scholarly journals Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane for the calibration of ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers and a comparison to GOSAT data measured over Tsukuba and Moshiri

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1843-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tanaka ◽  
Y. Miyamoto ◽  
I. Morino ◽  
T. Machida ◽  
T. Nagahama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Aircraft Measurement ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane over Tsukuba (36.05° N, 140.12° E) (February 2010) and Moshiri (44.36° N, 142.26° E) (August 2009) were made to calibrate ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs) and to compare with the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The aircraft measurements over Tsukuba in February 2010 were successful in synchronizing with both the g-b FTS and GOSAT for the first time. Airborne in situ and flask sampling instruments were mounted on the aircraft and measurements were carried out between altitudes of 0.5 and 7 km to obtain vertical profiles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other gaseous species. By comparing the g-b FTS measurements with the airborne measurements, the column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) and CH4 (XCH4) retrieved from the g-b FTS measurements at Tsukuba were biased low by 0.33 ± 0.11% for XCO2 and 0.69 ± 0.29% for XCH4. The g-b FTS values at the Moshiri were biased low by 1.24% for XCO2 and 2.11% for XCH4. The GOSAT data show biases that are 3.1 ± 1.7% low for XCO2 and 2.5 ± 0.8% low for XCH4 than the aircraft measurement obtained over Tsukuba.

scholarly journals Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane for the calibration of ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers and a comparison to GOSAT data measured over Tsukuba and Moshiri

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 2003-2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tanaka ◽  
Y. Miyamoto ◽  
I. Morino ◽  
T. Machida ◽  
T. Nagahama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane over Tsukuba (36.05° N, 140.12° E) (February 2010) and Moshiri (44.36° N, 142.26° E) (August 2009) were made to calibrate ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs) and to compare with the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The aircraft measurements over Tsukuba in February 2010 were successful in synchronizing with both the g-b FTS and GOSAT for the first time. Airborne in situ and flask-sampling instruments were mounted on the aircraft, and measurements were carried out between altitudes of 0.5 and 7 km to obtain vertical profiles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other gaseous species. By comparing the g-b FTS measurements with the airborne measurements, the column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) and CH4 (XCH4) retrieved from the g-b FTS measurements at Tsukuba were biased low by 0.33 ± 0.11% for XCO2 and 0.69 ± 0.29% for XCH4. The g-b FTS values at Moshiri were biased low by 1.24% for XCO2 and 2.11% for XCH4. The GOSAT data show biases that are 3.1% ± 1.7% lower for XCO2 and 2.5% ± 0.8% lower for XCH4 than the aircraft measurements obtained over Tsukuba.

scholarly journals Preliminary validation of column-averaged volume mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane retrieved from GOSAT short-wavelength infrared spectra

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 5613-5643 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Morino ◽  
O. Uchino ◽  
M. Inoue ◽  
Y. Yoshida ◽  
T. Yokota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Infrared Observation ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Preliminary Validation

Abstract. Column-averaged volume mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane retrieved from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) Short-Wavelength InfraRed observation (GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4) were compared with the reference data obtained by ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs) participating in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Through calibrations of g-b FTSs with airborne in-situ measurements, the uncertainty of XCO2 and XCH4 associated with the g-b FTS was determined to be 0.8 ppm (~0.2%) and 4 ppb (~0.2%), respectively. The GOSAT products are validated with these calibrated g-b FTS data. Preliminary results are as follows: The GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 (Version 01.xx) are biased low by 8.85 ± 4.75 ppm (2.3 ± 1.2%) and 20.4 ± 18.9 ppb (1.2 ± 1.1%), respectively. The precision of the GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 is considered to be about 1%. The latitudinal distributions of zonal means of the GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 show similar features to those of the g-b FTS data.

Ground state molecular parameters of phosphine, PH3, from the simultaneous analysis of the high-resolution infrared, microwave and submillimeterwave spectra

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2480-2492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soňa Přádná ◽  
Dušan Papoušek ◽  
Jyrki Kauppinen ◽  
Sergei P. Belov ◽  
Andrei F. Krupnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Unitary Transformation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Acoustic Detection ◽  
Molecular Parameters ◽  
Microwave Spectrometer ◽  
Fourier Transform Spectra ◽  
First Time

Fourier transform spectra of the ν2 band of PH3 have been remeasured with 0.0045 cm-1 resolution. Ground state combination differences from these data have been fitted simultaneously with the microwave and submillimeterwave data to determine the ground state spectroscopical parameters of PH3 including the parameters of the Δk = ± 3n interactions. The correlation between the latter parameters has been discussed from the point of view of the existence of two equivalent effective rotational operators which are related by a unitary transformation. The ΔJ = 0, +1, ΔK = 0 (A1 ↔ A2, E ↔ E) rotational transitions in the ν2 and ν4 states have been measured for the first time by using a microwave spectrometer and a radiofrequency spectrometer with acoustic detection.

scholarly journals Aircraft measurements of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the START08 field experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 7667-7684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuqing Zhang ◽  
Junhong Wei ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
K. P. Bowman ◽  
L. L. Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Shear Instability ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. This study analyzes in situ airborne measurements from the 2008 Stratosphere–Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START08) experiment to characterize gravity waves in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (ExUTLS). The focus is on the second research flight (RF02), which took place on 21–22 April 2008. This was the first airborne mission dedicated to probing gravity waves associated with strong upper-tropospheric jet–front systems. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the in situ observations, along with a diagnosis of the polarization relationships, clear signals of mesoscale variations with wavelengths ~ 50–500 km are found in almost every segment of the 8 h flight, which took place mostly in the lower stratosphere. The aircraft sampled a wide range of background conditions including the region near the jet core, the jet exit and over the Rocky Mountains with clear evidence of vertically propagating gravity waves of along-track wavelength between 100 and 120 km. The power spectra of the horizontal velocity components and potential temperature for the scale approximately between ~ 8 and ~ 256 km display an approximate −5/3 power law in agreement with past studies on aircraft measurements, while the fluctuations roll over to a −3 power law for the scale approximately between ~ 0.5 and ~ 8 km (except when this part of the spectrum is activated, as recorded clearly by one of the flight segments). However, at least part of the high-frequency signals with sampled periods of ~ 20–~ 60 s and wavelengths of ~ 5–~ 15 km might be due to intrinsic observational errors in the aircraft measurements, even though the possibilities that these fluctuations may be due to other physical phenomena (e.g., nonlinear dynamics, shear instability and/or turbulence) cannot be completely ruled out.

scholarly journals Galactography with Tomosynthesis Technique (Galactomosynthesis) – Renaissance of a Method?

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (05) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland ◽  
Caroline Preuss ◽  
Peter Fasching ◽  
Christian Loehberg ◽  
Michael Lux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Nipple Discharge ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
First Time

Abstract Introduction For decades, conventional galactography was the only imaging technique capable of showing the mammary ducts. Today, diagnosis is based on a multimodal concept which combines high-resolution ultrasound with magnetic resonance (MR) mammography and ductoscopy/galactoscopy and has a sensitivity and specificity of up to 95%. This study used tomosynthesis in galactography for the first time and compared the synthetic digital 2D full-field mammograms generated with this technique with the images created using the established method of ductal sonography. Both methods should be able to detect invasive breast cancers and their precursors such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) as well as being able to identify benign findings. Material and Methods Five patients with pathological nipple discharge were examined using ductal sonography, contrast-enhanced 3D galactography with tomosynthesis and the synthetic digital 2D full-field mammograms generated with the latter method. Evaluation of the images created with the different imaging modalities was done by three investigators with varying levels of experience with complementary breast diagnostics (1, 5 and 15 years), and their evaluations were compared with the histological findings. Results All 3 investigators independently evaluated the images created with ductal sonography, contrast-enhanced 3D galactography with tomosynthesis, and generated synthetic digital 2D full-field mammograms. Their evaluations were compared with the histopathological assessment of the surgical specimens resected from the 5 patients. There was 1 case of invasive breast cancer, 2 cases with ductal carcinoma in situ and 2 cases with benign findings. All 3 investigators made more mistakes when they used the standard imaging technique of ductal sonography to diagnose suspicious lesions than when they used contrast-enhanced galactography with tomosynthesis and the generated synthetic digital 2D full-field mammograms. Conclusion This is the first time breast tomosynthesis was used in galactography (galactomosynthesis) to create digital 3-dimensional images of suspicious findings. When used together with the generated synthetic digital 2D full-field mammograms, it could be a useful complementary procedure for the diagnosis of breast anomalies and could herald a renaissance of this method. Compared with high-resolution ductal ultrasound, the investigators achieved better results with contrast-enhanced galactography using tomosynthesis and the generated synthetic digital 2D full-field mammograms, as confirmed by histopathological findings.

Body temperature polymerization and in situ drug encapsulation in supercritical carbon dioxide

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (42) ◽  
pp. 6821-6831
Author(s):  
Zi-Kun Rao ◽  
Tian-Qiang Wang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Hong-Yu Zhu ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Drug Encapsulation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

Body-temperature and solvent-free polymerization and in situ fabrication of drug-loaded microparticles are reported for the first time.

The magnetic dipole a1Δg → X3Σg− transition in the oxygen afterglow

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1391-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Amiot ◽  
J. Verges
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Magnetic Dipole ◽  
Molecular Constants ◽  
First Time ◽  
Microwave Data

The magnetic dipole a1Δ →X3Σg− transition has been observed for the first time during the recombination of 16O atoms in an afterglow. The spectrum of the 0–0 band has been recorded with a high resolution Fourier transform interferometer. Accurate molecular constants, obtained by combining ir and microwave data, are given for the a1Δg and X3Σg− (ν = 0) electronic levels.

scholarly journals A Fiber-Integrated CRDS Sensor for In-Situ Measurement of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Seawater

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6436
Author(s):  
Mai Hu ◽  
Bing Chen ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Chenguang Yang ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
In Situ Measurement ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Research on carbon dioxide (CO2) geological and biogeochemical cycles in the ocean is important to support the geoscience study. Continuous in-situ measurement of dissolved CO2 is critically needed. However, the time and spatial resolution are being restricted due to the challenges of very high submarine pressure and quite low efficiency in water-gas separation, which, therefore, are emerging the main barriers to deep sea investigation. We develop a fiber-integrated sensor based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy for in-situ CO2 measurement. Furthermore, a fast concentration retrieval model using exponential fit is proposed at non-equilibrium condition. The in-situ dissolved CO2 measurement achieves 10 times faster than conventional methods, where an equilibrium condition is needed. As a proof of principle, near-coast in-situ CO2 measurement was implemented in Sanya City, Haina, China, obtaining an effective dissolved CO2 concentration of ~950 ppm. The experimental results prove the feasibly for fast dissolved gas measurement, which would benefit the ocean investigation with more detailed scientific data.

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