Social Exclusion of Pakistani and Bangladeshi Women

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dale
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
The Family ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Life Course

This paper explores some of the processes that influence access to higher education and employment for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in Britain. We ask what changes we can expect amongst younger Pakistani and Bangladeshi women who have grown up in the UK? How do we expect educational qualifications and family formation to influence labour market participation amongst these women? What barriers do these women face in obtaining qualifications and paid employment? To what extent are these barriers imposed by the family and community and to what extent are they imposed by the local labour market? We find evidence of change across generations. By contrast with their mothers' generation, younger women who had been educated in the UK saw paid work as a means to independence and self- esteem. Women with higher level qualifications often showed considerable determination in managing to combine paid work and child-care. Whilst most women subscribed strongly to the centrality of the family, it is clear that the majority will follow very different routes through the life-course from their mothers. However, even with higher level qualifications, women are facing considerable barriers to employment. If the expected increase in economic activity amongst Pakistani and Bangladeshi women is not to lead to even higher unemployment, there is a pressing need to ensure that potential employers do not hold negative and out-dated stereotypes of traditional Muslim women.

Civic participation over the lifecourse

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-38
Author(s):  
Chris Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Class Background ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Life Course

In this chapter. Christ Taylor draws on longitudinal data from the British Birth Cohort Studies to chart the changing patterns of civic and political participation over the adult lifecourse within the UK. The analysis shows how different stages of the life course – family formation, child-rearing and employment – have implications for civic engagement as measured in terms of trade union membership, volunteering and voting. The analysis also reveals how important prior civic participation is on later civic participation. In this connection, social class background appears to have an important role in determining initial levels of civic participation over the lifecourse, particularly in terms of formal volunteering. The role of education and the intergenerational transmission of civic behaviours and attitudes, particularly during childhood, would seem to be an important component of this.

Which countries perform best and why?

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-90
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines countries' performance regarding youth unemployment. Although the labour market situation of young people has started to improve in a number of countries since the Great Recession of 2007–8, youth unemployment still remains very high across Europe. High youth unemployment rates reflect young people's difficulties in securing employment, or the inefficiency of the labour market. Germany and the Netherlands have established the most effective institutions to achieve a high integration of 15–19 year-olds in education and employment. Indeed, both Germany and the Netherlands are amongst the highest performing countries in the EU for making sure their young people are in employment. Austria and Denmark also achieve good youth labour market and employment outcomes. Meanwhile, countries like France and the UK try to facilitate school-to-work (STW) transitions by lowering labour costs through subsidies or low employment protection.

scholarly journals Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe: does gender matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 130-149
Author(s):  
Valentina Goglio ◽  
Roberto Rizza
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Market Status ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Life Course

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of the transitions young adults experience into and out of the labour market and the influence that gender and married/cohabiting status have on employment careers. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on young adults (25-34 years old) in four European countries – Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and Norway – that are representative of different youth transition regimes. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC survey (for the years 2006-2012) and event history analysis, the authors investigate the effect of the particular set of institutional features of each country, the effect of the cohort of entry and the effect of gender differences in determining transitions across labour market status. Findings Findings show that the filter exercised by the national institutions has a selective impact on the careers of young adults, with some institutional contexts more protective than others. In this respect, the condition of inactivity emerges as an interesting finding: on one side, it mainly involves women in a partnership, on the other side it is more common in protective youth regimes, suggesting that it may be a chosen rather than suffered condition. Originality/value The paper contributes to existing literature by: focusing on a specific category, young adults from 25 to 34 years old, which is increasingly recognised as a critical stage in the life course though it receives less attention than its younger counterpart (15-24); integrating the importance of family dynamics on work careers by analysing the different effects played by married/cohabiting status for men and women.

Sociale zekerheid en de levenslopen van mannen en vrouwen

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke Plantenga ◽  
Ivy Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Sociale Zekerheid ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Market Behaviour

Social security and the life course op men and woman Social security and the life course op men and woman The system of social security is under pressure. Social structures have not yet adequately adapted to men and women’s altered personal life course, reflected in changes in family formation and labour market behaviour. As a result, a care shortage and/or a labour market shortage may occur, because the increased need to combine work and family, is not yet facilitated by an accurate institutional structure. In this article it is stated that the system of social security needs to be adapted in two ways. First, the coverage of traditional risks like sickness and unemployment should allow for diversity and non-standard labour-market behaviour. Secondly, care responsibilities – or rather socially beneficial matters – should also be covered by the system of social security. Both changes could take shape in a three-pillar model; risks are basically covered by combination of rights from three sources (‘pillars’). The first pillar consists of generic and compulsory schemes for all citizens, which provides (basic) cover also in the case of care responsibilities. This first pillar arrangements could be supplemented by life course arrangements in the second pillar, generating flexibility and freedom of choice. Then there is the third pillar, which consists of personal forms of savings and insurance for citizens who wish to insure for a further supplement.

Navigating the transition to adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
John Bynner ◽  
Walter R. Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
Welfare Mix ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
The Life Course

The focus here is on the drivers of transitions and the routes that young people have to navigate in what is now a labour market ever-more associated with risk and precarity. Transitions are status passages of the life course that young people have to navigate. They are related to social pathways that differ in structure and number in England and Germany and reflect their management of personal relationships, education, and employment. The transition from education to work is considered from the perspective of institutional arrangements and discussed in terms of the effects of digitalisation in restructuring occupations on the pathways of vocational training and academic education. A core theme is how social class and differences in the welfare mix for young people are key influences on their access to occupational opportunities and the process and outcomes of such transitions.

scholarly journals ‘There’s Nothing’: Unemployment, Attitudes to Work and Punitive Welfare Reform in Post-Crash Salford

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Jeffery ◽  
Dawn Devine ◽  
Peter Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Reform ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Current State ◽  
Barriers To Employment ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This article explores attitudes and barriers to work, and the impact of punitive welfare reform in the City of Salford (Greater Manchester). Contextualising our discussion in relation to the contemporary landscape of inequality and social class in the UK, we draw attention to the trends towards the expansion of low-paid work, precarity, and stigmatisation, and highlight the need for more qualitative, geographically sensitive studies of how these phenomena are being played out. Describing the economic context of the City of Salford and the current state of its labour market, we then present the findings from qualitative interviews with a sample of low income, mostly working-class participants, who describe their orientations towards employment, perceptions of the labour market, barriers to employment and interactions with punitive welfare reform. Ultimately, we conclude by noting that both strategies of neoliberal statecraft aimed at the reduction of the charitable state described by Wacquant are at play in Salford and that their result is a discouragement from claiming welfare and a recommodification of labour.

scholarly journals Active labour market policy in the UK: At a (local) crossroads?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Orton ◽  
Anne E Green
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Labour Market Policy ◽  
Active Labour Market Policy ◽  
Market Policy ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Uk

Active labour market policy has developed into a widely used and seemingly embedded approach to addressing worklessness, both in the UK and internationally. But the future of UK active labour market policy looks far from certain. Some recent developments suggest demise and diminution. But at the same time there is also evidence of more positive points, including increasing recognition of the importance of employer involvement and activity at local level. Possible future trajectories are considered in the light of emerging developments, and two potential scenarios for future UK active labour market policy are posited: ‘less support, more sticks’ and an ‘active local labour markets approach’.

Family policies and family life course complexity across 20th-century Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Van Winkle
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
The Life Course

The family policy landscape changed dramatically across and within European societies during the 20th century. At the same time, family life courses have become more complex, unstable and unpredictable. However, there are no empirical studies that attempt to link changes in family policies with increasing family life course complexity. In this study, I address two research questions: (1) What is the association between family policies and family life course complexity? and (2) Do these associations vary by the life course stage at which individuals experience family policies? Retrospective data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe are used to construct the family life courses of individuals from the age of 15 to 50, born between 1924 and 1956, from 15 European countries. I use metrics developed in sequence analysis that incorporate life course transitions and unpredictability to measure the complexity of family formation. Annual policy information from 1924 to 2008 for each country are combined to generate cohort indices for three policy dimensions: familization, individualization and liberalization. These cohort metrics express the policy experiences of individuals over the course of their lives, rather than at a specific historical time point. I find that while familization is associated with less complex life courses, individualization is related to higher levels of complexity. Furthermore, my results indicate that the levels individualization experienced early and later in the life course are linked most strongly with complexity. I conclude that family policy reforms may partially account for increasing life course instability and unpredictability across Europe.

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