scholarly journals Chemical composition, optical properties, and oxidative potential of water- and methanol-soluble organic compounds emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and coal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Cao ◽  
Meiju Li ◽  
Chunlin Zou ◽  
Xingjun Fan ◽  
Jianzhong Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Biomass Materials

Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) and coal combustion (CC) are important sources of brown carbon (BrC) in ambient aerosols. In this study, six biomass materials and five types of coal were combusted to generate fine smoke particles. The BrC fractions, including water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC), humic-like substances (HULIS), and methanol-soluble organic compounds (MSOC), were subsequently fractionated and their optical properties and chemical structures were then comprehensively investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), and fluorescence extraction-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEM) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). In addition, the oxidative potential (OP) of BB and CC BrC was measured with the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. The results showed that WSOC, HULIS, and MSOC accounted for 2.3 %–22 %, 0.5 %–10 %, and 6.4 %–73 % of the total mass of combustion-derived PM2.5, respectively, with MSOC extracting the highest concentrations of organic compounds. The MSOC fractions had the highest light absorption capacity (mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365): 1.0–2.7 m2/gC) for both BB and CC smoke, indicating that MSOC contained more of the strong light-absorbing components. Therefore, MSOC may better represent the total BrC than the water-soluble fractions. Some significant differences were observed between the BrC fractions emitted from BB and CC, with more water-soluble BrC fractions with higher MAE365 and lower absorption Ångström exponent values detected in smoke emitted from BB than from CC. The EEM-PARAFAC analysis identified four fluorophores: two protein-like, one humic-like, and one polyphenol-like. The protein-like substance was the dominant component of WSOC (47 %–80 %), HULIS (44 %–87 %), and MSOC (42 %–70 %). The 1H-NMR results suggested that BB BrC contained more oxygenated aliphatic functional groups (H-C-O), whereas CC BrC contained more unsaturated fractions (H-C-C = and Ar-H). The DTT assays indicated that BB BrC generally had a stronger OP (DTTmass, 2.6–85 pmol/min/μg) than CC BrC (DTTmass, 0.4–11 pmol/min/μg), with MSOC having a stronger OP than WSOC and HULIS. Therefore, the BrC fractions from BB had higher OP values than those from CC.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, optical properties, and oxidative potential of water- and methanol-soluble organic compounds emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and coal

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 13187-13205
Author(s):  
Tao Cao ◽  
Meiju Li ◽  
Chunlin Zou ◽  
Xingjun Fan ◽  
Jianzhong Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Biomass Materials

Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) and coal combustion (CC) are important sources of brown carbon (BrC) in ambient aerosols. In this study, six biomass materials and five types of coal were combusted to generate fine smoke particles. The BrC fractions, including water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), humic-like substance carbon (HULIS-C), and methanol-soluble organic carbon (MSOC), were subsequently fractionated, and their optical properties and chemical structures were then comprehensively investigated using UV–visible spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. In addition, the oxidative potential (OP) of BB and CC BrC was measured with the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. The results showed that WSOC, HULIS-C, and MSOC accounted for 2.3 %–22 %, 0.5 %–10 %, and 6.4 %–73 % of the total mass of combustion-derived smoke PM2.5, respectively, with MSOC extracting the highest concentrations of organic compounds. The MSOC fractions had the highest light absorption capacity (mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365): 1.0–2.7 m2/gC) for both BB and CC smoke, indicating that MSOC contained more of the strong light-absorbing components. Therefore, MSOC may represent the total BrC better than the water-soluble fractions. Some significant differences were observed between the BrC fractions emitted from BB and CC with more water-soluble BrC fractions with higher MAE365 and lower absorption Ångström exponent values detected in smoke emitted from BB than from CC. EEM-PARAFAC identified four fluorophores: two protein-like, one humic-like, and one polyphenol-like fluorophores. The protein-like substances were the dominant components of WSOC (47 %–80 %), HULIS-C (44 %–87 %), and MSOC (42 %–70 %). The 1H-NMR results suggested that BB BrC contained more oxygenated aliphatic functional groups (H-C-O), whereas CC BrC contained more unsaturated fractions (H-C-C= and Ar−H). The DTT assays indicated that BB BrC generally had a stronger oxidative potential (DTTm, 2.6–85 pmol/min/µg) than CC BrC (DTTm, 0.4–11 pmol/min/µg), with MSOC having a stronger OP than WSOC and HULIS-C. In addition, HULIS-C contributed more than half of the DTT activity of WSOC (63.1 % ± 15.5 %), highlighting that HULIS was a major contributor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in WSOC. Furthermore, the principal component analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that highly oxygenated humic-like fluorophore C4 may be the important DTT active substances in BrC.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Lactic Acid-Based Thermosetting Resins and Their Ageing and Biodegradability

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2849
Author(s):  
Lara Lopes Gomes Hastenreiter ◽  
Sunil Kumar Ramamoorthy ◽  
Rajiv K. Srivastava ◽  
Anilkumar Yadav ◽  
Akram Zamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Soil Burial ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Oxidative Ageing

The present work is focused on the synthesis of bio-based thermoset polymers and their thermo–oxidative ageing and biodegradability. Toward this aim, bio-based thermoset resins with different chemical architectures were synthesized from lactic acid by direct condensation with ethylene glycol, glycerol and pentaerythritol. The resulting branched molecules with chain lengths (n) of three were then end-functionalized with methacrylic anhydride. The chemical structures of the synthesized lactic acid derivatives were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) before curing. To evaluate the effects of structure on their properties, the samples were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the tensile testing. The samples went through thermo-oxidative ageing and biodegradation; and their effects were investigated. FT-IR and 1H-NMR results showed that three different bio-based resins were synthesized using polycondensation and end-functionalization. Lactic acid derivatives showed great potential to be used as matrixes in polymer composites. The glass transition temperature of the cured resins ranged between 44 and 52 °C. Pentaerythritol/lactic acid cured resin had the highest tensile modulus and it was the most thermally stable among all three resins. Degradative processes during ageing of the samples lead to the changes in chemical structures and the variations in Young’s modulus. Microscopic images showed the macro-scale surface degradation on a soil burial test.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CAMPHOR-SABSTITUTED TETRAPYRAZINOPORPHYRAZINES

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigoriy V. Kuvshinov ◽  
Tatyana M. Ziyadova ◽  
Sofya A. Kuvshinova ◽  
Oscar I. Koifman
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
1H Nmr Spectra ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Solutions

The synthesis of the complexes of Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Sn, Hg of 1',7',7'-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptano-[2',3'-b]-2,3-pyrazinoporphyrazine for new materials for variety of potential applications is described. Metallic complexes were synthesized by the template cyclotetramerization of dicarbonitrile with metal chlorides at temperature 140-150 ºС for 20 min. Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate was used as a catalyst. The products were purificated by chromatography on silica gel (eluent -chloroform). Complexes of Pd, Sn and Hg were synthesized for the first time. The metallocomplexes of camphor-substituted tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine are crystalline substances of dark blue color, not fusible up to 300 ° C, which have good solubility in chloroform, toluene, ethanol, acetone, DMF, acetic and trifluoroacetic acids. The chemical structures of the complexes of Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Sn, Hg of 1',7',7'-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptano-[2’,3’-b]-2,3-pyrazinoporphyrazine obtained in this study were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The absence of impurity signals in the 1H NMR spectra indicates a high degree of purity of the compounds obtained. For copper, nickel and cobalt complexes, a good correlation was found between the experimental and literature data on the chemical shifts of protons in 1H NMR spectra. Optical properties of the synthesized complexes were studied. The electronic absorption spectra of the complexes in their chloroform, DMF, acetic acid and sulfuric acid solutions were obtained. In organic solvents the typical B band (Soret band, around 400 nm) and Q band (in 600-700 nm region) of phthalocyanines were identified in this study. Complexes of Pd, Sn and Hg in their sulfuric acid solutions are non-stable. The influence of the chemical structure of metalic complexes and solvents on the optical properties was studied. Emission properties of the synthesized complexes of Pd and Hg in their chloroform and DMF solutions were analyzed. Hg-porphyrazine has very intensive fluorescence. The solution has blue color and red fluorescence at common condition.Forcitation:Kuvshinov G.V., Ziyadova T.M., Kuvshinova S.A., Koifman O.I. Synthesis and optical properties of camphor-sabstituted tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 4. P. 60-67.

scholarly journals Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Identification of Novel Metabolic Circuits of Potential Diagnostic Utility

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Beatriz Jiménez ◽  
Mei Ran Abellona U ◽  
Panagiotis Drymousis ◽  
Michael Kyriakides ◽  
Ashley K. Clift ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Cancer Metabolism ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Diagnostic Utility ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Prognostic Accuracy ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Healthy Control

The incidence of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) is increasing, but established biomarkers have poor diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. Here, we aim to define the systemic metabolic consequences of NEN and to establish the diagnostic utility of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) for NEN in a prospective cohort of patients through a single-centre, prospective controlled observational study. Urine samples of 34 treatment-naïve NEN patients (median age: 59.3 years, range: 36–85): 18 had pancreatic (Pan) NEN, of which seven were functioning; 16 had small bowel (SB) NEN; 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control individuals were analysed using a 600 MHz Bruker 1H-NMR spectrometer. Orthogonal partial-least-squares-discriminant analysis models were able to discriminate both PanNEN and SBNEN patients from healthy control (Healthy vs. PanNEN: AUC = 0.90, Healthy vs. SBNEN: AUC = 0.90). Secondary metabolites of tryptophan, such as trigonelline and a niacin-related metabolite were also identified to be universally decreased in NEN patients, while upstream metabolites, such as kynurenine, were elevated in SBNEN. Hippurate, a gut-derived metabolite, was reduced in all patients, whereas other gut microbial co-metabolites, trimethylamine-N-oxide, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and phenylacetylglutamine, were elevated in those with SBNEN. These findings suggest the existence of a new systems-based neuroendocrine circuit, regulated in part by cancer metabolism, neuroendocrine signalling molecules and gut microbial co-metabolism. Metabonomic profiling of NEN has diagnostic potential and could be used for discovering biomarkers for these tumours. These preliminary data require confirmation in a larger cohort.

scholarly journals Comprehensive characterization of humic-like substances in smoke PM<sub>2.5</sub> emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and fossil fuels

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 13321-13340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingjun Fan ◽  
Siye Wei ◽  
Mengbo Zhu ◽  
Jianzhong Song ◽  
Ping'an Peng
Keyword(s):  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Biomass Materials

Abstract. Humic-like substances (HULIS) in smoke fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from the combustion of biomass materials (rice straw, corn straw, and pine branch) and fossil fuels (lignite coal and diesel fuel) were comprehensively studied in this work. The HULIS fractions were first isolated with a one-step solid-phase extraction method, and were then investigated with a series of analytical techniques: elemental analysis, total organic carbon analysis, UV–vis (ultraviolet–visible) spectroscopy, excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results show that HULIS account for 11.2–23.4 and 5.3 % of PM2.5 emitted from biomass burning (BB) and coal combustion, respectively. In addition, contributions of HULIS-C to total carbon and water-soluble carbon in smoke PM2.5 emitted from BB are 8.0–21.7 and 56.9–66.1 %, respectively. The corresponding contributions in smoke PM2.5 from coal combustion are 5.2 and 45.5 %, respectively. These results suggest that BB and coal combustion are both important sources of HULIS in atmospheric aerosols. However, HULIS in diesel soot only accounted for  ∼  0.8 % of the soot particles, suggesting that vehicular exhaust may not be a significant primary source of HULIS. Primary HULIS and atmospheric HULIS display many similar chemical characteristics, as indicated by the instrumental analytical characterization, while some distinct features were also apparent. A high spectral absorbance in the UV–vis spectra, a distinct band at λex∕λem ≈  280∕350 nm in EEM spectra, lower H ∕ C and O ∕ C molar ratios, and a high content of [Ar–H] were observed for primary HULIS. These results suggest that primary HULIS contain more aromatic structures, and have a lower content of aliphatic and oxygen-containing groups than atmospheric HULIS. Among the four primary sources of HULIS, HULIS from BB had the highest O ∕ C molar ratios (0.43–0.54) and [H–C–O] content (10–19 %), indicating that HULIS from this source mainly consisted of carbohydrate- and phenolic-like structures. HULIS from coal combustion had a lower O ∕ C molar ratio (0.27) and a higher content of [Ar–H] (31 %), suggesting that aromatic compounds were extremely abundant in HULIS from this source. Moreover, the absorption Ångström exponents of primary HULIS from BB and coal combustion were 6.7–8.2 and 13.6, respectively. The mass absorption efficiencies of primary HULIS from BB and coal combustion at 365 nm (MAE365) were 0.97–2.09 and 0.63 m2 gC−1, respectively. Noticeably higher MAE365 values for primary HULIS from BB than coal combustion indicate that the former has a stronger contribution to the light-absorbing properties of aerosols in the atmospheric environment.

scholarly journals ISOLATION OF 2-CHLOROBENZIMIDAZOLE FROM MELIA DUBIA LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dayana Jeyaleela ◽  
S. Irudaya Monisha ◽  
J. Rosaline Vimala ◽  
A. Anitha Immaculate
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Isolated Compound ◽  
Promising Source

Objective: Natural products from medicinal plants, either as isolated compounds or as standardized plant extracts exhibit promising source of medicinal activity against various diseases. The aim of the present work was to make an attempt of isolation of bioactive principle and characterization of the isolated compound, from the medicinal plant Melia dubaiMethods: The extraction was done by a cold percolation method and the compound was separated and isolated by chromatography technique such as a thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolated compound was crystallized and the structural characterization of the isolated compound was made using UV-Visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GC-MS and MS techniques which confirmed the structure of the isolated compound.Results: The separated and isolated compound was characterized by both physical and spectral methods like Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Visible), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Mass spectrometry(MS). Based on the studies, organizational characteristics of one bioactive principle were deciphered. The results revealed that the isolated species is 2-chlorobenzimidazole and it agreed well with the reported value and spectra for 2-chlorobenzimidazole.Conclusion: The above results obtained in this research work clearly indicated the promising occurrence of 2-chlorobenzimidazole in Media dubia plant leaves. The future scope of these studies may guide us to view the biological activity of the isolated compound.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Apoptotic Cell Death Using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 3778-3786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Blankenberg ◽  
Peter D. Katsikis ◽  
Richard W. Storrs ◽  
Christian Beaulieu ◽  
Daniel Spielman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Signal Intensity Ratio

Abstract Quantification of apoptotic cell death in vivo has become an important area of investigation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We have devised a noninvasive analytical method to estimate the percentage of apoptotic lymphoblasts in doxorubicin-treated Jurkat T-cell ALL cultures, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). We have found that the ratio of the methylene (CH2 ) resonance (at 1.3 ppm) to the methyl (CH3 ) resonance (at 0.9 ppm) signal intensity, as observed by 1H NMR, is directly proportional to the percentage of apoptotic lymphoblasts in vitro. The correlation between the CH2/CH3 signal intensity ratio and the percentage of apoptotic lymphoblasts was optimal 24 to 28 hours after doxorubicin treatment (r2 = .947, N = 27 samples). There was also a direct temporal relationship between an increase in the CH2/CH3 signal intensity ratio and the onset of apoptosis as detected by nuclear morphologic analysis, fluorescein-annexin V flow cytometry, and DNA gel electrophoresis. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed that a dynamic and/or compositional change of the plasma membrane, rather than increases in lipase activity or fatty acid production, appears to account for the increase in the CH2/CH3 signal intensity ratio during apoptosis. 1H NMR may have clinical utility for the early noninvasive assessment of chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with ALL.

scholarly journals Changes in hepatic metabolic profile during the evolution of STZ-induced diabetic rats via an 1H NMR-based metabonomic investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjiang Chen ◽  
Hong Zheng ◽  
Min Xu ◽  
Liangcai Zhao ◽  
Qianqian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Discriminate Analysis ◽  
Protective Function

Abstract Background: The present study aimed to explore the changes in the hepatic metabolic profile during the evolution of diabetes mellitus (DM) and verify the key metabolic pathways. Methods: Liver samples were collected from diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and rats in the control group at 1, 5, and 9 weeks after STZ administration. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR)-based metabolomics was used to examine the metabolic changes during the evolution of DM, and partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to identify the key metabolites. Results: We identified 40 metabolites in the 1H NMR spectra, and 11 metabolites were further selected by PLS-DA model. The levels of α-glucose and β-glucose, which are two energy-related metabolites, gradually increased over time in the DM rats, and were significantly greater than those of the control rats at the three-time points. The levels of choline, betaine, and methionine decreased in the DM livers, indicating that the protective function in response to liver injury may be undermined by hyperglycemia. The levels of the other amino acids (leucine, alanine, glycine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine) were significantly less than those of the control group during DM development. Conclusions: Our results suggested that the hepatic metabolic pathways of glucose, choline-betaine-methionine, and amino acids were disturbed during the evolution of diabetes, and that choline-betaine-methionine metabolism may play a key role.

scholarly journals 1H NMR Metabolic Profile to Discriminate Pasture Based Alpine Asiago PDO Cheeses

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Severino Segato ◽  
Augusta Caligiani ◽  
Barbara Contiero ◽  
Gianni Galaverna ◽  
Vittoria Bisutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
System A ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
Validation Procedure ◽  
Upland Pasture

The study was carried out in an alpine area of North-Eastern Italy to assess the reliability of proton nuclear magnetic resonance 1H NMR to fingerprint and discriminate Asiago PDO cheeses processed in the same dairy plant from upland pasture-based milk or from upland hay-based milk. Six experimental types of Asiago cheese were made from raw milk considering 2 cows’ feeding systems (pasture- vs. hay-based milk) and 3 ripening times (2 months, Pressato vs. 4 months, Allevo_4 vs. 6 months, Allevo_6). Samples (n = 55) were submitted to chemical analysis and to 1H NMR coupled with multivariate canonical discriminant analysis. Choline, 2,3-butanediol, lysine, tyrosine, and some signals of sugar-like compounds were suggested as the main water-soluble metabolites useful to discriminate cheese according to cows’ feeding system. A wider pool of polar biomarkers explained the variation due to ripening time. The validation procedure based on a predictive set suggested that 1H NMR based metabolomics was an effective fingerprinting tool to identify pasture-based cheese samples with the shortest ripening period (Pressato). The classification to the actual feeding system of more aged cheese samples was less accurate likely due to their chemical and biochemical changes induced by a prolonged maturation process.

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