Dual-Wavelength Radar Technique Development for Snow Rate Estimation: A Case Study from GCPEx
Abstract. Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) of snowfall has generally been expressed in power-law form between equivalent radar reflectivity factor (Ze) and liquid equivalent snow rate (SR). It is known that there is large variability in the pre-factor of the power law due to changes in particle size distribution (PSD), density, and fall velocity whereas the variability of the exponent is considerably smaller. The dual-wavelength radar reflectivity ratio (DWR) technique can improve SR accuracy by estimating one of the PSD parameters (characteristic diameter) thus reducing the variability due to the pre-factor. The two frequencies commonly used in dual-wavelength techniques are Ku- and Ka-bands. The basic idea of DWR is that the snow particle size-to-wavelength ratio is such as to fall in the Rayleigh region at Ku-band but in the Mie region at Ka-band. We propose a method for snow rate estimation by using NASA D3R radar DWR and Ka-band reflectivity observations collected during a long-duration synoptic snow event on 30–31 January 2012 during the GCPEx (GPM Cold Season Precipitation Experiment). Since the particle mass can be estimated using 2D-video disdrometer (2DVD) fall speed data and hydrodynamic theory, we simulate the DWR and compare directly with D3R radar measurements. We also use the 2DVD-based mass to compute the 2DVD-based SR. Using three different mass estimation methods, we arrive at three respective sets of Z-SR and SR(Zh, DWR) relationships. We then use these relationships with D3R measurements to compute radar-based SR. Finally, we validate our method by comparing the D3R radar-retrieved SR with accumulated SR directly measured by a well-shielded Pluvio gauge for the entire synoptic event.