scholarly journals Escalation of Governance: Effects of Voluntary Standardization on Organizations, Markets and Standards in Swiss Fair Trade

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Arnold ◽  
Raimund Hasse
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Voluntary Standards ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Standard Documents ◽  
Fair Trade Organizations

Voluntary standards are a ubiquitous phenomenon in modern society that has recently started to attract sociologists’ profound interest. This paper concentrates on formal standardization over the long term and seeks to understand its effects on the coordination of an organizational field. Using an institutional approach we see standards as a form of governance that can be analytically distinguished from other modes of coordination, such as markets and hierarchical organizations. To empirically ground our understanding of formal standards’ consequences on field-level governance, we conducted a case study of the historical development of the Swiss fair trade field since the 1970s. Evidence used in this case study is drawn from 28 expert interviews, documentation and fair trade standard documents. While a formal set of voluntary standards was absent in its early development, in 1992 fair trade organizations started to use written standards as a means of achieving their objectives. Paradoxically, the introduction of a rational standardization system has led to escalating governance structures in the field. In the long run the launch of formal standards has caused more organizations, more markets, and even more standards. The use of standards as a means of creating differentiation instead of generating uniformity is thereby seen as the main reason for increased coordination demands. As a consequence, this article highlights standards’ potential to boost additional governance efforts and directs attention to the mutual enforcement of distinct modes of coordination.

scholarly journals Persuasion: A Case Study of Papal Influences on Fertility-Related Beliefs and Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Bassi ◽  
Imran Rasul
Keyword(s):  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Timing Of Births ◽  
Short Run ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Dhs Surveys ◽  
Informative Communication

We study the persuasive impacts of non-informative communication on the short-run beliefs and long-run behavior of individuals. We do so in the context of the Papal visit to Brazil in October 1991, in which persuasive messages related to fertility were salient in Papal speeches during the visit. We use individual's exposure to such messages to measure how persuasion shifts short-run beliefs such as intentions to contracept and long-term fertility outcomes such as the timing and total number of births. To measure the short-run causal impact of persuasion, we exploit the fact the Brazil 1991 DHS was fielded in the weeks before, during, and after the Papal visit. We use this fortuitous timing to identify that persuasion significantly reduced individual intentions to contracept by more than 40 percent relative to pre-visit levels, and increased the frequency of unprotected sex by 30 percent. We measure the long-run causal impacts of persuasion on fertility outcomes using later DHS surveys to conduct an event study analysis on births in a five-year window on either side of the 1991 Papal visit. Estimating a hazard model of fertility, we find a significant change in births 9 months post-visit, corresponding to a 1.6 percent increase in the aggregate birth cohort. Our final set of results examine the very long-run impact of persuasion and document the impacts to be on the timing of births rather than on total fertility. (JEL D83, J13, N36)

scholarly journals The Development of Vietnam’s Fair Trade: The Case Study of Fair Trade Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
김선화 ◽  
응우엔하프엉 ◽  
Seungkwon Jang ◽  
황선영
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Fair Trade Organizations

scholarly journals Using traditional ecological knowledge in discovery of rare plants: a case study from Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Molnár V. ◽  
Kristóf Süveges ◽  
Zsolt Molnár ◽  
Viktor Löki
Keyword(s):  
Rare Plants ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Information ◽  
Kitchen Gardens ◽  
New Locations

<p>Sustainable (and adaptive) management of natural resources is usually based on long term local experiences with nature. Local traditional communities often possess rich ecological knowledge connected to nature and traditional resource use and management. This knowledge can provide unexpected new information for researchers, and show new opportunities and ways for professionals in conserving rare and threatened species.</p><p>We found significant new populations of the rare <em>Ophrys lesbis</em> in a private area next to the settlement of Çamlık, Muğla, and <em>Orchis punctulata</em> in the graveyard of Kadılar, Antalya with the help of local rural people. We firstly report the replanting of some orchid species (<em>Orchis papilionacea</em>, <em>O. italica</em>, and <em>Barlia robertiana</em>) in kitchen gardens of Çamlık and Bayır, in Muğla Province.</p><p>The presence of significant orchid populations (e.g., the biggest ever found for <em>Ophrys lesbis</em>) in an area, where local owners have been actively harvesting salep from year to year for decades suggests that the moderate salep harvesting can be sustainable for long run. Based on our observations, Turkish salep harvesters can help botanists and conservationists find new locations of rare threatened orchid populations, and therefore indirectly help in conserve these populations.</p>

scholarly journals DO DEMOCRACIES SPEND LESS ON THE MILITARY? SPAIN AS A LONG-TERM CASE STUDY (1876-2009)

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriol Sabaté
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Spending ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Military ◽  
Capital Intensive

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the influence of political regimes on the level and economic composition of military expenditure in Spain over the long run. In contrast with the widely accepted negative relation between democracy and military spending, the paper suggests that democratic governments established in the late 1970s and early 1980s after Franco’s dictatorship had a positive influence on the military burden owing to the efforts to reorient the army towards international threats and to involve the armed forces with the newly democratic institutions. In addition, the analysis of military expenditure allows us to conclude that the international orientation of democratic military policies took place along with financial efforts to obtain a capital-intensive army to confront international military threats.

scholarly journals The Distribution Strategy Of A Representative Fair Trade Organization In Korea: The Case Of Beautiful Coffee

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Hye-Jeong Cho ◽  
Kyung-hee Kim ◽  
Sung-Min Ryu ◽  
Chul Woo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Distribution Strategy ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Fair Trade Organizations ◽  
Practical Implications

This case study analyzes the distribution strategy of Beautiful Coffee, a leading fair trade organization in Korea. Because of their focus on matters of public interest, fair trade organizations often face financial difficulties, and such difficulties can limit their growth and force them to pursue differentiated distribution strategies. The results indicate that Beautiful Coffee can serve as a good role model for fair trade organizations and have important practical implications for firms pursuing sustainable growth as a social enterprise.

scholarly journals Exchange rate impacts on international trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 (5-6(2)) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Jalil Mehtiyev ◽  
◽  
Robert Magda ◽  
László Vasa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Long Run

As international trade activities are increased, there are more regulative practices which might be barriers to trade. One of such hindrances is exchange rate volatility that affects trade activities both directly and indirectly. Exchange rate volatility of currencies can affect the trade engagements and as well as the trade balance of a country. One of the implications of the study is that the impacts of monetary policy changes on trade activities can be noticed significantly in the long-term. While impacts on export levels are usually immediate, import levels are changed in long-run. The research analyzes the correlation between inflation and devaluation and clearly states their impacts on trade balance. The case study about devaluation of the currency of Azerbaijan elaborates the impacts of currency volatility on exports which is illustrated and analyzed in this research. Moreover, inflation and devaluation correlations and their impacts on import level of a country are studied through correlation and multiple regression analyses based on the data exported from OECD and World Bank. The results conclude that exchange rate volatility significantly impacts the trade balance in terms of imports and exports. Given the results, exchange rate is a non-trade barrier and affects foreign trade.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
Margaret A. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Economic Justice ◽  
The Political ◽  
Grassroots Organizations ◽  
Solidarity Economy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Fair Trade Organizations

This chapter suggests that we use the broader framework of feminist social justice to analyze oppression and exploitation at the global level. Noting that in real life the ethical and the political overlap, the chapter advocates a dual-track approach to problems of injustice, both individual, immediate aid and long-term systemic changes. Emphasizing the connections between local economic institutions, such as cooperatives and Fair Trade organizations, and transnational projects, such as the solidarity economy, the chapter shows how the local work of the Self-Employed Women’s Association and Marketplace India connect to transnational projects for both economic justice and gender equity. Supporting grassroots organizations engaged in transnational work for gender and economic justice is one route for engaging in transnational feminist solidarity. In terms of methodology, the chapter concludes by suggesting a shift from independence to interdependence, from identity to intersectionality, and from political interest to social and political imagination.

Adaptability of Backcasting for Sustainable Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Wieners ◽  
Martina Neuburger ◽  
Udo Schickhoff
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Transition Management ◽  
Long Run ◽  
First Results ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Reasonable Use

To cope with problems like climate change, lack of food security, and poverty, a more reasonable use of existing resources is needed. Hence, a transition towards a sustainable behavior in the industrial as well as the developing countries is of core importance. Transition management and backcasting are two methodologies that have been developed mainly in the Netherlands to achieve this behavioral change. This paper examines in a case study, in a small village in the mid-hills of Nepal, whether these methodologies are also applicable in a developing country. Moreover it analyzes which adjustments are needed to achieve good outcomes. First results show that this methodology seems to be appropriate to trigger a change in thinking towards long-term considerations amongst the small scale farmers. Long-range thinking and future envisioning can stimulate investments in technologies that tend to be sustainable and guarantee a more stable return in the long run. Compared to programs in Europe, instructors should adjust time frame and workshop design.

Population and economic development in Indonesia: A revisit with new data and methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumitaka Furuoka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Cointegration Test ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Important Research Topic ◽  
The Relationship

The long-term relationship between population and economic development is an important research topic in development economics. However, after several decades of research, no consensus has been reached as to whether the relationship is positive or negative. This paper chose Indonesia as a case study and employed both a linear cointegration test and a nonlinear cointegration test to examine the relationship between population and income. The tests detected a long-run equilibrium relationship between population and real per capita income in Indonesia. Also, the causality test indicated that there existed a unidirectional causality from Indonesia’s population expansion to the country’s economic growth, but not vice versa. These results indicate a population-driven economic development in Indonesia. In other words, Indonesia could represent a textbook case of population-induced development where a rapid population growth stimulates economic development.

scholarly journals Combining historical maps and censuses of Cyprus from the sixteenth to the twentieth century: A geospatial approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Antonis Hadjikyriacou ◽  
Evangelos Papadias ◽  
Christoforos Vradis ◽  
Christos Chalkias
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
Production Economic ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Ongoing Project

Abstract. The paper presents the preliminary results of an ongoing project that combines historical cartographic and economic sources on Cyprus through the employment of geospatial analysis. The main sources are: the 1883 trigonometrical survey of the island by Horatio Herbert Kitchener; the 1572 fiscal survey and 1832/33 property survey by the Ottomans; and the 1931 British agricultural census. The Ottoman and British censuses, different though they are and separated by three and a half centuries, provide vital information on production, economic activity, population, and toponymy. The project correlates this data with the detailed recording of topographical, hydrological, and land use features of the Kitchener map, which constitutes an extremely close depiction of Ottoman conditions given that the transformation of the countryside witnessed during the British colonial period was not yet initiated. This allows the identification of certain constants in the Cypriot environment and landscape. The paper presents the interdisciplinary methodological challenges the project has encountered and proposes a framework for the combination of these different datasets and their analysis in order to better record and understand certain long-term patterns in the Cypriot economy, environment and landscape. It uses viticulture as a case study for the visualisation of data to determine the spatial distribution of vines in the historical long term. Finally, the paper situates its conclusions within broader historiographical discussions on the historical development of viticulture in the Mediterranean.

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