The Arc of Formality in Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-145
Author(s):  
Bryan Mccann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
National Capital ◽  
Informal Development ◽  
Drug Economy ◽  
The Military ◽  
Social Marginality

Rio de Janeiro began the twentieth century as capital of a nation that had ended slavery and monarchical rule only in 1888-89. In the new republic, coffee exports and early industrialization concentrated in São Paulo. Rio drew people recently out of slavery and/or escaping the struggling sugar economy of Northeast to irregular subdivisions and informal favelas. As the century moved forward, both the Vargas regime (1930-54, 1950-54) and the military dictatorship (1964-85) promoted formal urban development with land titles and services while the national capital and much of the bureaucracy moved to Brasilia after 1960 and Rio’s limited industrial base corroded. The urban population kept growing, driving a return of informal development as military rule ceded to re-democratization. Favelas, informal subdivisions, and social marginality spread again as criminal enterprises linked to the global drug economy brought limited prosperity and rising violence to the metropolis—contradictions that hosting the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics could not resolve.

scholarly journals FROM BRAZIL TO SWEDEN TO BRAZIL: GENDER TROUBLE IN FERNANDO GABEIRA

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-79
Author(s):  
Dario Borim Jr
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Armed Resistance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Trouble ◽  
The Military ◽  
Formative Years

In light of Judith Butler’s insight, including her theories of gender trouble and performativity, this article investigates Brazilian journalist and activist Fernando Gabeira’s trajectory against machismo, homophobia, and gender presumptions. That trajectory spans his formative years, in Minas Gerais (1940s and 50s), the armed resistance to the military dictatorship. in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (1960s), the activism during exile, mostly in Sweden (1970-1979), and another 35 years of sociopolitical engagement, after his return to Brazil. Key to this essay’s central inquiry are Gabeira’s thoughts and experiences in his O que é isso, companheiro? (1979), O crepúsculo do macho (1980), and Entradas e bandeiras (1981).

Fast, clean and green: Cold War ideologies and urban reforms in Buenos Aires, 1976–1983

Urban History ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-662
Author(s):  
JENNIFER T. HOYT
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
National Capital ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
One Act

ABSTRACT:The last military dictatorship to come to power in Argentina is most well known for its atrocious human rights violations. However, this campaign of terror represents just one act carried out in the regime's efforts to counter leftist activities. The military sought to provide responsive administration as a means to pacify the nation. In the national capital, Buenos Aires, the military pursued a comprehensive set of urban reforms meant to streamline and control the metropolis. Cold War ideologies deeply penetrated the every-day and profoundly changed how citizens lived in Buenos Aires.

scholarly journals “Una imagen real de la Argentina”: Image-based Counter-narratives through the Walking Archive and the Project Hegemony

2013 ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Elena Rosauro
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Real Image ◽  
Time Magazine ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
National History ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
The Past ◽  
Counter Narratives ◽  
The Military

<p>After the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz —then Minister of Economy under<br />the Military Dictatorship— promoted an initiative to publish an article in Time Magazine in which “a real image of Argentina would be given” —in the words of businessman Carlos Pedro Blaquier, strongly close to the military regime—. But who defines the extent of reality of an image? Who makes these “real images” and how do they articulate within the construction of national history and identity? Along this article, and departing from the construction of the past in Argentina through the “real images” produced within the economic and artistic institutions, we will examine the image-based counternarratives propounded by Eduardo Molinari through his Walking Archive and the collaborative project Hegemony. These two contemporary artistic projects focus mainly on the last decades of the 20th century in order to give visibility to the existent relations among economic groups, the military, politicians and the cultural system in Argentina. These relations have provided legitimacy to certain processes of construction of “real” narratives and also to certain artistic practices, while rejecting others.</p>

scholarly journals Who is the Historian? The Formation of Modern Greek History and the Historical Community in the Short Twentieth Century

HISTOREIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vangelis Karamanolakis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Greek History ◽  
Professional Field ◽  
Civil War Era ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Military

The position of historian emerged as a distinct academic and professional field in Greece in the last quarter of the 20th century. In an attempt to explore this “delay” in comparison to Western European countries, this article offers an overview of the making of the field of modern Greek history during the twentieth century. Starting from the gradual acknowledgment of the autonomy of modern Greek history in relation to classical and Byzantine studies, the article traces its evolution and its close ties to political and social developments. The prevalence of historical positivism and philological principles, along with the dominance of the ideology of national continuity – the latter enriched through the postwar ideologies of national-mindedness and anticommunism – led to the persistence of the “historian-philologist” until 1974. The fall of the military dictatorship in 1974, which marked the end of the post-Greek Civil War era, was a catalyst for the flowering of modern Greek studies and the formation of a small but distinct community of historians, who regularly intervened in the public sphere.

scholarly journals Censura cinematográfica em Brasília: Análise do Discurso À luz de Pêcheux e Althusser / Cinematography censorship in Brasilia: Discourse Analysis through Pêcheux and Althusser

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Amanda de Oliveira Passos
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The State ◽  
Speech Analysis ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
The Military

O artigo investiga as nuances dos discursos sobre Brasília presentes nos textos de pareceres de censores que atuaram durante a ditadura militar. Os filmes que sofreram censura prévia escolhidos para a construção do artigo foram ‘‘Vestibular 70’’, ‘‘Brasília Ano 10’’ e ‘‘Samba em Brasília’’. Os dois primeiros foram produzidos na capital e o último no Rio de Janeiro, no ano de 1960. Diante disso, foi importante refletir sobre a historicidade de como se apresentava o discurso dos pareceristas nos documentos. Para tal, os pareceres foram examinados à luz da Análise do Discurso de Michel Pêcheux e Althusser, bem como outras reflexões dentro deste campo teórico-metodológico. A historiografia sobre Brasília foi de extrema importância para o entendimento da conjuntura na qual a linguagem dos pareceres está inserida. A pretensão desta análise foi identificar o papel do cinema candango na construção do imaginário da cidade e sua relação com o Estado, por meio dos pareceres. This article investigates the nuances of the discourses about Brasília in the texts of the censor’s opinion on who acted in the military dictatorship in Brazil. The movies that suffered previous censorship were ‘‘Vestibular 70’’, ‘‘Brasília Ano 10’’ and ‘‘Samba em Brasília’’. The first two were produced in the capital and the last one in Rio de Janeiro, in 1960. With that being said, it was important to reflect on the historicity of how the discourse was presented in those documents. For that, the opinions were examed in the light of the Speech Analysis of Michel Pêcheux and Althusser, alongside other reflections inside this theoretical-methodological field. The histography about Brasília was also of extreme importance for the understanding of the conjecture in which the language of the opinions is inserted. The aspiration of this analysis was to identify the role of the candango cinema in the construction of the city’s imaginary and its relation to the State, through the opinions of censorship.

Marcus Pereira's Música Popular do Brasil: beyond folklore?

Popular Music ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
SEAN STROUD
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Musical Tradition ◽  
The Military

If Brazilian and international audiences now have a far broader view of the range of the musical tradition in Brazil, and particularly the heterogeneous richness of the regional tradition of popular music in that country, it is largely due to the pioneering work of Marcus Pereira. Following the example of Cecil Sharp and Alan Lomax, the Brazilian collector of popular music and culture set out in the mid 1970s to independently produce a series of recordings of regional popular music entitled Música Popular do Brasil. This huge project is important for three main reasons. First, in a climate of uncompromising political and artistic censorship, Pereira attempted to bring to the fore elements of a cultural and political debate that had polarised Brazil in the early 1960s: a debate that was abruptly terminated by the military dictatorship that seized power in 1964. Second, Música Popular do Brasil demonstrates the beginning of an awareness of a new, more complex relationship between traditional, largely rural popular culture and the increasingly urbanised Brazilian society of the mid-1970s. Finally, at a time when popular music in Brazil was increasingly orientated towards influences emanating from abroad, Marcus Pereira dramatically bucked the trend and re-introduced the Brazilian public to aspects of the regional, rural tradition of popular music and culture that would have a huge influence in Brazilian popular music over the last three decades of the twentieth century.

Towards a Poor Theatre in Brazil

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
David George
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Social Vision ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Recorded Music ◽  
The Military ◽  
Abstract Formulation

São Paulo's Grupo Macunaíma has established a paradigm for a unique form of poor theatre, which has had a marked influence on alternative troupes in Brazil attempting to break the commercial mould and to return to a social vision, lost during the darkest years of the military dictatorship. Grotowski's Towards a Poor Theatre outlines the abstract formulation and practical applications of the method he elaborated in his Polish Laboratory Theatre. The director-theoretician proposed first and foremost to overturn what he called rich theatre: a form of staging using ‘borrowed mechanisms’ from movies and television and expensive scenic technology. The Polish Laboratory was also an actor-centred theatre in which the stage was redesigned architecturally for each performance to allow the performers to interact with the audience and in which there were no naturalistic sets or props, no recorded music or sophisticated lighting. The actor, through a complex system of signs, continually created and recreated the meaning of text, constumes, set, and props. ‘By this use of controlled gesture the actor transforms the floor into a sea, a table into a confessional, a piece of iron into an animate partner, etc.’ (Poor Theatre, p. 21). Grotowski's plays were filled with costumes made of torn bags, bathtubs serving as altars, bunkbeds becoming mountains, hammers used as ‘musical’ instruments. ‘Each object must contribute not to the meaning but to the dynamic of the play; its value resides in its various uses.’ Other tenets of the Grotowski system germane to this study are a return to mythical and ritual roots, the theatrical remaking of classical works, and the collective basis of stagecraft.

The Historian’s Role, Public History, and the National Truth Commission in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Viz Quadrat
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
Truth Commission ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Reconciliation ◽  
Do So

AbstractIn 2011, twenty-six years after the end of the military dictatorship, the Brazilian government took the initiative of implementing the right to memory and to the truth, as well as promoting national reconciliation. A National Truth Commission was created aiming at examining and shedding light on serious human rights violations practiced by government agents from 1946 to 1985. It worked across the entire national territory for almost three years and established partnerships with governments of other countries in order to investigate and expose the international networks created by dictatorships for monitoring and persecuting political opponents across borders. This article analyzes the relationship between historians and the National Truth Commission in Brazil, in addition to the construction of dictatorship public history in the country. In order to do so, the Commission’s relationship with the national community of historians, the works carried out, as well as historians’ reactions towards its works, from its creation until its final report in 2014, will be examined.

1968. The “Prague Spring”: Fifty Years Later. Historical Essays

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
General Reader ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Prague Spring ◽  
The Military

This book is devoted to a symbolic event that defined the life and values of several generations. Half a century ago, Czech communists tried to give a new impetus to their country’s system of government by combining socialist values with a rational market economy and the mechanisms of a developed democracy. This effort failed, and the state was occupied by the military. This book is the result of joint efforts by Russian, Czech, and Romanian historians, archivists, and cultural and literary scholars, who—exploring new documents and materials—have reinterpreted these events and their lessons from a present-day perspective. Objectively, the “Prague Spring” is from a bygone era, but it is still a milestone, and many of the problems encountered during the Prague Spring are still relevant today. The authors hope that they have contributed to the historiography of the now-distant events of 1968 and that their contributions will help in analysing the experiences of the past in order to be prepared for the events of the future. This book is aimed at specialists in the history and culture of Central and Eastern Europe, students of higher educational institutions, and the general reader interested in twentieth-century history.

The social service Reconceptualisation Movement in Brazil from 1960 to 1970

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Isaura Gomes de Carvalho Aquino ◽  
Maria Rosângela Batistoni ◽  
Graziela Scheffer Machado
Keyword(s):  
Social Service ◽  
Renewal Process ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Service Professional ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Military

The aim of the current article is to present results of three studies about the so-called Reconceptualisation Movement in Brazil, based on the historical rescue of significant and exemplifying expressions used in the country from 1960 to 1970. The analysed studies have focused on investigating the economic and social significance of the military dictatorship to Brazilian society. They aimed at unveiling the historical background, sociopolitical bases and theoretical-methodological references guiding social service professional projects in the country at that time. The herein conducted analysis was based on documentary and bibliographic sources, collections, and testimonials to identify the strengths of projects that were in compliance with, and in opposition to, each other due to the tense theoretical and ideological dispute for hegemony in the Brazilian social service renewal process.

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