scholarly journals Intercomparison of in-situ NDIR and column FTIR measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> at Jungfraujoch

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Schibig ◽  
Emmanuel Mahieu ◽  
Stephan Henne ◽  
Bernard Lejeune ◽  
Markus C. Leuenberger
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Air Masses

Abstract. We compare two CO2 time series measured at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland) in the period from 2005 to 2013 with an in-situ surface measurement system using a nondispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR) and a ground-based remote sensing system using solar absorption Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Although the two data sets show an absolute shift of about 13 ppm, the slopes of the annual CO2 increase are in good agreement within their uncertainties. They are 2.04 ± 0.07 ppm yr−1 and 1.97 ± 0.05 ppm yr−1 for the FTIR and the NDIR system, respectively. The seasonality of the FTIR and the NDIR system is 4.46 ± 1.11 ppm and 10.10 ± 0.73 ppm, respectively. The difference is caused by a dampening of the CO2 signal with increasing altitude due to mixing processes. While the minima of both data series occur in the middle of August, the maxima of the two datasets differ by about ten weeks, the maximum of the FTIR measurements is in middle of January, whereas the maximum of the NDIR measurements is found at the end of March. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the air masses measured by the NDIR system at the surface of Jungfraujoch are mainly influenced by central Europe, whereas the air masses measured by the FTIR system in the column above Jungfraujoch are influenced by regions as far west as the Caribbean and the United States. The correlation between the hourly averaged CO2 values of the NDIR system and the individual FTIR CO2 measurements is 0.820, which is very encouraging given the largely different sampling volumes. Further correlation analyses showed, that the correlation is mainly driven by the annual CO2 increase and to a lesser degree by the seasonality. Both systems are suitable to monitor the long-term CO2 increase, because this signal is represented in the whole atmosphere due to mixing.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of in situ NDIR and column FTIR measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> at Jungfraujoch

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 9935-9949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Schibig ◽  
Emmanuel Mahieu ◽  
Stephan Henne ◽  
Bernard Lejeune ◽  
Markus C. Leuenberger
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. We compare two CO2 time series measured at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (3580 m a.s.l.), in the period from 2005 to 2013 with an in situ surface measurement system using a nondispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR) and a ground-based remote sensing system using solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Although the two data sets show an absolute shift of about 13 ppm, the slopes of the annual CO2 increase are in good agreement within their uncertainties. They are 2.04 ± 0.07 and 1.97 ± 0.05 ppm yr−1 for the FTIR and the NDIR systems, respectively. The seasonality of the FTIR and the NDIR systems is 4.46 ± 1.11 and 10.10 ± 0.73 ppm, respectively. The difference is caused by a dampening of the CO2 signal with increasing altitude due to mixing processes. Whereas the minima of both data series occur in the middle of August, the maxima of the two data sets differ by about 10 weeks; the maximum of the FTIR measurements is in the middle of January, and the maximum of the NDIR measurements is found at the end of March. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the air masses measured by the NDIR system at the surface of Jungfraujoch are mainly influenced by central Europe, whereas the air masses measured by the FTIR system in the column above Jungfraujoch are influenced by regions as far west as the Caribbean and the USA.The correlation between the hourly averaged CO2 values of the NDIR system and the individual FTIR CO2 measurements is 0.820, which is very encouraging given the largely different sampling volumes. Further correlation analyses showed, that the correlation is mainly driven by the annual CO2 increase and to a lesser degree by the seasonality. Both systems are suitable to monitor the long-term CO2 increase, because this signal is represented in the whole atmosphere due to mixing.

scholarly journals 1997–2007 CO trend at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch: a comparison between NDIR surface in situ and FTIR remote sensing observations

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6735-6748 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Dils ◽  
J. Cui ◽  
S. Henne ◽  
E. Mahieu ◽  
M. Steinbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Combining Data

Abstract. Within the atmospheric research community, there is a strong interest in integrated datasets, combining data from several instrumentations. This integration is complicated by the different characteristics of the datasets, inherent to the measurement techniques. Here we have compared two carbon monoxide time series (1997 till 2007) acquired at the high-Alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m above sea level), with two well-established measurement techniques, namely in situ surface concentration measurements using Non-Dispersive Infrared Absorption technology (NDIR), and ground-based remote sensing measurements using solar absorption Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The profile information available in the FTIR signal allowed us to extract an independent layer with a top height of 7.18 km above sea level, appropriate for comparison with our in situ measurements. We show that, even if both techniques are able to measure free troposphere CO concentrations, the datasets exhibit marked differences in their overall trends (−3.21 ± 0.03 ppb year−1 for NDIR vs. −0.8 ± 0.4 ppb year−1 for FTIR). Removing measurements that are polluted by uprising boundary layer air has a strong impact on the NDIR trend (now −2.62 ± 0.03 ppb year−1), but its difference with FTIR remains significant. Using the LAGRANTO trajectory model, we show that both measurement techniques are influenced by different source regions and therefore are likely subject to exhibit significant differences in their overall trend behaviour. However the observation that the NDIR-FTIR trend difference is as significant before as after 2001 is at odds with available emission databases which claim a significant Asian CO increase after 2001 only.

scholarly journals 1997–2007 CO trend at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch: a comparison between NDIR surface in situ and FTIR remote sensing observations

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 8977-9017
Author(s):  
B. Dils ◽  
J. Cui ◽  
S. Henne ◽  
E. Mahieu ◽  
M. Steinbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Alpine Research ◽  
Different Characteristics

Abstract. Within the atmospheric research community, there is a strong interest in integrated datasets, combining data from several instrumentations. This integration is complicated by the different characteristics of the datasets, inherent to the measurement techniques. Here we have compared two carbon monoxide time series (1997 till 2007) acquired at the high-Alpine research station Jungfraujoch, with two well-established measurement techniques, namely in situ surface concentration measurements using Non-Dispersive Infrared Absorption technology (NDIR), and ground-based remote sensing measurements using solar absorption Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR). We show that, even if both techniques are able to measure free troposphere CO concentrations, the datasets are influenced by different source regions and therefore are subject to exhibit significant differences in their overall trend behaviour.

scholarly journals CO<sub>2</sub> and its correlation with CO at a rural site near Beijing: implications for combustion efficiency in China

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 8881-8897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wang ◽  
J. W. Munger ◽  
S. Xu ◽  
M. B. McElroy ◽  
J. Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Northern China ◽  
The United States ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Diurnal Cycles

Abstract. Although China has surpassed the United States as the world's largest carbon dioxide emitter, in situ measurements of atmospheric CO2 have been sparse in China. This paper analyzes hourly CO2 and its correlation with CO at Miyun, a rural site near Beijing, over a period of 51 months (Dec 2004 through Feb 2009). The CO2-CO correlation analysis evaluated separately for each hour of the day provides useful information with statistical significance even in the growing season. We found that the intercept, representing the initial condition imposed by global distribution of CO2 with influence of photosynthesis and respiration, exhibits diurnal cycles differing by season. The background CO2 (CO2,b) derived from Miyun observations is comparable to CO2 observed at a Mongolian background station to the northwest. Annual growth of overall mean CO2 at Miyun is estimated at 2.7 ppm yr−1 while that of CO2,b is only 1.7 ppm yr−1 similar to the mean growth rate at northern mid-latitude background stations. This suggests a relatively faster increase in the regional CO2 sources in China than the global average, consistent with bottom-up studies of CO2 emissions. For air masses with trajectories through the northern China boundary layer, mean winter CO2/CO correlation slopes (dCO2/dCO) increased by 2.8 ± 0.9 ppmv/ppmv or 11% from 2005–2006 to 2007–2008, with CO2 increasing by 1.8 ppmv. The increase in dCO2/dCO indicates improvement in overall combustion efficiency over northern China after winter 2007, attributed to pollution reduction measures associated with the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The observed CO2/CO ratio at Miyun is 25% higher than the bottom-up CO2/CO emission ratio, suggesting a contribution of respired CO2 from urban residents as well as agricultural soils and livestock in the observations and uncertainty in the emission estimates.

scholarly journals A framework for comparing remotely sensed and in-situ CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1549-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Macatangay ◽  
T. Warneke ◽  
C. Gerbig ◽  
S. Körner ◽  
R. Ahmadov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Global Calibration

Abstract. A framework that allows validating CO2 column averaged volume mixing ratios (VMRs) retrieved from ground-based solar absorption measurements using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTS) against measurements made in-situ (such as from aircrafts and tall towers) has been developed. Since in-situ measurements are done frequently and at high accuracy on the global calibration scale, linking this scale with FTS total column retrievals ultimately provides a calibration scale for remote sensing. FTS, tower and aircraft data were analyzed from measurements during the CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) from May to June 2005 in Biscarrosse, France. Carbon dioxide VMRs from the MetAir Dimona aircraft, the TM3 global transport model and Observations of the Middle Stratosphere (OMS) balloon based experiments were combined and integrated to compare with FTS measurements. The comparison agrees fairly well with differences resulting from the spatial variability of CO2 around the FTS as measured by the aircraft. Additionally, the Stochastic Time Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model served as a "transfer standard" between the in-situ data measured at a co-located tower and the remotely sensed data from the FTS. The variability of carbon dioxide VMRs was modeled well by STILT with differences coming partly from uncertainties in the spatial variation of carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis and Validation of Daytime and Nighttime Land Surface Temperature Retrievals from Landsat 8 Using Different Algorithms and Emissivity Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 2776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliihsan Sekertekin ◽  
Stefania Bonafoni
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Landsat 8

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a substantial element indicating the relationship between the atmosphere and the land. This study aims to examine the efficiency of different LST algorithms, namely, Single Channel Algorithm (SCA), Mono Window Algorithm (MWA), and Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE), using both daytime and nighttime Landsat 8 data and in-situ measurements. Although many researchers conducted validation studies of daytime LST retrieved from Landsat 8 data, none of them considered nighttime LST retrieval and validation because of the lack of Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) data in the nighttime. Thus, in this paper, we propose using a daytime LSE image, whose acquisition is close to nighttime Thermal Infrared (TIR) data (the difference ranges from one day to four days), as an input in the algorithm for the nighttime LST retrieval. In addition to evaluating the three LST methods, we also investigated the effect of six Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-based LSE models in this study. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were carried out for both in-situ measurements and LST methods for satellite data. Simultaneous ground-based LST measurements were collected from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) and Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) stations, located at different rural environments of the United States. Concerning the in-situ sensitivity results, the effect on LST of the uncertainty of the downwelling and upwelling radiance was almost identical in daytime and nighttime. Instead, the uncertainty effect of the broadband emissivity in the nighttime was half of the daytime. Concerning the satellite observations, the sensitivity of the LST methods to LSE proved that the variation of the LST error was smaller than daytime. The accuracy of the LST retrieval methods for daytime Landsat 8 data varied between 2.17 K Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and 5.47 K RMSE considering all LST methods and LSE models. MWA with two different LSE models presented the best results for the daytime. Concerning the nighttime accuracy of the LST retrieval, the RMSE value ranged from 0.94 K to 3.34 K. SCA showed the best results, but MWA and RTE also provided very high accuracy. Compared to daytime, all LST retrieval methods applied to nighttime data provided highly accurate results with the different LSE models and a lower bias with respect to in-situ measurements.

scholarly journals Mixing processes and exchanges in the tropical and the subtropical UT/LS

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 10627-10664
Author(s):  
R. James ◽  
B. Legras
Keyword(s):  
Mixing Time ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Mixing Properties ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Both in situ measurements and satellite observations indicate evidence of mixing in the upper troposphere (UT) and the lower-stratosphere (LS). In this study, the measurements performed during the Pre-AVE and Costa-Rica AVE campaigns are analysed with diffusive back-trajectories to assess mixing properties in the tropical and the subtropical UT/LS. A description of cross-tropopause pathways and mixing time scales is provided. In the subtropics, Troposphere-Stratosphere mixing processes are found to differ in the vicinity of the tropopause and at higher altitudes. Below 350 K, the mixing line observed during Pre-AVE is shown to result from fast and local cross-tropopause irreversible exchange, involving two initially distant air masses with distinct chemical compositions. For measurements located above 350 K, mixing of the tropospheric air in the subtropical stratosphere occurs over a period of a month, the origins of the tropospheric source being localised in the tropical UT and the tropical boundary layer. In the tropics, quantitative reconstructions of CO and O3 profiles above 360 K are obtained for one month back-trajectories calculations, pointing out that long term mixing is essential to determine the chemical composition in the tropical ascent. In particular, the existence of two-way meridional irreversible exchanges between 360 and 450 K is found to export tropical air in the subtropical stratosphere and to entrain old stratospheric air in the tropical ascent. Calculations of the Lagrangian mean age of air is shown to be in qualitative agreement with the CO2 observations and diabatic calculations.

scholarly journals Elevated ozone in boreal fire plumes – the 2013 smoke season

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 13263-13313
Author(s):  
T. Trickl ◽  
H. Vogelmann ◽  
H. Flentje ◽  
L. Ries
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Fire Plumes ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Air Streams

Abstract. In July 2013 very strong boreal fire plumes were observed at the northern rim of the Alps by lidar and ceilometer measurements of aerosol, ozone and water vapour for about three weeks. In addition, some of the lower-tropospheric components of these layers were analyzed at the Global Atmosphere Watch laboratory at the Schneefernerhaus high-altitude research station (2650 m a.s.l., located a few hundred metres south-west of the Zugspitze summit). The high amount of particles confirms our hypothesis that fires in the Arctic regions of North America have a much stronger impact on the Central European atmosphere than the multitude of fires in the United States. This has been ascribed to the prevailing anticyclonic advection pattern during favourable periods and subsidence, in contrast to warm-conveyor-belt export, rainout and dilution frequently found for lower latitudes. A high number of the pronounced aerosol structures were positively correlated with elevated ozone. Chemical ozone formation in boreal fire plumes is known to be rather limited. Indeed, these air masses could be attributed to stratospheric air intrusions over remote high latitude regions obviously picking up the aerosol on their way across Canada. In one case subsidence from the stratosphere over Siberia over as many as 15 to 20 days without increase in humidity was observed although a significant amount of Canadian smoke was trapped. These coherent air streams lead to rather straight and rapid transport of the particles to Europe.

scholarly journals Mixing processes and exchanges in the tropical and the subtropical UT/LS

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James ◽  
B. Legras
Keyword(s):  
Mixing Time ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Mixing Properties ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Both in situ measurements and satellite observations indicate evidence of mixing in the upper troposphere (UT) and the lower-stratosphere (LS). In this study, the measurements performed during the Pre-AVE and Costa-Rica AVE campaigns are analysed with diffusive back-trajectories to assess mixing properties in the tropical and the subtropical UT/LS. A description of cross-tropopause pathways and mixing time scales is provided. In the subtropics, Troposphere-Stratosphere mixing processes are found to differ in the vicinity of the tropopause and at higher altitudes. Below 350 K, a mixing line observed during Pre-AVE is shown to result from fast and local cross-tropopause irreversible exchange, involving two initially distant air masses with distinct chemical compositions. For measurements located above 350 K, mixing of the tropospheric air in the subtropical stratosphere occurs over a period of a month, the origins of the tropospheric source being localised in the tropical UT and the tropical boundary layer. In the tropics, quantitative reconstructions of CO and O3 profiles above 360 K are obtained for one month back-trajectories calculations, pointing out that long term mixing is essential to determine the chemical composition in the tropical ascent. In particular, the existence of two-way meridional irreversible exchanges between 360 and 450 K is found to export tropical air in the subtropical stratosphere and to entrain old stratospheric air in the tropical ascent. Mean age of air calculated with a Lagrangian model is shown to be in agreement with the CO2 observations.

scholarly journals A framework for comparing remotely sensed and in-situ CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 2555-2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Macatangay ◽  
T. Warneke ◽  
C. Gerbig ◽  
S. Körner ◽  
R. Ahmadov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Global Calibration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Made In

Abstract. A framework has been developed that allows validating CO2 column averaged volume mixing ratios (VMRs) retrieved from ground-based solar absorption measurements using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTS) against measurements made in-situ (such as from aircrafts and tall towers). Since in-situ measurements are done frequently and at high accuracy on the global calibration scale, linking this scale with FTS total column retrievals ultimately provides a calibration scale for remote sensing. FTS, tower and aircraft data were analyzed from measurements during the CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES) from May to June 2005 in Biscarrosse, France. Carbon dioxide VMRs from the MetAir Dimona aircraft, the TM3 global transport model and Observations of the Middle Stratosphere (OMS) balloon based experiments were combined and integrated to compare with the FTS measurements. The comparison allows for calibrating the retrieved carbon dioxide VMRs from the FTS. The Stochastic Time Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model was then utilized to identify differences in surface influence regions or footprints between the FTS and the aircraft CO2 concentrations. Additionally, the STILT model was used to compare carbon dioxide concentrations from a tall tower situated in close proximity to the FTS station. The STILT model was then modified to produce column concentrations of CO2 to facilitate comparison with the FTS data. These comparisons were additionally verified by using the Weather Research and Forecasting – Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (WRF-VPRM). The differences between the model-tower and the model-FTS were then used to calculate an effective bias of approximately −2.5 ppm between the FTS and the tower. This bias is attributed to the scaling factor used in the FTS CO2 data, which was to a large extent derived from the aircraft measurements made within a 50 km distance from the FTS station: spatial heterogeneity of carbon dioxide in the coastal area caused a low bias in the FTS calibration. Using STILT for comparing remotely sensed CO2 data with tower measurements of carbon dioxide and quantifying this comparison by means of an effective bias, provided a framework or a "transfer standard" that allowed validating the FTS retrievals versus measurements made in-situ.

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