FUSION NUCLEAR POWER AS PERS PECTIVE FOR ACHIEVING THE DECARBONATION OF ENERGY SECTOR

Low-carbon economy has become a development trend in the international energy sector. Our national electric power industry as a part of the energy sector has to change the power structure in order to follow this climate. In this paper, from the perspective of cost-benefits, based on the analysis of impact of the indicators of the power structure, we establish a index system of the planning low-carbon power structure. Combined with the method of analytic hierarchy process, we re-plan the traditional power structure. Finally quantify the distribution proportion of the thermal power, hydropower, wind power, nuclear power and solar power.

Determinants of Sovereign Investment Protectionism: the Case of Bulgaria’s Nuclear Energy Sector

Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies ◽

10.15388/omee.2015.6.2.14221 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 35-66

Author(s):

Elena A. Iankova ◽

Atanas G. Tzenev

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Nuclear Energy ◽

Critical Infrastructure ◽

Academic Research ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Soviet Bloc ◽

The European Union ◽

Investment Activity ◽

Foreign Governments ◽

Owned Company

Foreign direct investment (FDI) by entities controlled by foreign governments (especially state-owned enterprises) is a new global phenomenon that is most often linked to the rise of emerging markets such as China and Russia. Host governments have struggled to properly react to this type of investment activity especially in key strategic sectors and critical infrastructure that ultimately raise questions of national security. Academic research on sovereign investment as a factor contributing to the new global protectionist trend is very limited, and predominantly focused on sovereign investors from China. This study explores the specifics of Russian sovereign investment in the former Soviet Bloc countries, now members of the European Union, especially in strategic sectors such as energy. We use the case of Bulgaria’s nuclear energy sector and the involvement of Russia’s state-owned company Rosatom in the halted Belene nuclear power plant project to analyze the dynamics of policy and politics, political-economic ideologies and historical legacies in the formation of national stances towards Russia as a sovereign investor. Our research contributes to the emerging literature on FDI protectionism and sovereign investment by emphasizing the significance of political-ideological divides and the heritage of the past as determinants of sovereign investment protectionism.

The Role of The European Bank in The Energy Sector

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/014459879401200502 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 351-357

Author(s):

John Coleman

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Joint Venture ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Private Investment ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Oil Companies ◽

European Bank ◽

Oil And Gas Sector ◽

Total Project

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development was established in 1991 and is owned by the western industrialized countries, including Canada, and the former communist countries of Europe and Central Asia. Its purpose is to assist the latter countries to make the transition from command to market economies in a democratic framework. The Bank, with an initial capital of approximately US$1.2 billion, directs 60 per cent of its resources towards private enterprises and state-owned enterprises which are being privatized. The remainder of the EBRD's lending is directed to governments for infrastructure development. The EBRD's lending, now at US$1.5 to 2 billion a year, is small in relation to the investment needs of its countries of operation. As a result, the Bank tries to maximize its leverage by limiting its share in total project financing to 35 per cent and encouraging co-financing by other lenders and investors. Through its lending it tries to create a demonstration effect and to encourage institutional reforms which increase private investment flows. In the energy sector, most of the EBRD's lending has been in the oil and gas sector in Russia, but it is open for business in other sectors and in all countries of operation. Unlike other development banks, the EBRD is prepared to finance nuclear power projects, especially for improving the safety and extending the operating life of nuclear power stations built before the fall of communism. In this connection, it operates a Nuclear Safety Account established by the G-7 countries after the 1992 Munich Summit. The Bank also is prepared to finance conventional power plants where these would permit the closure of obsolete or unsafe nuclear plants. In the oil and gas sector, most of the EBRD's lending has related to private sector, joint venture projects in Russia, aimed at oilfield rehabilitation and development. Three of the eight projects done so far have involved Canadian firms, reflecting their expertise in secondary and tertiary recovery, and cold weather operations. The private sector ventures supported by the Bank normally involve joint stock companies owned 50 per cent by western partners and 50 per cent by Russian state oil companies, which are being privatized or are operating according to private sector principles. The joint stock companies make up the difference between the EBRD's financing and total project cost through equity contributions in cash and kind, and through debt financing. The EBRD adds value not simply through its own financing. Its involvement in a project promotes co-financing by other investors. Its influence on behalf of foreign and local investors can help overcome administrative and regulatory difficulties affecting projects. Furthermore, the EBRD can give potential clients the benefit of its accumulated knowledge on how to structure the deal to meet host country priorities and regulations and to benefit from the greatest possible financing from the EBRD and from other lenders and investors.

Development of an intelligent system of experimental control in the energy sector

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202016413003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 164 ◽

pp. 13003

Author(s):

Larisa Grigoreva ◽

Vladimir Grigoryev

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Power Unit ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Intelligent System ◽

Tight Binding ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Experimental Control ◽

Physical Experiments

The article presents a completed project of an experimental control system in the energy sector. An intelligent experimental control system can be used at various types of power plants, including nuclear power units. The developed complex includes design schemes for operational monitoring and registration of rapidly changing neutron-physical and technological parameters of a nuclear power unit at the stages of commissioning of a power unit. Automated process control systems allow the collection and registration of analog parameters with a frequency of not more than 1 second, which is insufficient for correct calculations during neutron-physical experiments and power unit tests. The presented intelligent experimental control system allows the reception and registration of analog signals with a frequency of not more than 100 millisecond. A patented software implementation has been developed that provides unlimited possibilities for realizing customer requirements for operator functionality and interface, as well as the ability to avoid tight binding to specific hardware components.

STATE'S READINESS MOBILITY IN APPLYING NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY AS ENERY DEVELOPMENT IN LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum ◽

10.26532/jph.v8i2.16478 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 290

Author(s):

Shaleh Raed Shatat ◽

Ade Riusma Ariyana ◽

Devina Arifani

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power Plant ◽

Heat Source ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Nuclear Energy ◽

Nuclear Power Plants ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Energy Sector

The states Nuclear Program is a program to build and utilize nuclear science and technology both in the non-energy sector and in the energy sector for peaceful purposes. Utilization of non-energy in Indonesia has developed quite advanced. The use of nuclear power in every countries covers various fields such as health, research and industry. Indonesia's readiness in implementing nuclear energy is carried out by ratifying international conventions, issuing laws, and issuing regulations from the Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency, readiness in the field of infrastructure used to strengthen technology, and in Indonesia is committed to reducing 26% of greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2020. A nuclear power plant or nuclear power plant is a thermal power plant that uses one or more nuclear reactors as a heat source. The working principle of a nuclear power plant is almost the same as a steam power plant, using high pressure steam to turn a turbine. The rotation of the turbine is converted into electrical energy. The difference is the heat source used to generate heat. A nuclear power plant uses uranium as its heat source. The fission reaction (fission) of the uranium nucleus produces enormous heat energy. The power of a nuclear power plant ranges from 40 MWe to 2000 MWe, and a nuclear power plant built in 2005 has a power distribution from 600 MWe to 1200 MWe. As of 2015 there are 437 nuclear power plants operating in the world, which in total generate about 1/6 of the world's electrical energy. To date, around 66 nuclear power plants are being built in various countries, including China with 28 units, Russia with 11 units, India with 7 units, the United Arab Emirates with 4 units, South Korea with 4 units, Pakistan and Taiwan with 2 units each. Nuclear power plants are categorized based on the type of reactor used. However, in some plants that have several separate reactor units, it is possible to use reactor types that are fueled such as Uranium and Plutonium.

Polityka klimatyczna UE a rozwój polskiej energetyki konwencjonalnej

Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace ◽

10.33119/kkessip.2011.2.6 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 137-168

Author(s):

Piotr Jeżowski

Keyword(s):

Climate Policy ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Energy Prices ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Industrial Emissions ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Eu Climate Policy ◽

The Eu

The study's aim is the analysis and the assessment the EU climate policy and its impacts on the development of conditions of the Polish conventional energy sector. The EU climate policy has a strong influence on Polish energy sector to the year 2020 and further. The position of Polish energy sector is unusual in Europe due to the structure of domestic energy balance. This all with confrontation to the EU aspirations for low carbon economy gives uncertain perspectives for the conventional energy sector. The very ambitious EU climate package and the New Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) led Poland to enormous investments in modernization of coal power and heat plants, very expensive CCS technologies and nuclear power plants. The energy sector isn't able to finance all theseprograms. The climate package and the IED will generate also the increase of energy prices in the next two decades which will be very difficult to absorpt by the national industry and households.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY MARKET

EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA ◽

10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.08.01.022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 164-174

Author(s):

Zh. V. IVANOVSKAYA ◽

Keyword(s):

International Cooperation ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Nuclear Energy ◽

Power Industry ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Nuclear Power Industry ◽

Energy Market ◽

State Support ◽

Global Energy ◽

State Corporation

The prospects of the Russian nuclear power industry depend on many factors, including economic, technological, political, social, and other aspects of the development of the global energy market. To increase the competitiveness of the Russian nuclear power industry, it is necessary to strengthen the existing advantages of Rosatom State Corporation, as well as state support for programs aimed at the development of nuclear technologies, both in the energy sector and in other sectors of the economy, including healthcare. The issues of developing international cooperation are particularly relevant when realizing the export potential of Russian nuclear energy.

Nuclear energy: Russia’s international treaties with other EEU members

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/202111803022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 118 ◽

pp. 03022

Author(s):

Olga Vladimirovna Glikman ◽

Aziza Ulugbekovna Nazarova ◽

Alina Valeryevna Filippova ◽

Ekaterina Gennadyevna Minenkova

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Nuclear Energy ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Special Role ◽

Legal Analysis ◽

International Treaties ◽

Eurasian Economic Union ◽

General Scientific ◽

Economic Union

The purpose of the study is to identify trends and compare the scope of multilateral and bilateral international legal regulation of relations between Russia and other Eurasian Economic Union members in the field of peaceful use of nuclear power (energy). The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and special legal methods. The application of these methods made it possible to subject the current national legislation in the field of nuclear energy to in-depth comparative legal analysis and to identify the prospects for its modernization. The result of the study was the absence of special provisions in the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union aimed at integration in the nuclear energy sector and the formation of a common nuclear energy market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The study’s novelty lies in the authors’ approach to the allocation and comparison of the scope and subject matter of existing international treaties of Russia with other Eurasian Economic Union members, regulating cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, which are not included in the Eurasian Economic Union law. According to the authors, despite the prospects and trends of forming the Eurasian Economic Union nuclear law noted by experts, Russia’s bilateral international agreements with other Eurasian Economic Union members will continue to play a special role in regulating relations in the nuclear energy sector.

PROSPECTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY SECTOR OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development ◽

10.37100/2616-7689.2021.9(28).3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 21-26

Author(s):

Volodymyr Boiko ◽

Iryna Miskevych

Keyword(s):

Power Generation ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Nuclear Energy ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Energy System ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Green Energy

This article examines the current prospects for developing nuclear energy in Ukraine in terms of sustainable development. The strategic importance of nuclear energy for Ukraine is indicated. The advantages of nuclear energy in the context of electricity production's external costs over other energy generation technologies are noted. Today, nuclear energy is considered the most cost-effective low-carbon energy source. An analysis of reports from the Atomic Energy Agency and the US Department of Energy shows that nuclear power generation is a leader in many countries' energy sector, producing cheaper electricity than traditional TPPs. The main challenges for the energy system of Ukraine are highlighted. Among them are: wear and tear and impact on the environment of thermal generation (equipment at thermal power plants is worn out by 70–90 %); the unsatisfactory pace of modernization of the main generating capacities, mainly TPPs; the inconsistency of the flexibility of the United Energy System (UES) of Ukraine with the development of "green" energy (increasing the share of "green" energy increases the risks of UES sustainability) and the corresponding ill-consideredness in the pace and scale of renewable energy implementation. Lack of shunting power; the need to duplicate the capacity of renewable energy due to the low installed capacity factor (ICUF) and significant dependence on natural and climatic conditions; the need to replace existing nuclear power units, which end their extended service life with new, more modern ones that will meet the latest safety and economy standards; the imperfection of the electricity market, primarily in the context of its sale by nuclear generation producers under bilateral agreements; deficit of investments in the whole fuel and energy complex. The main prospects for the development of nuclear energy in Ukraine are identified. Completion of Units 3 and 4 of Khmelnytskyi NPP (KhNPP) remains a critical prospect. An obstacle to this for Ukraine is the lack of appropriate technologies on the Ukrainian side and the curtailment of cooperation with Russia and companies belonging to this state. Another obstacle is that the promising power units of KhNPP based on WWER-1000 belong to the second generation, which today do not morally meet the latest trends and requirements in efficiency and safety standards. Theoretically, Western leaders in the nuclear industry, Orano and Westinghouse, could develop nuclear power plants based on their next-generation "3" and "3+" reactors, where the essential safety requirements are already embedded in the original design of the unit. Another option would be to implement a small modular reactor technology project in Ukraine. Technologically, this will quickly resolve the issue of load management, which arose due to the rapid increase in the share of renewable energy generation in our country. This type of reactor has a significant advantage, which in addition to the minimum load on the environment is: the possibility of placement in areas where additional services are needed in the energy market; low construction costs; frequency of service and operating time; the full cycle of work with fuel. In general, low-power reactors can be used to implement the strategy of hybrid power generation (renewable + nuclear energy).