scholarly journals Exploring New Pathways to Gender Equality in Education: Does Information and Communication Technology Matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-55
Author(s):  
Ayesha Qaisrani ◽  
Ather Maqsood Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Equality In Education

Through the use of the System Generalized Method of Moments Technique, this study aims to establish links between Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), gender equality in education and economic growth, for segregated levels of education. The study focuses on the decade of 2000-2010 for the case of Lower Middle Income countries. Through simultaneous solution of the models, it is concluded that ICTs do have some potential to promote gender equality but the relationship is not strong enough, either due to lack of relevant statistical data or due to inefficient integration of ICTs into the society. It is, however, deduced that the strongest factor promoting gender equality is the average schooling of adult population. Furthermore, the study finds out that for lower middle income countries, gender equality at lower levels of education plays an important role in economic growth than gender equality in higher education.

scholarly journals Foreign aid on economic growth in Africa: A comparison of low and middle-income countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Mengistu Alemu ◽  
Jin-Sang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Theoretical Hypothesis

Previous empirical studies on the effects of foreign aid on economic growth have generated mixed results that make it difficult to draw policy recommendations. The main reason for such mixed results is the choice of a single aggregate list of countries, regardless of the disparities in levels of development. This study therefore fills the development gap by disaggregating the African data into a panel of 20 middle- income and 19 low- income African countries over a period of 15 years between 1995 and 2010, and employing a dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) model to address the dynamic nature of economic growth as well as the problems of endogeneity. The results of this study support the theoretical hypothesis that a positive relationship between aid and GDP growth exists, but only for low-income African countries, not middle-income ones. On the other hand, the study reveals that middle- income African countries tend to experience a greater impact on their economic growth from foreign direct investment (FDI) and natural resources revenues, mainly oil exports. This implies that the frequent criticism that foreign aid has not contributed to economic growth is flawed, at least in the case of low-income African countries. In fact, foreign aid has played a critical role in stimulating economic growth in such countries through supplementing domestic sources of finance such as savings, thus increasing the amount of investment and capital stock in them.

E-Government for Health Facilities in Africa

2015 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Paul Macharia ◽  
Davies Kimanga ◽  
Onesimus Kamau
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Bring Your Own Device ◽  
Workplace Flexibility ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Information And Communication

Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) face healthcare worker shortages, skill mix imbalances, and maldistributions; there is concern in their quality and productivity. Africa's infrastructural developments also are way behind the rest of the world, and this gap is widening. Scalable, cost-effective, and long-term strategies in healthcare services are greatly needed. This chapter explores how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) could play an important role in improving healthcare. Components of e-health, an emerging field in medicine, clinical care, and public health are discussed. The role of m-health is explored, identifying the benefits of integrating mobile phone technologies in healthcare. To meet the health financing deficiencies, the chapter also explores how Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) could drive healthcare professionals' productivity through increased workplace flexibility.

scholarly journals Trade Facilitation Effects on International Trade: Evidence From Lower-Middle and Upper-Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Alassane D. Yeo ◽  
Aimin Deng ◽  
Todine Y. Nadiedjoa
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Generalised Method Of Moments ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the impact of trade facilitation on international trade, as well as the effects of two dimensions: hard and soft infrastructure. Using 18 primary variables, we constructed four indicators of 30 lower-middle-income and 33 upper-middle-income countries over the period 2011-2017. After applying the system-generalised method of moments (GMM), the main finding is that all trade facilitation indicators have a significant effect on exports. However, improvements in physical infrastructure are more likely to increase exports than the efficiency of borders, transport, information and communication technologies (ICTs) and institutions, from the most significant to the least significant. It is also found that the effect of hard infrastructure on exports is virtually the same as that of soft infrastructure. Hard and soft infrastructure must therefore be considered at the same level, as the effectiveness of international trade depends on both.

scholarly journals Adoption of Information and Communication Technologies for Early Detection of Breast and Cervical Cancers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. DiCarlo ◽  
Sricharan Gopakumar ◽  
Preet K. Dhillon ◽  
Suneeta Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Cervical Cancers ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Purpose In response to the growing burden of breast and cervical cancers, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are beginning to implement national cancer prevention programs. We reviewed the literature on information and communication technology (ICT) applications in the prevention of breast and cervical cancers in LMICs to examine their potential to enhance cancer prevention efforts. Methods Ten databases of peer-reviewed and gray literature were searched using an automated strategy for English-language articles on the use of mobile health (mHealth) and telemedicine in breast and cervical cancer prevention (screening and early detection) published between 2005 and 2015. Articles that described the rationale for using these ICTs and/or implementation experiences (successes, challenges, and outcomes) were reviewed. Bibliographies of articles that matched the eligibility criteria were reviewed to identify additional relevant references. Results Of the initial 285 citations identified, eight met the inclusion criteria. Of these, four used primary data, two were overviews of ICT applications, and two were commentaries. Articles described the potential for mHealth and telemedicine to address both demand- and supply-side challenges to cancer prevention, such as awareness, access, and cost, in LMICs. However, there was a dearth of evidence to support these hypotheses. Conclusion This review indicates that there are few publications that reflect specifically on the role of mHealth and telemedicine in cancer prevention and even fewer that describe or evaluate interventions. Although articles suggest that mHealth and telemedicine can enhance the implementation and use of cancer prevention interventions, more evidence is needed.

scholarly journals On the determinants of trade openness in low- and lower–middle-income countries in Africa: how important is economic growth?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Boahene Osei ◽  
Yakubu Awudu Sare ◽  
Muazu Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe existing literature highlights the determinants of trade openness with disregard to the income classifications of countries in examining whether the determinants differ given their income levels. This study, therefore, re-examines the drivers of trade openness in Africa relying on panel data with special focus on the role of economic growth. More specifically, we perform a comparative analysis of the factors influencing trade openness for low-income and lower–middle-income countries using the system generalized method of moments. Our findings suggest that, while economic growth robustly enhances openness in low-income countries, in the case of lower–middle-income countries, the impact is not robust and largely negative suggesting that higher growth is associated with less openness. We also find that, economic growth–openness nexus for the lower-income countries exhibits non-linearities and inverted U-shaped relationship in particular. Thus, while increases in real GDP per capita enhance openness, beyond an estimated threshold point, any increases in economic growth dampen openness. We discuss key implications for policy.

E-Government for Health Facilities in Africa

2016 ◽  
pp. 893-899
Author(s):  
Paul Macharia ◽  
Davies Kimanga ◽  
Onesimus Kamau
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Bring Your Own Device ◽  
Workplace Flexibility ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Information And Communication

Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) face healthcare worker shortages, skill mix imbalances, and maldistributions; there is concern in their quality and productivity. Africa's infrastructural developments also are way behind the rest of the world, and this gap is widening. Scalable, cost-effective, and long-term strategies in healthcare services are greatly needed. This chapter explores how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) could play an important role in improving healthcare. Components of e-health, an emerging field in medicine, clinical care, and public health are discussed. The role of m-health is explored, identifying the benefits of integrating mobile phone technologies in healthcare. To meet the health financing deficiencies, the chapter also explores how Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) could drive healthcare professionals' productivity through increased workplace flexibility.

scholarly journals Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Equality in Developing Economies: Dynamics of Income Groups in Economies and Corruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 745-761
Author(s):  
Sidra Naeem ◽  
Rana Ejaz Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

A large number of studies on fiscal decentralization have supported the claim that decentralized governments have a greater capacity to approach local preferences and have greater potential for public service delivery, which demonstrates a favorable status of socioeconomic indicators. However, there is no empirical evidence on fiscal decentralization and gender equality. This study empirically examines the effect of fiscal decentralization on gender equality in 29 developing economies from 2006 to 2020 by employing the dynamic panel system generalized method of moments (GMM). The study uses three measures of fiscal decentralization—expenditure, revenue, and composite decentralization—to learn the dynamics of income groups in developing economies, and corruption from the perspective of fiscal decentralization and gender equality. The results demonstrate that fiscal decentralization improves gender equality in the sample of developing economies as well as in the sub-sample of developing economies, i.e., lower-middle income countries and upper-middle income countries subject to the control of corruption, otherwise fiscal decentralization may devastate gender equality in developing economies and upper-middle income economies. Corruption plays a dynamic role in the relationship between fiscal decentralization and gender equality. The desired results of fiscal decentralization may be attained through policy reforms to control corruption. The dynamics of income groups in the sampled economies also have implications for the relationship between fiscal decentralization and gender equality.

scholarly journals What Factors Affect Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Middle-Income Countries?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duc Vo ◽  
Thang Nguyen ◽  
Ngoc Tran ◽  
Anh Vo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Research Period

Income inequality in many middle-income countries has increased at an alarming level. While the time series relationship between income inequality and economic growth has been extensively investigated, the causal and dynamic link between them, particularly for the middle-income countries, has been largely ignored in the current literature. This study was conducted to fill in this gap on two different samples for the period from 1960 to 2014: (i) a full sample of 158 countries; and (ii) a sample of 86 middle-income countries. The Granger causality test and a system generalized method of moments (GMM) are utilized in this study. The findings from this study indicate that causality is found from economic growth to income inequality and vice versa in both samples of countries. In addition, this study also finds that income inequality contributes negatively to the economic growth in the middle-income countries in the research period.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON EMPLOYMENT TRANSFORMATION IN COUNTRIES WITH DIFFERENT INCOME LEVELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (39) ◽  
pp. 216-227
Author(s):  
N. Pedchenko ◽  
S. Tul ◽  
O. Shkurupii ◽  
T. Deyneka ◽  
A. Flehantova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Information And Communication

Abstract. It has been substantiated that digitalization is a driver of the transformation of employment in different countries.The degree of formation of the digitalized labor market by groups of countries with different levels of per capita income has been studied. It is proved that the use of digital technologies by the vast majority of companies and the economically active population simplifies the procedure of job creation, giving the opportunity to work via the Internet within the so-called “on-demand economy”. With the high degree of implementation of digital, information and communication technologies, the share of employees in the service sector is growing in the majority of countries. It is stated that the degree of digitalization of the labor market is uneven in the world. The introduction of modern technologies in high-income countries allows the population to fully realize the intellectual and creative potential, finding a job in the most efficient sector of the economy – the high-tech and knowledge-intensive services. Despite the rapid spread of digital technologies and the rapid growth of employment in the service sector in the upper-middle-income countries, the level of digital transformation of the labor market is much lower than in the high-income countries. Nowadays, there is a digital divide between these groups of countries, although, with the effective policies of governments in the upper-middle-income countries, there is a high probability of achievement of indicators of countries that are digital leaders. The trend of gradual digitalization of the services sector is also observed in the lower-middle-income countries. It is noted that the low prevalence of information and communication technologies in low-income countries makes it impossible for the population of these countries to join the global digitalized labor market. A set of measures has been systematized to harmonize the policies of governments of different countries in the field of labor relations, which are being transformed under the influence of global digitalization. Keywords: digital technologies, digitalization, employment, global digitalized labor market, high-income countries, lower-middle-income countries, low-income countries, upper-middle-income countries. JEL Classification F66, J24, J40, О33 Formulas: 5; fig.: 4, table.: 0; bibl.: 26.

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