scholarly journals Validation of ozone monthly zonal mean profiles obtained from the version 8.6 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 6887-6905 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Kramarova ◽  
S. M. Frith ◽  
P. K. Bhartia ◽  
R. D. McPeters ◽  
S. L. Taylor ◽  
...  

Abstract. We present the validation of ozone profiles from a number of Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV and SBUV/2) instruments that were recently reprocessed using an updated (version 8.6) algorithm. The SBUV data record spans a 41 yr period from 1970 to 2011 with a 5 yr gap in the 1970s. The ultimate goal is to create a consistent, well-calibrated data set of ozone profiles that can be used for climate studies and trend analyses. SBUV ozone profiles have been intensively validated against satellite profile measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounders (MLS) (on board the UARS and Aura satellites) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) and ground-based observations from the microwave spectrometers, lidars, Umkehr instruments and balloon-borne ozonesondes. In the stratosphere between 25 and 1 hPa the mean biases and standard deviations are mostly within 5% for monthly zonal mean ozone profiles. Above and below this layer the vertical resolution of the SBUV algorithm decreases. We combine several layers of data in the troposphere/lower stratosphere to account for the lower resolution. The bias in the SBUV tropospheric/lower stratospheric combined layer relative to similarly integrated columns from Aura MLS, ozonesonde and Umkehr instruments varies within 5%. We also estimate the drift of the SBUV instruments and their potential effect on the long-term stability of the combined data record. Data from the SBUV instruments that collectively cover the 1980s and 2000s are very stable, with drifts mostly less than 0.5% per year. The features of individual SBUV(/2) instruments are discussed and recommendations for creating a merged SBUV data set are provided.

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2549-2597 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Kramarova ◽  
S. M. Frith ◽  
P. K. Bhartia ◽  
R. D. McPeters ◽  
S. L. Taylor ◽  
...  

Abstract. We present validation of ozone profiles from a number of Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV and SBUV/2) instruments that were recently reprocessed using an updated (Version 8.6) algorithm. The SBUV data record spans a 41-yr period from 1970 to 2011 with a 5-yr gap in the 1970s. The ultimate goal is to create a consistent, well-calibrated dataset of ozone profiles that can be used for climate studies and trend analyses. SBUV ozone profiles have been intensively validated against satellite profile measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounders (MLS) (on board UARS and Aura satellites) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) and ground-based observations from the microwave spectrometers, lidars, Umkehr instruments and balloon-borne ozonesondes. In the stratosphere between 25 and 1 hPa the mean biases and standard deviations are mostly within 5% for monthly zonal mean ozone profiles. Above and below this layer the vertical resolution of the SBUV algorithm decreases. We combine several layers of data in the troposphere/lower stratosphere to account for the lower resolution. The bias in the SBUV tropospheric/lower stratospheric combined layer relative to similarly integrated columns from Aura MLS, ozonesonde and Umkehr instruments varies within 5%. We also estimate drifts in the SBUV instruments and their potential effect on the long-term stability of the combined data record. Data from the SBUV instruments that collectively cover the 1980s and 2000s are very stable, with drifts mostly less than 0.5% yr−1. The features of individual SBUV(/2) instruments are discussed and recommendations for creating the merged SBUV data set are provided.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Davis ◽  
Karen H. Rosenlof ◽  
Birgit Hassler ◽  
Dale F. Hurst ◽  
William G. Read ◽  
...  

Abstract. In this paper, we describe the construction of the Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database, which includes vertically resolved ozone and water vapor data from limb profiling satellite instruments operating since the 1980’s. SWOOSH includes both individual satellite source data as well as a merged data product. A key aspect of the merged product is that the source records are homogenized to account for inter-satellite biases and to minimize artificial jumps in the record. We describe the SWOOSH homogenization process, which involves adjusting the satellite data records to a “reference” satellite using coincident observations during time periods of instrument overlap. The reference satellite is chosen based on the best agreement with independent balloon-based sounding measurements, with the goal of producing a long-term data record that is both homogeneous and accurate. This paper details the choice of reference measurements, homogenization, and gridding process involved in the construction of the combined SWOOSH product, and also presents the ancillary information stored in SWOOSH that can be used in future studies of water vapor and ozone variability. Furthermore, a discussion of uncertainties in the combined SWOOSH record is presented, and examples of the SWOOSH record are provided to illustrate its use for studies of ozone and water vapor variability on interannual to decadal time scales. The version 2.5 SWOOSH data are publicly available at https://data.noaa.gov/dataset/stratospheric-water-and-ozone-satellite-homogenized-swoosh-data-set.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Estilow ◽  
A. H. Young ◽  
D. A. Robinson

Abstract. This paper describes the long-term, satellite-based visible snow cover extent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate data record (CDR) currently available for climate studies, monitoring, and model validation. This environmental data product is developed from weekly Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data that have been digitized from snow cover maps onto a Cartesian grid draped over a polar stereographic projection. The data have a spatial resolution of 190.6 km at 60° latitude, are updated monthly, and span the period from 4 October 1966 to the present. The data comprise the longest satellite-based CDR of any environmental variable. Access to the data is provided in Network Common Data Form (netCDF) and archived by NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) under the satellite Climate Data Record Program (doi:10.7289/V5N014G9). The basic characteristics, history, and evolution of the data set are presented herein. In general, the CDR provides similar spatial and temporal variability to its widely used predecessor product. Key refinements included in the CDR improve the product's grid accuracy and documentation and bring metadata into compliance with current standards for climate data records.


1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Cartwright ◽  
Jeremy J. Harrison ◽  
David P. Moore

<p>Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfur containing gas in the atmosphere and is an important source of stratospheric aerosol. Furthermore, it has been shown that OCS can be used as a proxy for photosynthesis, which is a powerful tool in quantifying global gross primary production. While considerable improvements have been made in our understanding of the location and magnitude of OCS fluxes over the past few decades, recent studies highlight the need for a new satellite dataset to help reduce the uncertainties in current estimations. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instruments on-board the MetOp satellites offer over 14 years of nadir viewing radiance measurements with excellent spatial coverage. Given that there are currently three IASI instruments in operation, there is the potential for a significantly larger OCS dataset than is currently available elsewhere. Retrievals of OCS from these IASI radiances have been made using an adapted version of the University of Leicester IASI Retrieval Scheme (ULIRS). OCS total column amounts are calculated from profiles retrieved on a 31-layer equidistant pressure grid, using an optimal estimation approach for microwindows in the range 2000 – 2100 cm<sup>-1</sup> wavenumbers. Sensitivity of the measurements peak in the mid-troposphere, between 5 – 10 km.</p><p>The outlook of this work is to produce a long-term OCS satellite observational data set that provides fresh insight to the spatial distribution and trend of atmospheric OCS. Here, we present subsets of data in the form of case studies for different geographic regions and time periods.</p>


2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 11149-11169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Friberg ◽  
Bengt G. Martinsson ◽  
Sandra M. Andersson ◽  
Oscar S. Sandvik

Abstract. We present a study on the stratospheric aerosol load during 2006–2015, discuss the influence from volcanism and other sources, and reconstruct an aerosol optical depth (AOD) data set in a resolution of 1∘ latitudinally and 8 days timewise. The purpose is to include the “entire” stratosphere, from the tropopause to the almost particle-free altitudes of the midstratosphere. A dynamic tropopause of 1.5 PVU was used, since it enclosed almost all of the volcanic signals in the CALIOP data set. The data were successfully cleaned from polar stratospheric clouds using a temperature threshold of 195 K. Furthermore, a method was developed to correct data when the CALIOP laser beam was strongly attenuated by volcanic aerosol, preventing a negative bias in the AOD data set. Tropospheric influence, likely from upwelling dust, was found in the extratropical transition layer in spring. Eruptions of both extratropical and tropical volcanoes that injected aerosol into the stratosphere impacted the stratospheric aerosol load for up to a year if their clouds reached lower than 20 km altitude. Deeper-reaching tropical injections rose in the tropical pipe and impacted it for several years. Our AODs mostly compare well to other long-term studies of the stratospheric AOD. Over the years 2006–2015, volcanic eruptions increased the stratospheric AOD on average by ∼40 %. In absolute numbers the stratospheric AOD and radiative forcing amounted to 0.008 and −0.2 W m−2, respectively.


Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Sandra Tong ◽  
Robert P. Numerof ◽  
Jane Datangel ◽  
Esteban Masuda

Introduction: Fostamatinib is an oral, potent inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) with proven efficacy and a manageable safety profile for the treatment of ITP. SYK is situated in an intracellular signaling pathway upstream of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Long-term safety data on fostamatinib at various dosing regimens (up to 150 mg BID) has been collected in >4000 patients with ITP, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and other autoimmune, allergic and neoplastic disorders. The safety and tolerability of fostamatinib were consistent across different patient populations (apart from disease specific events). We present a summary analysis of the fostamatinib safety data from the ITP and RA studies. Methods: Fostamatinib safety data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies and the long-term, open-label, extension (OLE) study in ITP were pooled and are based on a starting dose of 200 mg/day, which was increased to 300 mg/day after 4 weeks in 88% of patients. Fostamatinib safety data from 13 phase 2/3 studies in RA were pooled and are based on a dosing regimen of 100-150 mg/day (n=1232) or 200-300 mg/day (n=2205). Results: The pooled data set for ITP included 146 patients; 60% were female, and the median age was 53 years (range 20-88). The mean duration of fostamatinib treatment was 19 months (range <1-62 months), representing 229 patient exposure years. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 87% of patients, and 63% were mild to moderate. Serious AEs were reported in 31% of patients. The incidence of diarrhea, hypertension, alanine aminotransferase increase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increase was evaluated in 58 patients who received fostamatinib for ≥1 year. This enabled a comparison of the incidence of these AEs in quartiles over the first year to assess the cumulative effects of fostamatinib. The AEs were reported with decreasing frequency during the second, third, and fourth quarters of fostamatinib treatment compared with the first quarter of the initial year of treatment in the 58 patients (see Figure 1). In the same 58 patients, the use of rescue therapy decreased while median platelet counts increased each quarter of the first year. The pooled data set for RA included 3437 patients who received fostamatinib; 83% were female, and the median age was 54 (range 18 -87). The mean duration of treatment was 18 months (range <1-81) representing 5134 patient exposure years. AEs were reported in 86% of RA patients and were mild to moderate in 73% of RA patients. Serious AEs occurred in 14%. In the placebo-controlled RA studies, 2414 patients received fostamatinib with 823 patient exposure years and 1169 received placebo with 367 patient exposure years. Despite a two-fold (125%) increase in exposure with fostamatinib vs placebo (823 vs 367 patient exposure years), there was only a 26% increase in AEs with fostamatinib vs placebo (68% vs 54%). The most common events in the ITP and RA studies were diarrhea (36% and 24%), hypertension (22% and 19%) and nausea (19% and 8%), apart from disease-related AEs. Epistaxis (19% and 0.5%), petechiae (15% and 0.3%), contusion (12% and 2%), and fatigue (10% and 2%) are associated with ITP and were uncommon in the RA population. Rheumatoid arthritis was reported as an AE in 9% of patients with RA and in none with ITP. Some AEs may be dose-related, and one-third of the RA patients were on lower dosages (100-150 mg/day) than were generally given in the ITP trials (200-300 mg/day). Conclusions: Fostamatinib has been evaluated in >4000 patients across different disease populations. Fostamatinib has a consistent and manageable safety profile. No new safety signals and no cumulative toxicity were observed with up to 81 months (6.8 years) of continuous treatment. Figure 1 Disclosures Tong: Rigel: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Numerof:Rigel: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Datangel:Rigel: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Masuda:Rigel: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Keski-Nisula ◽  
Leo Keski-Nisula ◽  
Juha Varrela

Summary Objectives Our aim was to analyse dentoskeletal effects and long-term stability of Class II treatment carried out with an eruption guidance appliance (EGA) in early mixed dentition. Materials and methods Sixty-five Class II patients (38 females and 27 males), treated with an EGA in early mixed dentition, were compared with 58 children (26 females and 32 males) with untreated Class II malocclusion. The mean age in the treatment group at the start (T1) and end of treatment (T2) was 5.4 years (±0.4) and 8.5 years (±0.9), respectively, and at the final examination in the early permanent dentition (T3) 16.7 years (±0.4). In the control group, the mean age at T1 and T2 were 5.1 years (±0.5) and 8.4 years (±0.5), respectively. The independent and dependent sample t-tests, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s test were used in the statistical evaluation. Results In the treatment group, the frequency of Class II decreased from 100 to 14% during the treatment (T1–T2) and a significant correction took place in all occlusal variables. At T2, the treatment and control groups showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in all occlusal variables. In the treated children, mandibular length increased 5 mm more (P < 0.001) from T1 to T2 compared to the control children, and the ANB angle became significantly smaller (P = 0.006). During the post-treatment period (T2–T3), the frequency of Class II in the treatment group decreased from 14 to 2% (P < 0.05), overbite increased from 2.2 to 3.1 mm (P < 0.05), and lower crowding increased from 2to 14% (P < 0.05). Post-treatment changes in overjet and upper crowding were not statistically significant. At T3, the mean values of the SNA, SNB, and ANB angles were 83.0° (SD 3.9°), 81.3° (SD 3.8°), and 2.4° (SD 1.5°), respectively. Conclusions A clinically significant correction of the molar relationship, overjet, overbite, incisor alignment, and growth enhancement of the mandible were observed after treatment in early mixed dentition. The treatment results remained largely stable in the early permanent dentition. However, an increase was observed in overbite and lower crowding. None of the children treated in early mixed dentition needed a second treatment phase.


2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ziegler ◽  
Ronald Grossarth-Maticek

Mistletoe preparations such as Iscador are in common use as complementary/anthroposophic medications for many cancer indications, particularly for solid cancers. The efficacy is still discussed controversially. This paper presents an individual patient data meta-analysis of all published prospective matched-pair studies with breast cancer patients concerned with long-term application of a complementary/anthroposophic therapy with the mistletoe preparation Iscador. Six sets of data were available for individual patient meta-analysis of breast cancer patients, matched according to prognostic factors into pairs with and without mistletoe (Iscador) therapy. The main outcome measures were overall survival and psychosomatic self-regulation. Overall survival was almost significant in favor of the Iscador group in the combined data set of the randomized studies: estimate of the hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval 0.59 (0.34, 1.02). Overall survival was highly significant in the combined data set of the non-randomized studies: 0.43 (0.34, 0.56). In the combined analysis of the randomized studies, improvement of psychosomatic self-regulation, as a measure of autonomous coping with the disease, was highly significant in favor of the Iscador group: estimate of the median difference 0.45 (0.15, 0.80),P= 0.0051. The analyzed studies show that therapy with Iscador might prolong overall survival and improve psychosomatic self-regulation of breast cancer patients.


2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Ashouri ◽  
Kuo-Lin Hsu ◽  
Soroosh Sorooshian ◽  
Dan K. Braithwaite ◽  
Kenneth R. Knapp ◽  
...  

Abstract A new retrospective satellite-based precipitation dataset is constructed as a climate data record for hydrological and climate studies. Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks–Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) provides daily and 0.25° rainfall estimates for the latitude band 60°S–60°N for the period of 1 January 1983 to 31 December 2012 (delayed present). PERSIANN-CDR is aimed at addressing the need for a consistent, long-term, high-resolution, and global precipitation dataset for studying the changes and trends in daily precipitation, especially extreme precipitation events, due to climate change and natural variability. PERSIANN-CDR is generated from the PERSIANN algorithm using GridSat-B1 infrared data. It is adjusted using the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly product to maintain consistency of the two datasets at 2.5° monthly scale throughout the entire record. Three case studies for testing the efficacy of the dataset against available observations and satellite products are reported. The verification study over Hurricane Katrina (2005) shows that PERSIANN-CDR has good agreement with the stage IV radar data, noting that PERSIANN-CDR has more complete spatial coverage than the radar data. In addition, the comparison of PERSIANN-CDR against gauge observations during the 1986 Sydney flood in Australia reaffirms the capability of PERSIANN-CDR to provide reasonably accurate rainfall estimates. Moreover, the probability density function (PDF) of PERSIANN-CDR over the contiguous United States exhibits good agreement with the PDFs of the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gridded gauge data and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product. The results indicate high potential for using PERSIANN-CDR for long-term hydroclimate studies in regional and global scales.


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