Comparative assessment of ecotoxicity of urban aerosol

Abstract. In addition to its mass concentration, the health effects of urban particulate matter may depend on its particle size distribution and chemical composition. Yet air pollution regulations rely on exclusively bulk PM10 concentration measurements, without regard to their potentially different health effects under different conditions. Aerosols from various sources are well known to contain a plethora of toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic constituents such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Extensive public health studies established the link between mass concentrations of PM2.5 / PM10 and health problems within the population. However, little is known about the relative importance of PM from different sources and the effect of seasonality on the toxicity. Here we present the application of a simple and sensitive method for the direct assessment of the overall ecotoxicity of various PM2.5 / PM10 samples collected on filters. The method is based on the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay that has been standardized for solid samples, representing a relevant biological exposure route. Direct emission samples proved to be significantly more ecotoxic than photochemically processed aerosol, thus marked differences were observed between the ecotoxicities of urban PM10 in summer and winter. These effects of urban PM10 may be useful supplementary indicators besides the mass concentrations of PM2.5 / PM10 in cities.

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Comparative assessment of ecotoxicity of urban aerosol

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-12-8533-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 8533-8546 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. Turóczi ◽

A. Hoffer ◽

Á. Tóth ◽

N. Kováts ◽

A. Ács ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Health Effects ◽

Vibrio Fischeri ◽

Urban Aerosol ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Direct Emission ◽

Aerosol Pollution ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Bioluminescence Inhibition ◽

Pollution Episodes

Abstract. In addition to its mass concentration, the health effects of urban particulate matter may depend on its particle size distribution and chemical composition. Yet air pollution regulations rely on exclusively bulk PM10 concentration measurements, without regard to their potentially different health effects under different conditions. Aerosols from various sources are well known to contain a plethora of toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic constituents such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In spite of the fact that tremendous efforts have been put to establish links between aerosol pollution and human health or mortality, the potential acute effects of PM2.5/PM10 have never been assessed for lack of adequate methodology. Here we present the application of a simple and sensitive method for the direct assessment of the overall ecotoxicity of various PM2.5/PM10 samples collected on filters. The method is based on the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay that has been standardized for solid samples, representing a relevant biological exposure route. Direct emission samples proved to be significantly more ecotoxic than photochemically processed aerosol, thus marked differences were observed between the ecotoxicities of urban PM10 in summer and winter. The previously overlooked acute effects of urban PM10 may add to the established effects of gaseous primary pollutants aggravating health problems during severe air pollution episodes.

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Ecotoxicological characterisation of exhaust particulates from diesel-powered light-duty vehicles

Open Chemistry ◽

10.2478/s11532-013-0326-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1954-1958 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

András Ács ◽

Árpád Ferincz ◽

Anikó Kovács ◽

Beatrix Jancsek-Turóczi ◽

András Gelencsér ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Exhaust ◽

Vibrio Fischeri ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Engine Emissions ◽

Toxic Unit ◽

Light Duty ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Bioluminescence Inhibition ◽

Ultrafine Particulate Matter ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

AbstractDiesel exhaust is one of the major sources of fine and ultrafine particulate matter in urban air. Toxicity of diesel-powered engine emissions has been quite widely assessed, however, much less information is available on their ecotoxicity. In our study the kinetic version of the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay, based on the ISO 21338:2010 standard, was used to characterise the ecotoxicity of diesel-powered cars. The method is sensitive enough to test the ecotoxic effect of the emission of individual vehicles. In general, significant positive correlation was found between ecotoxicity (expressed as Toxic Unit /TU/values) and total carbon (TC) as well as between TU and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations.

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Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18042177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 2177

Author(s):

Lu Yang ◽

Hao Zhang ◽

Xuan Zhang ◽

Wanli Xing ◽

Yan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Real Time ◽

Health Effects ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Personal Exposure ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic

Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironments and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial. However, because current techniques hardly monitor PAHs in real-time, timely feedback on PAHs including the characteristics of their concentration and composition, is not obtained via real-time analysis methods. Therefore, in this review, we summarize personal exposure, and indoor and outdoor PM-bound PAH concentrations for different participants, spaces, and cities worldwide in recent years. The main aims are to clarify the characteristics of PM-bound PAHs under different exposure conditions, in addition to the health effects and assessment methods of PAHs.

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Amino-PAHs activated Nrf2/ARE anti-oxidative defense system and promoted inflammatory responses: the regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway

Toxicology Research ◽

10.1039/c8tx00010g ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 465-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Meiying Wu ◽

Yuting Jiang ◽

Mingyuan Liu ◽

Yu Shang ◽

Jing An

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Health Effects ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Akt Pathway ◽

Defense System ◽

Oxidative Defense ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic

The amino polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (amino-PAHs) were frequently detected in PM2.5, and it was suggested that they contributed to the harmful health effects associated with PM2.5.

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Quantifying the Relative Importance of Predictors in Multiple Linear Regression Analyses for Public Health Studies

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene ◽

10.1080/15459620802225481 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 519-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Yi-Chun E. Chao ◽

Yue Zhao ◽

Lawrence L. Kupper ◽

Leena A. Nylander-French

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Multiple Linear Regression ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Health Studies

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Comparison of organics and heavy metals acute toxicities to Vibrio fischeri

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc151124011y ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 81 (6) ◽

pp. 697-705 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Xuepeng Yang ◽

Yan Ji ◽

Fangfang Wang ◽

Jia Xu ◽

Xiangzhen Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Cell Death ◽

Benzoic Acid ◽

Death Rate ◽

Vibrio Fischeri ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Inhibition Rate ◽

Cell Death Rate ◽

Bioluminescence Inhibition ◽

The Difference

Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition has been widely used to test acute toxicities of metals and organics contaminants. However, the differences of metals and organics acute toxicities to V. fischeri have not been compared. Here, four heavy metals (Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Cr6+) and five organics (phenol, benzoic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, nitro-benzene and benzene) acute toxicities to V. fischeri were investigated. Heavy metals toxicities to V. fischeri were increased along with the reaction time, while the organics toxicities kept the same level in different reaction times. In order to explain the difference, the relative cell death rate of V. fischeri was detected. In metals toxicities tests, the bioluminescence inhibition rate of V. fischeri was found to be significantly higher than the relative cell death rate (P<0.05), while for the organics toxicities tests, the cell death rate was similar to the bioluminescence inhibition rate. These results indicated that organics acute toxicities to V. fischeri could reflect the death of cell, but metals acute toxicities to V. fischeri may not lead to the death of cell, just represent the bioluminescence inhibition.

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The distribution of herbage at different heights in ‘grazed’ and ‘dung patch’ areas of a sward under two methods of grazing management

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600060251 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 29-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. C. Tayler ◽

J. E. Rudman

Keyword(s):

Vertical Distribution ◽

Live Weight ◽

Ground Level ◽

Grazing Management ◽

Total Production ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Lower Region ◽

Average Quantity ◽

Different Sources ◽

Horizontal And Vertical Distribution

A study of the horizontal and vertical distribution of herbage in grass-dominant swards was made to assess the relative importance of different sources of wastage during grazing. A sward grazed by cattle under two contrasting managements was divided, for the purpose of herbage sampling, into two categories: ‘grazed’ herbage, on ground with no obvious dung contamination, and ‘dung patches’, which were of ungrazed or lightly grazed herbage resulting from the effects of faeces dropped at previous grazings. In each category, samples were cut at two successive heights to provide an estimate of the quantity of herbage in the upper region of the sward (over 2½ in. from ground level) and in the lower region (½-2½ in. from ground level).After grazing, some 35% of the original crop remained in ‘grazed’ areas, and some 20% in ‘dung patches’. In terms of vertical distribution, most of the residue (40% of the original crop) was in the lower region, from ½ to 2½ in. above ground level.Total production as live-weight gain was not significantly different, but the yield of conserved herbage was greater in treatment R (five rotations) than in treatment RR (nineteen rotations). Frequent grazing reduced herbage production, and this effect was not offset by any less intense defoliation of the frequently grazed sward. The average quantity of herbage residue was no higher in treatment RR than in treatment R, although the time of occupation per plot by the cattle in RR was only a quarter of that of the cattle in treatment R.

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