scholarly journals Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of aerosols at the High Arctic site Villum Research Station

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 10239-10256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg E. Nielsen ◽  
Henrik Skov ◽  
Andreas Massling ◽  
Axel C. Eriksson ◽  
Manuel Dall'Osto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Arctic Haze

Abstract. There are limited measurements of the chemical composition, abundance and sources of atmospheric particles in the High Arctic To address this, we report 93 d of soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) data collected from 20 February to 23 May 2015 at Villum Research Station (VRS) in northern Greenland (81∘36′ N). During this period, we observed the Arctic haze phenomenon with elevated PM1 concentrations ranging from an average of 2.3, 2.3 and 3.3 µg m−3 in February, March and April, respectively, to 1.2 µg m−3 in May. Particulate sulfate (SO42-) accounted for 66 % of the non-refractory PM1 with the highest concentration until the end of April and decreasing in May. The second most abundant species was organic aerosol (OA) (24 %). Both OA and PM1, estimated from the sum of all collected species, showed a marked decrease throughout May in accordance with the polar front moving north, together with changes in aerosol removal processes. The highest refractory black carbon (rBC) concentrations were found in the first month of the campaign, averaging 0.2 µg m−3. In March and April, rBC averaged 0.1 µg m−3 while decreasing to 0.02 µg m−3 in May. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the OA mass spectra yielded three factors: (1) a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) factor, which was dominated by primary aerosols and accounted for 12 % of OA mass, (2) an Arctic haze organic aerosol (AOA) factor and (3) a more oxygenated marine organic aerosol (MOA) factor. AOA dominated until mid-April (64 %–81 % of OA), while being nearly absent from the end of May and correlated significantly with SO42-, suggesting the main part of that factor is secondary OA. The MOA emerged late at the end of March, where it increased with solar radiation and reduced sea ice extent and dominated OA for the rest of the campaign until the end of May (24 %–74 % of OA), while AOA was nearly absent. The highest O∕C ratio (0.95) and S∕C ratio (0.011) was found for MOA. Our data support the current understanding that Arctic aerosols are highly influenced by secondary aerosol formation and receives an important contribution from marine emissions during Arctic spring in remote High Arctic areas. In view of a changing Arctic climate with changing sea-ice extent, biogenic processes and corresponding source strengths, highly time-resolved data are needed in order to elucidate the components dominating aerosol concentrations and enhance the understanding of the processes taking place.

scholarly journals Biogenic and Anthropogenic sources of Arctic Aerosols

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg E. Nielsen ◽  
Henrik Skov ◽  
Andreas Massling ◽  
Axel C. Eriksson ◽  
Manuel Dall'Osto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Arctic Haze

Abstract. There are limited measurements of the chemical composition, abundance, and sources of black carbon (BC) containing particles in the high Arctic. To address this, we report 93 days of Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS) data collected in the high Arctic. The period spans from February 20th until May 23rd 2015 at Villum Research Station (VRS) in Northern Greenland (81°36' N). Particulate sulfate (SO42−) accounted for 66 % of the non-refractory PM1, which amounted to 2.3 µg m−3 as an average value observed during the campaign. The second most abundant species was organic matter (24 %), averaging 0.55 µg m3. Both organic aerosol (OA) and PM1, estimated from the sum of all collected species, showed a marked decrease throughout May in accordance with Arctic haze leveling off. The refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration averaged 0.1 µg m−3 over the entire campaign. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of the OA mass spectra yielded three factors: (1) a Hydrocarbon-like Organic Aerosol (HOA) factor, which was dominated by primary aerosols and accounted for 12 % of OA mass; (2) an Arctic haze Organic Aerosol (AOA) factor, which accounted for 64 % of the OA and dominated until mid-April while being nearly absent from the end of May; and (3) a more oxygenated Marine Organic Aerosol (MOA) factor, which accounted for 22 % of OA. AOA correlated significantly with SO42−, suggesting the main part of that factor being secondary OA. The MOA emerged late at the end of March, where it increased with solar radiation and reduced sea ice extent, and dominated OA for the rest of the campaign until the end of May. Important differences are observed among the factors, including the highest O/C ratio (0.95) and S/C ratio (0.011) for MOA – the marine related factor. Our data supports current understanding of the Arctic summer aerosols, driven mainly by secondary aerosol formation, but with an important contribution from marine emissions. In view of a changing Arctic climate with changing sea-ice extent, biogenic processes, and corresponding source strengths, highly time-resolved data are urgently needed in order to elucidate the components dominating aerosol concentrations.

scholarly journals Atmospheric VOC measurements at a High Arctic site: characteristics and source apportionment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 2895-2916
Author(s):  
Jakob B. Pernov ◽  
Rossana Bossi ◽  
Thibaut Lebourgeois ◽  
Jacob K. Nøjgaard ◽  
Rupert Holzinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Arctic Haze

Abstract. There are few long-term datasets of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the High Arctic. Furthermore, knowledge about their source regions remains lacking. To address this matter, we report a multiseason dataset of highly time-resolved VOC measurements in the High Arctic from April to October 2018. We have utilized a combination of measurement and modeling techniques to characterize the mixing ratios, temporal patterns, and sources of VOCs at the Villum Research Station at Station Nord in northeastern Greenland. Atmospheric VOCs were measured using proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ten ions were selected for source apportionment with the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model. A four-factor solution to the PMF model was deemed optimal. The factors identified were biomass burning, marine cryosphere, background, and Arctic haze. The biomass burning factor described the variation of acetonitrile and benzene and peaked during August and September. The marine cryosphere factor was comprised of carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, and C3H6O2) as well as dimethyl sulfide (DMS). This factor displayed peak contributions during periods of snow and sea ice melt. A potential source contribution function (PSCF) showed that the source regions for this factor were the coasts around southeastern and northeastern Greenland. The background factor was temporally ubiquitous, with a slight decrease in the summer. This factor was not driven by any individual chemical species. The Arctic haze factor was dominated by benzene with contributions from oxygenated VOCs. This factor exhibited a maximum in the spring and minima during the summer and autumn. This temporal pattern and species profile are indicative of anthropogenic sources in the midlatitudes. This study provides seasonal characteristics and sources of VOCs and can help elucidate the processes affecting the atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical feedback mechanisms in the High Arctic.

scholarly journals Atmospheric VOC measurements at a High Arctic site: characteristics and source apportionment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob B. Pernov ◽  
Rossana Bossi ◽  
Thibaut Lebourgeois ◽  
Jacob K. Nøjgaard ◽  
Rupert Holzinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Arctic Haze

Abstract. There are few long-term datasets of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the High Arctic. Furthermore, knowledge about their source regions remains lacking. To address this matter, we report a long-term dataset of highly time-resolved VOC measurements in the High Arctic from April to October 2018. We have utilized a combination of measurement and modeling techniques to characterize the mixing ratios, temporal patterns, and sources of VOCs at Villum Research Station at Station Nord, in Northeast Greenland. Atmospheric VOCs were measured using Proton Transfer-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). Ten ions were selected for source apportionment with the receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF). A four-factor solution to the PMF model was deemed optimal. The factors identified were Biomass Burning, Marine Cryosphere, Background, and Arctic Haze. The Biomass Burning factor described the variation of acetonitrile and benzene. Back trajectory analysis indicated the influence of active fires in North America and Eurasia. The Marine Cryosphere factor was comprised of carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, and propionic acid) as well as dimethyl sulfide (DMS). This factor displayed a clear diurnal profile during periods of snow and sea ice melt. Back trajectories showed that the source regions for this factor were the coasts around North Greenland and the Arctic Ocean. The Background factor was temporally ubiquitous, with a slight decrease in the summer. This factor was not driven by any individual chemical species. The Arctic Haze factor was dominated by benzene with contributions from oxygenated VOCs. This factor exhibited a maximum in the spring and minima during the summer and autumn. This temporal pattern and species profile are indicative of anthropogenic sources in the mid-latitudes. This study provides seasonal characteristics and sources of VOCs and can help elucidate the processes affecting the atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical feedback mechanisms in the High Arctic.

scholarly journals Climate-driven benthic invertebrate activity and biogeochemical functioning across the Barents Sea polar front

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2181) ◽  
pp. 20190365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Solan ◽  
Ellie R. Ward ◽  
Christina L. Wood ◽  
Adam J. Reed ◽  
Laura J. Grange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
The Barents Sea

Arctic marine ecosystems are undergoing rapid correction in response to multiple expressions of climate change, but the consequences of altered biodiversity for the sequestration, transformation and storage of nutrients are poorly constrained. Here, we determine the bioturbation activity of sediment-dwelling invertebrate communities over two consecutive summers that contrasted in sea-ice extent along a transect intersecting the polar front. We find a clear separation in community composition at the polar front that marks a transition in the type and amount of bioturbation activity, and associated nutrient concentrations, sufficient to distinguish a southern high from a northern low. While patterns in community structure reflect proximity to arctic versus boreal conditions, our observations strongly suggest that faunal activity is moderated by seasonal variations in sea ice extent that influence food supply to the benthos. Our observations help visualize how a climate-driven reorganization of the Barents Sea benthic ecosystem may be expressed, and emphasize the rapidity with which an entire region could experience a functional transformation. As strong benthic-pelagic coupling is typical across most parts of the Arctic shelf, the response of these ecosystems to a changing climate will have important ramifications for ecosystem functioning and the trophic structure of the entire food web. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.

scholarly journals Simultaneous measurements of aerosol size distributions at three sites in the European high Arctic

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 7377-7395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Dall'Osto ◽  
David C. S. Beddows ◽  
Peter Tunved ◽  
Roy M. Harrison ◽  
Angelo Lupi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Accumulation Mode

Abstract. Aerosols are an integral part of the Arctic climate system due to their direct interaction with radiation and indirect interaction through cloud formation. Understanding aerosol size distributions and their dynamics is crucial for the ability to predict these climate relevant effects. When of favourable size and composition, both long-range-transported – and locally formed particles – may serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Small changes of composition or size may have a large impact on the low CCN concentrations currently characteristic of the Arctic environment. We present a cluster analysis of particle size distributions (PSDs; size range 8–500 nm) simultaneously collected from three high Arctic sites during a 3-year period (2013–2015). Two sites are located in the Svalbard archipelago: Zeppelin research station (ZEP; 474 m above ground) and the nearby Gruvebadet Observatory (GRU; about 2 km distance from Zeppelin, 67 m above ground). The third site (Villum Research Station at Station Nord, VRS; 30 m above ground) is 600 km west-northwest of Zeppelin, at the tip of north-eastern Greenland. The GRU site is included in an inter-site comparison for the first time. K-means cluster analysis provided eight specific aerosol categories, further combined into broad PSD classes with similar characteristics, namely pristine low concentrations (12 %–14 % occurrence), new particle formation (16 %–32 %), Aitken (21 %–35 %) and accumulation (20 %–50 %). Confined for longer time periods by consolidated pack sea ice regions, the Greenland site GRU shows PSDs with lower ultrafine-mode aerosol concentrations during summer but higher accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations during winter, relative to the Svalbard sites. By association with chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei properties, further conclusions can be derived. Three distinct types of accumulation-mode aerosol are observed during winter months. These are associated with sea spray (largest detectable sizes, >400 nm), Arctic haze (main mode at 150 nm) and aged accumulation-mode (main mode at 220 nm) aerosols. In contrast, locally produced particles, most likely of marine biogenic origin, exhibit size distributions dominated by the nucleation and Aitken mode during summer months. The obtained data and analysis point towards future studies, including apportioning the relative contribution of primary and secondary aerosol formation processes and elucidating anthropogenic aerosol dynamics and transport and removal processes across the Greenland Sea. In order to address important research questions in the Arctic on scales beyond a singular station or measurement events, it is imperative to continue strengthening international scientific cooperation.

scholarly journals Influence of sea surface temperature in the tropics on the Antarctic sea ice under global warming

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Alekseev ◽  
N. I. Glok ◽  
A. E. Vyasilova ◽  
N. E. Ivanov ◽  
N. E. Kharlanenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Antarctic Polar Front ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Sea ice fields in the Antarctic, in contrast to the Arctic ones, did not show a reduction in observed global warming, whereas the global climate models indicate its certain decrease. The purpose of the study is to explain this climatic phenomenon on the basis of the idea of joint dynamics of oceanic structures in the Southern Ocean – the Antarctic polar front and the margin of the maximum distribution of sea ice. We used data from the ERA/Interim and HadISST as well as the database on the sea ice for 1979–2017. Relationship between the SST-anomalies in low latitudes of the Northern hemisphere and positions of the Antarctic polar front and maximum sea-ice extent was investigated. It was found that locations of these structures changed under the influence of the SST anomalies in low latitudes. The results obtained confirm existence of the opposite trends in changes in the sea ice extent in the Arctic and Antarctic under the influence of the SST anomalies in the central North Atlantic Ocean. When positive, the anomalies cause a shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the Hadley circulation to the North, while, on the contrary, the negative anomaly promotes the corresponding shift of the Antarctic polar front, followed by the boundary of sea ice.

Trend analysis of aerosol particle physical properties at Villum Research Station, Northern Greenland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Pernov ◽  
Henrik Skov ◽  
Daniel Thomas ◽  
Andreas Massling
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Accumulation Mode ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Arctic Aerosol ◽  
Increasing Trends

<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p>The Arctic region is particularly sensitive to global climate change, experiencing warming at twice the rate of the global average. Anthropogenic pollution (e.g. aerosols, black carbon, ozone, and greenhouse gases), which to a large extent originates from the mid-latitudes, is suspected to be partly responsible for this warming. Atmospheric aerosols can alter the planetary radiation balance directly through scattering and absorption and indirectly through modification of cloud properties. These interactions depend on aerosol physicochemical properties. The Arctic cryosphere and atmosphere has undergone significant changes in recent decades, accompanied by reductions in anthropogenic emissions, especially in Europe and North America. These changes have important ramifications for the ambient Arctic aerosol. Understanding the direction and magnitude of recent changes in the Arctic aerosol population is key to elucidating the implications for the changing Arctic, although this remains a scientific challenge. Here we report recent trends for aerosol particle physical properties, which will aid in this understanding of the changing Arctic.</p><p><strong>Measurement Site</strong><strong> & Methods</strong></p><p>All measurements were obtained at Villum Research Station (Villum, N 81<sup>o</sup>36’ W 16<sup>o</sup>39’ 24 m a.s.l) in northeastern Greenland. Particle number size distributions (PNSD) were measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) from 2010–2018.</p><p>We have utilized mode fitting on daily averaged PNSDs to characterize three distinct modes (Nucleation, Aitken, and Accumulation) along with geometric mean diameters (GMD) and number concentrations (PN) for each mode.</p><p>The trends in these parameters were identified and quantified using the Mann-Kendal test and Theil Sen slope on the 90<sup>th</sup> % confidence interval. Trends in different months were analyzed using daily modal parameters.</p><p><strong>Results</strong></p><p>Statistically significant (s.s.) decreasing trends were detected for the Nucleation and Aitken modes GMDs in the winter, spring, and summer, with the only s.s. increasing trends occurring in the autumn. The Accumulation mode GMD showed a s.s. decrease in the spring and s.s. increase in the summer. For the PN of each mode, large s.s. increasing trends were detected for Nucleation and Aitken mode PN in the spring and summer. The Accumulation mode PN showed a small s.s. increase in the summer and a large s.s. decrease in the autumn.</p><p>            These results show that ultrafine modes (Nucleation and Aitken) are decreasing in diameter while simultaneously increasing in number concentration. These trends are most likely related to changes in sea ice extent, as previous research has indicated a negative correlation between new particle formation and sea ice extent. The decrease in Accumulation mode GMD in spring (during the peak of the Arctic Haze) is possibly related to decreases in anthropogenic emissions, while the increase PN during summer could signal an increase in primary biogenic aerosol emissions from the ocean surface. The large decrease in Accumulation mode PN during autumn requires further investigation. </p><p>            This work will help confirm trends of other aerosol components observed at other High Arctic sites and can offer insight into the climatic implications (i.e., radiative balance and cloud properties) for a future Arctic climate.</p>

Investigations of past climate and sea-ice variability in the fjord area by Station Nord, eastern North Greenland

1969 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Nørgaard-Pedersen ◽  
Sofia Ribeiro ◽  
Naja Mikkelsen ◽  
Audrey Limoges ◽  
Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Fjord System ◽  
Sea Bottom ◽  
Satellite Radar ◽  
North Greenland

The marine record of the Independence–Danmark fjord system extending out to the Wandel Hav in eastern North Greenland (Fig. 1A) is little known due to the almost perennial sea-ice cover, which makes the region inaccessible for research vessels (Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. 2008), and only a few depth measurements have been conducted in the area. In 2015, the Villum Research Station, a new logistic base for scientific investigations, was opened at Station Nord. In contrast to the early exploration of the region, it is now possible to observe and track the seasonal character and changes of ice in the fjord system and the Arctic Ocean through remote sensing by satellite radar systems. Satellite data going back to the early 1980s show that the outer part of the Independence–Danmark fjord system is characterised by perennial sea ice whereas both the southern part of the fjord system and an area 20–30 km west of Station Nord are partly ice free during late summer (Fig. 1B). Hence, marine-orientated field work can be conducted from the sea ice using snow mobiles, and by drilling through the ice to reach the underlying water and sea bottom.

scholarly journals Sea Ice Concentration and Sea Ice Extent Mapping with L-Band Microwave Radiometry and GNSS-R Data from the FFSCat Mission Using Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139
Author(s):  
David Llaveria ◽  
Juan Francesc Munoz-Martin ◽  
Christoph Herbert ◽  
Miriam Pablos ◽  
Hyuk Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Ice Concentration ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Neural Network Approach ◽  
Ice Concentration ◽  
L Band ◽  
Moderate Cost

CubeSat-based Earth Observation missions have emerged in recent times, achieving scientifically valuable data at a moderate cost. FSSCat is a two 6U CubeSats mission, winner of the ESA S3 challenge and overall winner of the 2017 Copernicus Masters Competition, that was launched in September 2020. The first satellite, 3Cat-5/A, carries the FMPL-2 instrument, an L-band microwave radiometer and a GNSS-Reflectometer. This work presents a neural network approach for retrieving sea ice concentration and sea ice extent maps on the Arctic and the Antarctic oceans using FMPL-2 data. The results from the first months of operations are presented and analyzed, and the quality of the retrieved maps is assessed by comparing them with other existing sea ice concentration maps. As compared to OSI SAF products, the overall accuracy for the sea ice extent maps is greater than 97% using MWR data, and up to 99% when using combined GNSS-R and MWR data. In the case of Sea ice concentration, the absolute errors are lower than 5%, with MWR and lower than 3% combining it with the GNSS-R. The total extent area computed using this methodology is close, with 2.5% difference, to those computed by other well consolidated algorithms, such as OSI SAF or NSIDC. The approach presented for estimating sea ice extent and concentration maps is a cost-effective alternative, and using a constellation of CubeSats, it can be further improved.

scholarly journals Decadal increase in Arctic dimethylsulfide emission

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (39) ◽  
pp. 19311-19317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martí Galí ◽  
Emmanuel Devred ◽  
Marcel Babin ◽  
Maurice Levasseur
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Physical Forcing ◽  
Ice Retreat ◽  
Aerosol Cloud Interactions

Dimethylsulfide (DMS), a gas produced by marine microbial food webs, promotes aerosol formation in pristine atmospheres, altering cloud radiative forcing and precipitation. Recent studies suggest that DMS controls aerosol formation in the summertime Arctic atmosphere and call for an assessment of pan-Arctic DMS emission (EDMS) in a context of dramatic ecosystem changes. Using a remote sensing algorithm, we show that summertime EDMS from ice-free waters increased at a mean rate of 13.3 ± 6.7 Gg S decade−1 (∼33% decade−1) north of 70°N between 1998 and 2016. This trend, mostly explained by the reduction in sea-ice extent, is consistent with independent atmospheric measurements showing an increasing trend of methane sulfonic acid, a DMS oxidation product. Extrapolation to an ice-free Arctic summer could imply a 2.4-fold (±1.2) increase in EDMS compared to present emission. However, unexpected regime shifts in Arctic geo- and ecosystems could result in future EDMS departure from the predicted range. Superimposed on the positive trend, EDMS shows substantial interannual changes and nonmonotonic multiyear trends, reflecting the interplay between physical forcing, ice retreat patterns, and phytoplankton productivity. Our results provide key constraints to determine whether increasing marine sulfur emissions, and resulting aerosol–cloud interactions, will moderate or accelerate Arctic warming in the context of sea-ice retreat and increasing low-level cloud cover.

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