA (Nutrient Agar), pewarnaan gram, Uji Katalase, Tes Oksidase, dan Uji Identifikasi menggunakan RapID TM ONE System. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi bahan kemasan memiliki efek pada spesies mikroba yang tumbuh pada simplisia E. purpurea dan S. burahol. Bakteri pada simplisia E. purpurea yang dikemas menggunakan bahan kertas adalah Corynebacterium jeikeium dan Leminorella richardii; Plastik Vakum: Enterobacter cloacae; kertas berlapis plastik: E. aerogenes dan Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; dan kertas plastik: A. calcoaceticus. Bakteri dalam simplisia daun S. burahol dikemas menggunakan bahan kertas: Shigella sp., E. aerogenes, dan Burkholderia cepacia; Plastik vakum: A. calcoaceticus, Leminorella richardii dan A. calcoaceticus; kertas berlapis plastik: A. calcoaceticus; dan plastik berlapis kertas: L. richardii. Tidak ada spesies mikroba yang disyaratkan oleh BPOM ditemukan pada simplisia yang dikemas menggunakan berbagai jenis bahan kemasan. Rekomendasi untuk bahan kemasan simplisia adalah menggunakan plastik vakum. Kata kunci: Echinacea purpurea, Stelechocarpus burahol, mikroba, jenis bahan kemasan

The Spoilage of UHT-Treated Chocolate Milk by Thermoduric Bacteria

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1050-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOAN C. ANTOINE ◽  
ALFRED L. DONAWA
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Chocolate Milk ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
High Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Inoculum Rate

The sporadic occurrence of swollen packs of chocolate milk at a local milk processing plant is the main reason for this investigation and to identify and characterize the spoilage agents. Of the 62 packs of chocolate milk collected, 15 became swollen within 24 h. All of these had high viable bacterial counts on plate count agar, whereas those that did not swell were free from bacterial contamination. There were two bacterial types found either individually or together in the swollen packs. Both isolates were confirmed as spoilers because when they were inoculated into intact packs, spoilage occurred within 48 h and the inoculant organisms were re-isolated from these packs. In addition, the onset of swelling was more rapid with increasing inoculum rate. Both isolates showed versatility in their ability to grow over fairly wide pH and temperature ranges both aerobically and anaerobically. Although they showed no evidence of sporulating, both isolates identified as Enterobacter sp. and Micrococcus sp. showed fairly high temperature tolerance but low H2O2 tolerance. The temperature-tolerant gram-negative rod which was identified as an Enterobacter sp. could have implications for the acceptable levels of heat treatment to be used in milk preservation in Trinidad.

scholarly journals POPULASI BAKTERI NORMAL DAN BAKTERI KITINOLITIK PADA SALURAN PENCERNAAN LOBSTER PASIR (Panulirus homarus L.) YANG DIBERI KITOSAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiq Nihayatun Nufus, Galuh Tresnani Dan Faturrahman
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Chitinolytic Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan lobster pasir (Panulirus homarus) sangat bergantung pada bakteri-bakteri yang terdapat pada saluran pencernaan. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkannya adalah dengan penambahan kitosan yang akan berpengaruh terhadap bakteri-bakteri kitinolitik saluran pencernaan lobster. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan jumlah bakteri kitinolitik dan bakteri normal pada saluran pencernaan lobster pasir (Panulirus homarus). Penelitian dilakukan selama 3 bulan di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Lombok, Sekotong. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan dengan variasi berat kitosan per-kg pakan (0 g, 1 g, 2 g dan 4 g). Sampel yang diambil dari saluran pencernaan lobster yaitu bagian usus dan lambung. Seri pengenceran 10-6 cfu/ml, 10-7 cfu/ml dan 10-8 cfu/ml diisolasi pada media Plate Count Agar (PCA) dan dimurnikan pada media agar kitin. Perhitungan total bakteri menggunakan analisis Total Plate Count (TPC). Hasil penelitian variasi berat kitosan diperoleh angka lempeng total bakteri pada kontrol, P1, P2 dan P3 secara berturut-turut pada media PCA adalah 49,5x109 cfu/ml, 52,1x109 cfu/ml, 25,1x109 cfu/ml dan 15,8x109 cfu/ml dan pada media agar kitin adalah 5x107 cfu/ml, 272x107 cfu/ml, 241x107 cfu/ml dan 55x107 cfu/ml. Jumlah populasi bakteri tertinggi pada P1 sebesar 52,1x109 cfu/ml pada media PCA dan P1 pada media kitin agar sebesar 272x107 cfu/ml. Berdasarkan hasil analysis of variance (ANOVA 5%) menunjukkan perlakuan variasi berat kitosan per-kg pakan tidak berpengaruh nyata. Kata kunci: lobster pasir, bakteri normal, bakteri kitinolitik, saluran pencernaan, kitosan, metode TPC. ABSTRACT The grow of sand lobster (Panulirus homarus L.)  is extremely depend on a lot of bacteria which is found at digestive system. On of the effort to increase it for chitosan addition that influence to chitinolytic bacteria of sand lobster (Panulirus homarus L.) at digestive system. The research aimed to find out amount of comparation between chitinolytic bacteria and normal bacteria of sand lobster (Panulirus homarus L.) at digestive system which is donefor for three months at Mariculture Hall Lombok, Sekotong. This research use completely randomized design with 4 treatment and 3 test of variation weight of chitosan each kg woof (0 g, 1 g, 2 g dan 4 g). The sampleis taken through its colon and stomach. Melting series 10-6 cfu/ml, 10-7 cfu/ml dan 10-8 cfu/ml are isolated on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and be purified on Chitin Agar Media. The total calculation of bacteria that using Total Plate Count (TPC). The result of chitosan weight variationhas found a total plate count of bacteria on control, P1, P2 and P3 continuously at PCA media are 49,5x109 cfu/ml, 52,1x109 cfu/ml, 25,1x109 cfu/ml dan 15,8x109 cfu/ml and Chitin Agar Media are 5x107 cfu/ml, 272x107 cfu/ml, 241x107 cfu/ml dan 55x107 cfu/ml. the highest is on P1 is about 52,1x109 cfu/ml and P1 for Chitin Agar Media is about 272x107 cfu/ml. Based on the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA 5%) show chitosan weight variation treatment each kg woof did not significantly affect. Keywords: sand lobster, normal bacteria, bacteria chitinolytic, gastrointestinal tract, chitosan, TPC method.

Comparison of Antibiotic-Containing Media and Media Supplemented with Dichloran and Rose Bengal for Isolation and Enumeration of Fungi in Spices

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 815-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOANNA H. ROGERS ◽  
PHILIP S. GUARINO
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Colony Morphology ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Extract Agar ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

Yeast and mold counts of various spice products were determined using Dichloran Rose Bengal agar, Phytone Yeast Extract agar with added Dichloran and Rose Bengal, and Antibiotic Plate Count agar. Media containing the added Dichloran and Rose Bengal proved superior to media without Dichloran and Rose Bengal in controlling mold overgrowth, and promoting distinct colony morphology. Results were obtained 2 d earlier using Phytone Yeast Extract agar with added Dichloran and Rose Bengal.

scholarly journals Isolasi Bakteri Endofit pada Tanaman Jeruk Keprok (Citrus reticulata) Madura dan Uji Potensi Antagonis dengan jamur Diplodia sp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Nurul Afiyatul Jannah ◽  
Ahmad Syauqi ◽  
Hari Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
The Relationship

Endophytes can produce large quantities of bioactive metabolites, which are involved in the relationship between endophytes and hosts. Among the potential antagonistic bacteria that can be used as biological controllers are endophytic bacteria, namely bacteria that live in plant tissues and can move between tissues. One alternative to controlling diseases in citrus plants is to use biological agents that are antagonistic to the cause of the disease. Exploration of biological agents was carried out by isolating endophytic bacteria leaves of Madura varieties. The aim of researh was to determine the diversity index of endophytic bacteria from the leaves of Madura variety and to know the antagonistic colonies of endophytic bacteria toward Diplodia sp. The study used descriptive and experimental methods with taking into account the research objectives. Observations were carried out using PCA (Plate Count Agar) media, NA (Nutrient Agar), and MCA (Mac Conkey Agar). Diversity index of endophytic bacterial microorganisms isolated from the leaves of Madura varieties, namely 9 types of bacterial colonies obtained E1 milky white, E2 milky white, E3 milky white, E4 milky white, E5 white, E6 white, E6 white, E7 white, E8 Yellow and E9 clear white. After the antagonistic test of the nature of the bacterial colonies with the diplodia fungus sp, there were four types of antagonistic endophytic bacteria colonies namely E3 percentage (47.5%), E4 percentage (35.31%), E6 percentage (35%), lastly E9 percentage (63, 43%). Keywords: Endophytic bacteria, orange leaves, diplodia fungus. ABSTRAK Endofit dapat menghasilkan bioaktif metabolit dalam jumlah banyak, yang terlibat didalam hubungan antara endofit dan inang. Diantara bakteri potensial antagonis yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengendali hayati adalah bakteri endofit yaitu bakteri yang hidup didalam jaringan tanaman dan dapat berpindah antar jaringan. Salah satu alternatif pengendalian penyakit pada tanaman jeruk adalah menggunaan agen hayati yang bersifat antagonis terhadap penyebab penyakit. Eksplorasi agen hayati dilakukan dengan mengisolasi bakteri endofit daun tanaman jeruk keprok varietas Madura. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan indeks keragaman mikroorganisme bakteri endofit daun jeruk keprok varietas Madura dan mempelajari sifat Antagonis koloni bakteri Endofit kepada jamur Diplodia sp. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskrptif dan eksperimental dengan dengan mempertimbangkan tujuan penelitian. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mengunakan media PCA (Plate Count Agar), NA (Nutrient Agar), dan MCA (Mac Conkey Agar). Indeks keragaman mikroorganisme bakteri endofit yang diisolasi dari daun jeruk keprok varietas Madura yaitu ada 9 macam koloni bakteri yang didapat E1 warna putih susu, E2 putih susu, E3 putih susu, E4 putih susu, E5 putih, E6 putih, E7 putih, E8 Kuning dan E9 putih bening. Setelah dilakukannya uji antagonis sifat dari koloni bakteri dengan jamur diplodia sp ada empat macam koloni bakteri endofit yang bersifat antagonis yaitu E3 persentase (47,5%), E4 persentase (35,31%), E6 persentase (35%), terakhir yaitu dari E9 persentase (63,43%). Kata kunci: Bakteri Endofit, daun jeruk, jamur Diplodia sp.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS AND FIGURES OF FRESH TILAPIA BACTERIA FROM TAMBAK SAWIYOH SIDOARJO

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Sara Wijimulyati ◽  
Erfan Andrianto Aritonang ◽  
Eka Rista Efrem Burga
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Water Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Total Bacteria

ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze characteristic and calculate the number of bacterial contamination of fresh nila fish from Sawiyoh pond Sidoarjo, East Java. A total of 30 fresh nila fish were taken and examined at the Microbiology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya University. This research is a descriptive study with observational methods. The step of bacterial enrichment was carried out on BPW (Buffered Pepton Water) media. The bacterial identification procedure uses selective media SSA (Salmonella-Shigella Agar), Gram staining, and tests on TSIA media (Triple Sugar Iron Agar). The procedure for calculating the total bacteria using TPC (Total Plate Count) on NA (Nutrient Agar) media. The results on selective SSA media in 30 samples showed suspect Salmonella sp. with the characteristics of colorless colonies with black dots in the middle. The results of Gram staining in 30 samples showed that the bacteria were Gram negative in the form of rods. Test results on TSIA media identified one positive sample of Salmonella sp. (sample 09) with characteristics of the red slope of the media, the base of the media is yellow, and H2S is formed. The results of the calculation of total bacteria by the TPC method showed that the total bacterial total was 15.8 x 105 CFU / gram. The limit of microbial contamination according to the 2009 SNI for fresh fish is 5 x 105 CFU / gram so that fresh nila fish from Sawiyoh Sidoarjo pond has a number of bacterial contamination above the stipulated threshold.Keywords: Nila Fish, Gram Staining, Salmonella sp., Salmonella-Shigella Agar, Total Plate Count, Triple Sugar Iron Agar

scholarly journals Analisis Bakteri E. Coli Minuman Es Dawet di Kabupaten Kudus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
David Laksamana Caesar ◽  
Umi Rohmah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

The coverage of drinking water quality inspection in Central Java has only reached 82.1%. One type of drinking water that is often consumed by the public is dawet ice. Dawet ice can be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Escherichia coli (E. coli). Contamination can occur through water used to process coconut milk or from water used to make ice. In addition, contamination can occur during the processing or distribution process of dawet ice with. This study aims to determine the presence of E. coli bacteria in dawet ice drinks. This type of research uses quantitative descriptive analysis instrument with the Plate Count Agar (PCA) method. Samples taken amounted to 30 samples in the area of Kudus Regency. The results showed that the presence of E. coli bacteria in dawet ice samples sold in Kudus Regency. There are still many dawet ice in Kudus Regency which contain E.coli bacteria, namely 83.4%. This is because respondents do not pay attention to personal hygiene and sanitation

scholarly journals Evaluation of bacterial and fungal contamination of kitchens of Birjand University of Medical Sciences

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyedeh Masoomeh Rahimi ◽  
Maryam Ebrahimi ◽  
Behnam Barikbin ◽  
Tayebeh Zeinali
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objective This study aims to evaluate the total bacterial and fungal count of tools, devices and surfaces of kitchens of the centers affiliated to Birjand University of Medical Sciences. In this study, 200 samples from four kitchens of Birjand University of Medical Sciences were obtained. After the preparation of serial dilutions, samples were cultured in plate count agar (PCA) plates and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). After incubation at 37 and 25 °C for 24–48 and 72–96 h respectively, the microbial and fungal colonies were counted. Results The mean bacterial and fungal count of kitchens was 7.7 * 107 and 7.6 * 104, respectively. The highest and lowest levels of bacterial contamination were related to tools/devices and cover of tools/work clothes and the highest and lowest levels of fungal count were related to forks and spoons and the tools and devices of the storage site. The rate of contamination in the kitchens of Birjand University of Medical Sciences was relatively high. Thus, serious, continuous and accurate monitoring of the units, training of people working in all stages of cooking and disinfection the tools and devices are essential for control and prevention of disease transmission.

Improving water age estimation in a drinking water distribution network by field study and digital modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Kristian Rakstang ◽  
Michael B. Waak ◽  
Marius M. Rokstad ◽  
Cynthia Hallé
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

<p>Municipal drinking water distribution networks are complex and dynamic systems often spanning many hundreds of kilometers and serving thousands of consumers. Degradation of water quality within a distribution network can be associated to water age (i.e., time elapsed after treatment). Norwegian distribution networks often consist of an intricate combination of pressure zones, in which the transport path(s) between source and consumer is not easily ascertained. Water age is therefore poorly understood in many Norwegian distribution networks. In this study, simulations obtained from a water network model were used to estimate water age in a Norwegian municipal distribution network. A full-scale tracer study using sodium chloride salt was conducted to assess simulation accuracy. Water conductivity provided empirical estimates of salt arrival time at five monitoring stations. These estimates were consistently higher than simulated peak arrival times. Nevertheless, empirical and simulated water age correlated well, indicating that additional network model calibration will improve accuracy. Subsequently, simulated mean water age also correlated strongly with heterotrophic plate count (HPC) monitoring data from the distribution network (Pearson’s R= 0.78, P= 0.00046), indicating biomass accumulation during distribution—perhaps due to bacterial growth or biofilm interactions—and illustrating the importance of water age for water quality. This study demonstrates that Norwegian network models can be calibrated with simple and cost-effective salt tracer studies to improve water age estimates. Improved water age estimation will increase our understanding of water quality dynamics in distribution networks. This can, through digital tools, be used to monitor and control water age, and its impact on biogrowth in the network.</p>

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