Drugs in ultra-high dilution induce changes in the enthalpy associated with loss of crystallization water in lactose

Drugs in ultra-high dilution (UHD) are used in homeopathy. Lactose is used as a binding medium for UHD drugs. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed that although devoid of molecules of the starting substance, different UHD drugs exhibit different amounts of free water molecules and variation in hydrogen bond strength. The aim of the present study was to establish whether specific water structures in UHD could specifically modify the water structure in lactose, particularly the water of crystallization. 3 UHDâ€™s (potencies), 30cH, 200cH and 1000cH, of 2 drugs, Natrum muriaticum and Sulphur were mixed to lactose samples separately. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the samples was measured. The thermograms of potencies mixed to lactose differed from each other with respect to temperature and enthalpy associated with the removal of water of crystallization from lactose. We believe that the tested UHD modified the water structure in lactose thereby changing the enthalpy for the removal of water of crystallization. Different levels of thermal energy are needed to remove both free water molecules and water of crystallization from lactose. UHDâ€™s also contributed to the change in enthalpy associated with the removal of water of crystallization from lactose. The tested UHD might have modified the number and strength of hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure of lactose. Specific water structures in liquid aqueous ethanol medium are transferable to the solid medium(lactose).

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DSC reveals variation in enthalpy associated with free water molecules in water-ethanol solution exposed to x-rays and magnetic field

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 ◽

10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.906 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 07-07

Author(s):

Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽

Tandra Sarkar ◽

Atheni Konar ◽

Md. Amir Sohel ◽

Asmita Sengupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Aqueous Ethanol ◽

Free Water ◽

Ethanol Solution ◽

Water Molecules ◽

X Rays ◽

Standard Medium ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Homeopathic Drugs

Aqueous ethanol is the standard medium for all drugs used in homeopathy. X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo are 2 homeopathic drugs prepared by exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and static magnetic field, respectively.Mother tinctures (MT)weresuccessively diluted with solvent 1:100 and succussed in several steps to prepare centesimal potencies 8 cH, 14 cH and 32 cH. The solvent was processed in the same way. Although identical in chemical composition (0.03 molar ethanol) and water content (96%) these preparations like the Mother tinctures and three potencies of X-ray and Magnetispoli amboexhibit different therapeutic pathological effects. Potency 8cH of each preparation was diluted with water to reach concentrations 4%, 20%, 40% and 80% ethanol. The aim of the study was to establish whether these potencies exhibited variation in free water molecules. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of MT and potencies exhibited almost similar freezing and melting points, but they remarkably differed in freezing and melting enthalpy and free water molecules. The various dilutions of potency 8cH exhibited variation in enthalpies and free water molecules, being this variation independent of the amount of water added. We conclude that exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and magnetic field, with subsequent dilution and agitation induces changes in the solvent involving free water molecules. All X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo potencies were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy for free water molecules. The results were compared to the ones of DSC, being more or less similar.

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Water structure changes in oxime-mediated reactivation process of phosphorylated human acetylcholinesterase

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20180609 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irina V. Zueva ◽

Sofya V. Lushchekina ◽

Patrick Masson

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Sulphate ◽

Water Structure ◽

Free Water ◽

Hydrophobic Hydration ◽

Nucleophilic Attack ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Neutral Salt ◽

Salting Out ◽

Hi 6 ◽

Structure Changes

The role of water in oxime-mediated reactivation of phosphylated cholinesterases (ChEs) has been asked with recurrence. To investigate oximate water structure changes in this reaction, reactivation of paraoxon-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was performed by the oxime asoxime (HI-6) at different pH in the presence and absence of lyotropic salts: a neutral salt (NaCl), a strong chaotropic salt (LiSCN) and strong kosmotropic salts (ammonium sulphate and phosphate HPO42−). At the same time, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of enzyme reactivation under the same conditions were performed over 100 ns. Reactivation kinetics showed that the low concentration of chaotropic salt up to 75 mM increased the percentage of reactivation of diethylphosphorylated AChE whereas kosmotropic salts lead only to a small decrease in reactivation. This indicates that water-breaker salt induces destructuration of water molecules that are electrostricted around oximate ions. Desolvation of oximate favors nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus atom. Effects observed at high salt concentrations (>100 mM) result either from salting-out of the enzyme by kosmotropic salts (phosphate and ammonium sulphate) or denaturing action of chaotropic LiSCN. MDs simulations of diethylphosphorylated hAChE complex with HI-6 over 100 ns were performed in the presence of 100 mM (NH4)2SO4 and 50 mM LiSCN. In the presence of LiSCN, it was found that protein and water have a higher mobility, i.e. water is less organized, compared with the ammonium sulphate system. LiSCN favors protein solvation (hydrophobic hydration) and breakage of elelectrostricted water molecules around of oximate ion. As a result, more free water molecules participated to reaction steps accompanying oxime-mediated dephosphorylation.

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Recent advancements in plant aquaphotomics – Towards understanding of “drying without dying” phenomenon and its implications

NIR news ◽

10.1177/0960336019855168 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (5-6) ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jelena Muncan ◽

Shinichiro Kuroki ◽

Daniela Moyankova ◽

Hiroyuki Morita ◽

Stefka Atanassova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graduate School ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Water Structure ◽

Free Water ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Protective Mechanism ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Significant Step

The research team of Kobe University’s Graduate School of Agriculture Science, led by Professor Dr Roumiana Tsenkova and a research group from Agrobioinstitute in Sofia, Bulgaria led by Professor Dr Dimitar Djilianov, recently made a significant step forward in understanding the “drying without dying” phenomenon in resurrection plants – a small group of plant species which are able to survive long periods without water. Using aquaphotomics and near infrared spectroscopy, the entire process of desiccation and subsequent rehydration in one such plant – Haberlea rhodopensis was monitored non-destructively and compared with botanically similar, non-resurrection species Deinostigma eberhardtii. The research found that during drying, resurrection plant performs controlled, organized restructuring of water molecular network in its leaves as a preparation for full desiccation which is characterized by accumulation of water molecular dimers and water molecules with four hydrogen bonds, while free water molecules are drastically diminished. This regulation of water structure in the leaves appears to be the protective mechanism against dehydration-induced damages of the tissues which ensures survival in the absence of water. The discovery that water molecular structure is important for preservation of plant tissues not only opens up new possibilities for bioengineering of crops better adapted to combat climate changes but may also have important implications for food preservation industry, preservation of tissues in medicine and in biomedical applications.

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Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy provide further evidence in support of free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength underlying difference in two more drugs at ultra high dilutions

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 ◽

10.51910/ijhdr.v15i3.826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 2-10

Author(s):

Tandra Sarkar ◽

Atheni Konar ◽

Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽

Achintya Singha ◽

Anirban Sukul

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Bond ◽

Bond Strength ◽

Raman Spectra ◽

Free Water ◽

Wave Number ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Oh Groups ◽

X Ray ◽

Hydrogen Bond Strength ◽

The Difference

Objective: To confirm that free water molecules and hydrogen bond strength of OH groups underlie difference between two homeopathic drugs at ultrahigh dilution (UHD). Method: FTIR and Laser Raman spectra of UHDs of X-ray and Magnetis Poli Ambo were obtained in the wave number regions of 2400-4000 cm-1 and 2400-4200 cm-1, respectively. Mother tincture (MT) were prepared by exposing ethanol water to X-radiation for X-ray and magnetic field for Magnetis. Spectra of the reference water and the three UHDs of Ethanol were also taken. All the samples were in water-ethanol solution in which the ethanol content was 25%. For FTIR the difference spectrum (absorbance of a UHD minus absorbance of reference water) was obtained after normalization of the spectrum at 3410 cm-1. For Raman spectra the intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 cm-1 (R1), and that between 3620 and 3420 cm-1 (R2), were calculated for each UHD. The intensity at 3600 cm-1 in the difference spectra (FTIR) represents the number of free water molecules in UHDs. R2 values in Raman scattering suggest the same thing. Results: The data in both cases follow almost a similar pattern of difference among the UHDs studied here. For example, X-ray: FTIR 14

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Extremely dilution of Strychnos Nux vomica mitigates alcohol-induced reduction in enthalpies associated with free water molecules in fish brain

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 ◽

10.51910/ijhdr.v17i2.928 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 11-11

Author(s):

Atheni Konar ◽

NirmalChandra Sukul

Keyword(s):

Water Channel ◽

Free Water ◽

Freezing Temperature ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Ethanol Intoxication ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Treated Fish ◽

Homeopathic Drug ◽

The Brain ◽

Global Health Problem

Background: Alcoholism is a global health problem. Extract of the seeds of Strychnos Nux vomica and its high dilution have long been used in homeopathy for alcohol induced diseases of patients. Alcoholism leads to reduced brain volume. Glial cells like astroglia contain large number of water channel proteins or aquaporin (AQP4) which mediate glial oedema resulting from ethanol intoxication. Nux vomica, a homeopathic drug of plant origin, is known to counteract alcohol effect. Aim: The objective of this present study is to find out the level of free water molecules in the brain of a teleost fish under ethanol intoxication. The other purpose is to determine whether Nux vomica could restore the level of free water in the alcohol treated fish. Methodology: One group of fish was exposed to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min, another exposed first to a solution of Nux vomica 200c for 20 min and then to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min. The third group served as an untreated control. The mid brain of each fish was kept in an aluminium sample pan and its free water level was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Results and discussion: The results show that there was no significant variation in melting and freezing temperature of brain samples but the enthalpies, both freezing and melting varied significantly (P

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Extremely Dilution of Strychnos Nux vomica Mitigates Alcohol-Induced Reduction in Enthalpies Associated With Free Water Molecules in a Fish Brain

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 ◽

10.51910/ijhdr.v17i3-4.908 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (3-4) ◽

pp. 2-8

Author(s):

Atheni Konar ◽

Tandra Sarkar ◽

Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽

Md. Amir Sohel ◽

Abhijit Mondal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glial Cells ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Free Water ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Fish Brain ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Treated Fish ◽

The Brain

Introduction Alcohol intoxication affects aquaporins in the glial cells of brain resulting in oedema. Nux vomica, a homeopathic drug of plant origin, is known to counteract alcohol effect. The objective of this present study is to find out the level of free water molecules in the brain of a teleost fish under ethanol intoxication. The second objective is to determine whether Nux vomica could restore the level of free water in the alcohol treated fish. Materials and methods One group of fish was exposed to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min, another exposed first to a solution of Nux vomica 200c for 20 min and then to 456 mM ethanol for 30 min. The third group served as an untreated control. The mid brain of each fish was kept in an aluminium sample pan and its free water level was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results All alcohol treated fish showed significant reduction in the level of free water molecules as compared to the untreated control. Treatment with Nux vomica increased the level of free water in the brain significantly as compared to the untreated alcoholic group. Conclusion Alcohol intoxication reduces free water molecules in the fish brain. Nux vom might have acted on aquaporins in the glial cells thereby increasing the level of free water in the brain.

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Temperature and concentration dependence of equivalent conductivity in Ca(NO3)2-CaI2-H2O system

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19801639 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 1639-1645 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jindřich Novák ◽

Ivo Sláma

Keyword(s):

Linear Function ◽

Concentration Dependence ◽

Mole Fraction ◽

Constant Temperature ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Free Water ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Equivalent Conductivity ◽

Calcium Salts ◽

Fraction I

The dependence of the equivalent conductivity on the temperature and composition of the Ca(NO3)2-CaI2-H2O system was studied. The ionic fraction [I-]/([I-] + [NO-3]) was changed from 0.1 to 0.5, the mole fraction of calcium salts (assumed in anhydrous form in the presence of free water molecules) was 0.075-0.200. The equivalent conductivity was found to be a linear function of the ionic fraction at constant temperature and salt concentration.

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Understanding water structure from Raman spectra of isotopic substitution H2O/D2O up to 573 K

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics ◽

10.1039/c7cp02065a ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (32) ◽

pp. 21540-21547 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Qingcheng Hu ◽

Haiwen Zhao ◽

Shunli Ouyang

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Bonding ◽

Raman Spectra ◽

Water Structure ◽

Free Water ◽

Isotopic Substitution ◽

Structure Model ◽

Single Donor ◽

Hydrogen Bonded

The OH/OD stretch band features on Raman spectra of isotopic substitution H2O/D2O at temperatures up to 573 K are correlated with a multi-structure model that water has five dominant hydrogen bonding configurations: tetrahedral, deformed tetrahedral, single donor, single hydrogen bonded water and free water.

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