The difficulties of diagnosis of neurosyphilis at the modern stage

Author(s):  
Т.Л. Визило ◽  
Т.В. Попонникова ◽  
И.Ф. Федосеева ◽  
Е.Д. Васенина

На современном этапе в России наблюдается тенденция к увеличению регистрации случаев нейросифилиса на фоне снижения заболеваемости сифилитической инфекцией в целом. Рост заболеваемости нейросифилисом отражает ситуацию с повышением частоты первичных форм сифилиса в конце 90-х – начале 2000-х годов, когда в нашей стране разразилась эпидемия этого заболевания. По мнению большинства специалистов, бледная трепонема всегда попадает в нервную систему, причем в одних случаях ее присутствие является транзиторным, а в других наблюдается асимптомное персистирование, в третьих манифестирует нейросифилис. В настоящее время лечение сифилиса проводится чаще всего амбулаторно дюрантными формами (бензатинбензилпенициллины), которые создают длительную (в течение нескольких суток и вплоть до 18‑21 дня после однократного введения), но низкую концентрацию пенициллина в организме. Препараты плохо преодолевают гематоэнцефалический барьер, следовательно, при недиагностированном скрытом сифилитическом менингите не достигается санация ликвора и сохраняется возможность развития поздних манифестных форм нейросифилиса. Авторы описывают трудности диагностики нейросифилиса и приводят клинический случай ишемического инсульта у молодого больного с нейросифилисом. Лабораторные данные подтвердили наличие сифилиса, а ликворологическое обследование и клинические данные позволили установить диагноз менинговаскулярного сифилиса. Авторы отмечают, что особого внимания требует соблюдение алгоритма клинико-лабораторного обследования пациентов при наличии у них нарушений функции центральной и периферической нервной системы, органов зрения и слуха независимо от давности предполагаемого заражения и предполагаемой серорезистентности. Поскольку нейросифилис является междисциплинарной проблемой, необходимо комплексное клинико-лабораторное и клинико-инструментальное обследование пациентов с участием врачей разного профиля. At the modern stage in Russia, we can observe the tendency of increase in recording cases of neurosyphilis against the background of reduction of morbidity rate of syphilitic infection in general. Increase of neurosyphilis morbidity reflects the situation of frequency increase of primary forms of syphilis in the end of the 90s – beginning of the 2000s, when our country faced with epidemic of this disease. Most experts assume that treponema pallidum always penetrates in the nervous system, in some cases its presence being transitory, in other cases, we observe asymptomatic persistence, and in some, neurosyphilis manifests. Currently, most often syphilis therapy takes place on outpatient basis with repository forms ((Benzathine benzylpenicillins) which create long (during several days and up to 18-21 days after one-time administration), but low concentration of penicillin in the body. These drugs badly overcome blood-brain barrier, consequently, if syphilitic meningitis is latent and not diagnosed, liquor sanation is not achieved, and potential development of neurosyphilis manifest forms is retained. The authors describe the difficulties of diagnosis of neurosyphilis and a clinical case of ischemic stroke in a young patient with neurosyphilis. Diagnosis of syphilis was confirmed by laboratory studies; liquor tests and clinical data allowed to diagnose meningovascular syphilis. The authors highlight that special attention should be paid to observance of algorithm of clinical-laboratory examination of patients if they have disorders in functions of central and peripheral nervous systems, organs of vision and hearing, regardless of remoteness of supposed infection and supposed seroresistance. As neurosyphilis is interdisciplinary problem, complex clinical-laboratory and clinical-instrumental examination of patients is required, involving medical specialists of different profiles.

Author(s):  
Lutfullah Sari ◽  
Abdusselim Adil Peker ◽  
Dilek Hacer Cesme ◽  
Alpay Alkan

Background: Neurosarcoidosis manifests symptomatically in 5% of patients with sarcoidosis and diagnosis can be challenging if not clinically suspected. Cerebral mass-like presentation of neurosarcoidosis rarely reported in the literature. We presented a woman with neurosarcoidosis who had a cerebral mass-like lesion which completely disappeared after medical treatment. Discussion: A 37-year-old woman with history of pulmonary sarcoidosis referred to the emergency service of our hospital with a one-month history of progressive dizziness, nausea and seeing flashing lights. At neurologic examination, numbness and weakness on the left side of the body, deviation of uvula toward the right side was seen. Cranial MRI demonstrated a 2.5x2 cm in size mass lesion which hypointense on T1 WI, heterogeneous hyperintense on T2 and FLAIR sequence with peripheral vasogenic edema and heterogeneous, irregular contrast enhancement simulating brain tumor. Also, leptomeningeal and nodular contrast enhancement was seen on brainstem, cerebellar vermis, perimesencephalic cistern and left frontal, bilateral parietooccipital sulcus. In laboratory tests; The level of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was 53 IU/mL (N:8-52 IU/mL) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ACE was 23 IU/mL (N:0-2.6 IU/mL). CSF cytology analysis was normal. Pattern 2 oligoclonal bands were present. With these clinical, laboratory and radiological findings, cerebral involvement of sarcoidosis was suspected. Biopsy was not performed due to the high risk of morbidity caused by the deep location of the lesion.Patient was treated with methylprednisolone and Azathioprine for a month.On post-treatment control imaging; lesion disappeared completely without residual leptomeningeal and nodular contrast enhancement.Also, neurologic symptoms were decreased remarkably. Conclusion: Multi-system inflammatory disorders like sarcoidosis, can present with mass-like lesion in the brain parenchyma. While early diagnosis is important to prevent unnecessary interventions like biopsy and surgery, it is crucial to initiate the necessary treatment with the aim of recovery without sequelae. Radiological and clinical follow-up are fundamental in differential diagnosis.


Author(s):  
L. L. Zakharova ◽  
◽  
G. A. Zhorov ◽  
V. N. Obryvin ◽  
◽  
...  

The article presents the results of laboratory studies of the effect of sorption-detoxifying means on the accumulation of 90Sr in the body of white rats. The efficiency of a number of selective and polyfunctional sorbents, detoxicants and other biologically active substances and the developed on their basis sorption-detoxifying complexes as means of efferent therapy and detoxification of the animal body at the combined intake of xenobiotics of radiation and chemical nature was evaluated. It was found that 90Sr cumulation in bones (at the level of 53,3–60,8%) was reduced to the greatest extent with the combined use of substances of different mechanisms of action and origin. The effectiveness of separate use of detoxifying drugs did not exceed 29,1%.


Author(s):  
Darya B. Mirolyubova

There was shown the significance of leading risk factors for the development of adverse changes in the body, forming the high level of the morbidity rate in children: biological (the character of the course of pregnancy and parturition), social and environmental (diet, living and learning conditions, standards of living of the family, a culture of the healthcare), medical (effectiveness of preventive, health and therapeutic work in children’s groups). There was determined the necessity of a differentiated approach to the evaluation of the role and contribution of factors for groups of the various age.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J Wiegand ◽  
Manish M Patel ◽  
Kent R. Olson

Drug overdose and poisoning are leading causes of emergency department visits and hospital admissions in the United States, accounting for more than 500,000 emergency department visits and 11,000 deaths each year. This chapter discusses the approach to the patient with poisoning or drug overdose, beginning with the initial stabilization period in which the physician proceeds through the ABCDs (airway, breathing, circulation, dextrose, decontamination) of stabilization. The management of some of the more common complications of poisoning and drug overdose are summarized and include coma, hypotension and cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, seizures, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and rhabdomyolysis. The physician should also perform a careful diagnostic evaluation that includes a directed history, physical examination, and the appropriate laboratory tests. The next step is to prevent further absorption of the drug or poison by decontaminating the skin or gastrointestinal tract and, possibly, by administering antidotes and performing other measures that enhance elimination of the drug from the body. The diagnosis and treatment of overdoses of a number of specific drugs and poisons that a physician may encounter, as well as food poisoning and smoke inhalation, are discussed. Tables present the ABCDs of initial stabilization of the poisoned patient; mechanisms of drug-induced hypotension; causes of cardiac disturbances; drug-induced seizures; drug-induced hyperthermia; autonomic syndromes induced by drugs or poison; the use of the clinical laboratory in the initial diagnosis of poisoning; methods of gastrointestinal decontamination; methods of and indications for enhanced drug removal; toxicity of common beta blockers; common stimulant drugs; corrosive agents; dosing of digoxin-specific antibodies; poisoning with ethylene glycol or methanol; manifestations of excessive acetylcholine activity; common tricyclic and other antidepressants; seafood poisonings; drugs or classes that require activated charcoal treatment; and special circumstances for use of activated charcoal. This review contains 3 figures, 22 tables, and 198 references.


2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Casal Moura ◽  
Ria Gripaldo ◽  
Misbah Baqir ◽  
Jay H. Ryu

AbstractImmunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic fibroinflammatory disorder that has been recognized to involve virtually any organ in the body and typically manifests mass-like lesions (tumefactive). Although initial reports of this disease (autoimmune pancreatitis [AIP]) were described in the Japanese population, it has since been reported worldwide. It is most commonly seen in adults of middle age or older, more often men than women. The pathogenesis of IgG4-RD is largely unknown, but genetic factors, microorganisms, and autoimmunity are thought to play important roles. Serum IgG4 concentration is elevated in the majority of patients with IgG4-RD but is a nonspecific finding. Characteristic histopathologic features include dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, fibrosis (often in storiform pattern), and obliterative phlebitis. Lung involvement in IgG4-RD was first reported in 2004 in two patients with AIP and coexisting interstitial lung disease. Since then, a wide spectrum of intrathoracic involvement has been reported and includes not only parenchymal lung diseases but also pleural, airway, vascular, and mediastinal lesions. Thoracic involvement in IgG4-RD is often found incidentally during the workup of extrathoracic lesions but can sometimes be the presenting abnormality. The diagnosis of IgG4-RD requires correlation of clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathologic features. Glucocorticoids are the first-line therapy but other options including B cell depletion are being investigated. IgG4-RD is generally associated with an indolent clinical course and most patients improve with glucocorticoid therapy.


1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ben Clevenger ◽  
William L. Marsh ◽  
Thomas M. Peery

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Ajay Kushwaha ◽  
Nisha Kumari Ojha

Children are more susceptible to various infections because of underdeveloped immune system as compared to adults. Strengthening the immune system is a natural way to help the body fight against the disease-causing pathogens and immunomodulators can play a major role in this context. Various Ayurveda classics and studies published in journals related to Ayurveda drugs for improving immunity are reviewed and analysed. In Ayurveda, the objective of immune enhancement is achieved through the use of the Amalakyadi Rasayana (an Immunomodulators), as it increases longevity of life, memory, intellect, luxture, complexion, voice, strength of the body functions, strength of all senses and provides the resistance to disease, improves glow and power. Analysis of classical references and various experimental studies show that Amalakyadi Rasayana posse immuno-modulatory, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic activity. Present paper is a review to update knowledge on pharmacological properties, therapeutic actions and possible mode of action of the selected formulation, Amalakyadi rasayana from Yogaratnakara (Rasayanadhikara/17) to enhance the immunity in children. Rasayana is an important part of Ayurvedic therapeutics used to improve the quality of life by strengthening the tissue quality and by reducing the age-related tissue degeneration. This study reveals that Amalakyadi Rasayana have potential to improve or strengthen the immune system in children and thereby can lower down the morbidity rate in children.


10.12737/3326 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Сулейманова ◽  
N. Suleymanova

The scientific review discusses the correlation between the MN morbidity rate of the female genitalia and the factors of the external and internal environment of the body: genetic (hereditary) and environmental (exogenous and endogenous). The author notes that the significance of the factors in the development of oncological process is different depending on the form and localizations of malignant tumors. Identified genes are responsible for the appearance of hereditary ovarian cancer (however, the genes of predisposition to cancer of body and cervix of the uterus don’t identified so far). The role of human papillomavirus infection (in the genesis of pre-cancerous lesions and cervical cancer) in hormone homeostasis due to functional and anatomical changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system (in formation of cancer of the womb and ovaries) is proved, including the background processes and pre-cancerous changes in the occurrence of all forms of genital cancer. A number of researchers consider benign tumors as an intermediate in the pathological process changes that lead with time under the influence of certain factors to be precancerous and malignant transformation. Significant fluctuations in the frequency of malignant tumors of female genital organs in different ethnic groups of the population are scientifically confirmed. Correlation frequency of cancer of the genitalia in women with age, and state of the immune system are noted.


Author(s):  
A. V. Sorokina ◽  
S. V. Alekseeva ◽  
N. V. Eremina ◽  
A. D. Durnev

Preclinical safety evaluation is an important stage in the development of medicinal products. Clinical laboratory studies, including haematological, biochemical and pathomorphological studies, are an essential part of chronic toxicity studies. A careful choice of methodological approaches to examination of toxicological characteristics of drug candidates makes it possible to assess the degree of risk associated with their subsequent clinical use, identify potential target organs, determine the extent of damage, as well as the possibility and dynamics of restoring damaged systems. Key prerequisites for obtaining adequate results of the studies are correct methodological implementation of all the stages of sample preparation and careful consideration of all factors during interpretation of the obtained data. Thus, the choice of methodological approaches to blood tests is often determined by the species, age and sex of laboratory animals, as well as by specific characteristics of the tested drug. The aim of the study was to summarise data on haematological studies performed in the Drug Toxicology Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institute «Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology» when conducting chronic toxicity studies.


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