scholarly journals Short term changes in methanol emission and pectin methylesterase activity are not directly affected by light in <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Y. Oikawa ◽  
L. Li ◽  
M. P. Timko ◽  
J. E. Mak ◽  
M. T. Lerdau
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Light Activation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Substrate Limitation ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Seasonal Time Scale ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Cell Wall Expansion

Abstract. Plants are an important source of atmospheric methanol (MeOH), the second most abundant organic gas after methane. Factors regulating phytogenic MeOH production are not well constrained in current MeOH emission models. Previous studies have indicated that light may have a direct influence on MeOH production. As light is known to regulate cell wall expansion, it was predicted that light would stimulate MeOH production through the pectin methylesterase (PME) pathway. MeOH emissions normalized for stomatal conductance (gs) did not, however, increase with light over short time scales (20–30 min). After experimentally controlling for gs and temperature, no light activation of PME activity or MeOH emission was observed. The results clearly demonstrate that light does not directly influence short-term changes in MeOH production and emission. Our data suggest that substrate limitation may be important in regulating MeOH production over short time scales. Future investigation of the long-term impacts of light on MeOH production may increase understanding of MeOH emission dynamics at the seasonal time scale.

scholarly journals Short term changes in methanol emission and pectin methylesterase activity are not directly affected by light in <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 415-434
Author(s):  
P. Y. Oikawa ◽  
L. Li ◽  
M. P. Timko ◽  
J. E. Mak ◽  
M. T. Lerdau
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Light Activation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Substrate Limitation ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Seasonal Time Scale ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Cell Wall Expansion

Abstract. Plants are an important source of atmospheric methanol (MeOH), the second most abundant organic gas after methane. Factors regulating phytogenic MeOH production are not well constrained in current MeOH emission models. Previous studies have indicated that light may have a direct influence on MeOH production. As light is known to regulate cell wall expansion, it was predicted that light would stimulate MeOH production through the pectin methylesterase (PME) pathway. MeOH emissions normalized for stomatal conductance (gs) did not, however, increase with light over short time scales (20–30 min). After experimentally controlling for gs and temperature, no light activation of PME activity or MeOH emission was observed. The results clearly demonstrate that light does not directly influence short-term changes in MeOH production and emission. Our data suggest that substrate limitation may be important in regulating MeOH production over short time scales. Future investigation of the long-term impacts of light on MeOH production may increase understanding of MeOH emission dynamics at the seasonal time scale.

scholarly journals Linking long- and short-term emission variability in pulsars

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (4) ◽  
pp. 5702-5712 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Brook ◽  
A Karastergiou ◽  
S Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Radio Pulsars ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monitoring Technique ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Statistical Detection ◽  
Short Time

ABSTRACT It is now known that the emission from radio pulsars can vary over a wide range of time-scales, from fractions of seconds to decades. However, it is not yet known if long- and short-term emission variability are caused by the same physical processes. It has been observed that long-term emission variability is often correlated with rotational changes in the pulsar. We do not yet know if the same is true of short-term emission variability, as the rotational changes involved cannot be directly measured over such short time-scales. To remedy this, we propose a continuous pulsar monitoring technique that permits the statistical detection of any rotational changes in nulling and mode-changing pulsars with certain properties. Using a simulation, we explore the range of pulsar properties over which such an experiment would be possible.

The Spread of Pollutants from Harbour Sludge Depots

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 623-633
Author(s):  
M Loxham ◽  
F Weststrate
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dilution Effects ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Harbour Sludge

It is generally agreed that both the landfill option, or the civil techniques option for the final disposal of contaminated harbour sludge involves the isolation of the sludge from the environment. For short time scales, engineered barriers such as a bentonite screen, plastic sheets, pumping strategies etc. can be used. However for long time scales the effectiveness of such measures cannot be counted upon. It is thus necessary to be able to predict the long term environmenttal spread of contaminants from a mature landfill. A model is presented that considers diffusion and adsorption in the landfill site and convection and adsorption in the underlaying aquifer. From a parameter analysis starting form practical values it is shown that the adsorption behaviour and the molecular diffusion coefficient of the sludge, are the key parameters involved in the near field. The dilution effects of the far field migration patterns are also illustrated.

scholarly journals Analisis Peningkatan Upah Minimum Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Annisa Yulianti ◽  
Hadi Sasana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Relationship Of

 This study aims to analyze the short-term and long-term relationship of increasing the minimum wage in Central Java on employment. The research method used is ECM. The variables of this study include labor, minimum wages, PMDN, and economic growth. The data used are time-series data from 1990-2020. The results show that the minimum wage has a positive and significant relationship to the employment in the long term but not significantly in the short time. PMDN has a negative but significant correlation in the short and long term. At the same time, the variable economic growth has a positive but not meaningful relationship to employment absorption in the long and short term.

“The Death of Liberal Internationalism?: Donald Trump, Walmart, and the Two Koreas”

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-197
Author(s):  
Mitchell B. Lerner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
The People ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Short Time

The election of Donald J. Trump unsettled many areas of U.S. foreign policy, but few more than the nation’s relationship with Korea. This article argues that the Trump administration’s vision for the world represents a stark break from the tradition of liberal internationalism and instead seeks to take the United States down a path that reflects the modern business practices of giant American corporations. A suitable label for this vision, as the following pages will show, is “Walmart unilateralism.” This framework abandons the traditional American policies of nation building and alliances based on shared ideological values. Instead, it embraces a more short-term approach rooted in financial bottom lines, flexible alliances and rivalries, and the ruthless exploitation of power hierarchies. This new approach, this article concludes, may dramatically transform the American relationship with Korea. Walmart unilateralism in Korea almost certainly will have some short-time positive ramifications for the United States, but its larger failure to consider the history and values of the people living on the Korean Peninsula may generate serious long-term problems for the future experience of the United States in the region.

Contrasting tactical and strategic dynamics on a Clausewitz landscape

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Rodrick Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Limit Theorems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Human Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Time

Statistical models based on the asymptotic limit theorems of control and information theories allow formal examination of the essential differences between short-time “tactical” confrontations and a long-term “strategic” conflict dominated by evolutionary process. The world of extended coevolutionary conflict is not the world of sequential “muddling through.” The existential strategic challenge is to take cognitive control of a long-term dynamic in which one may, in fact, be “losing” most short-term confrontations. Winning individual battles can be a relatively direct, if not simple or easy, matter of sufficient local resources, training, and resolve. Winning extended conflicts is not direct, and requires management of subtle coevolutionary phenomena subject to a dismaying punctuated equilibrium more familiar from evolutionary theory than military doctrine. Directed evolution has given us the agricultural base needed for large-scale human organization. Directed coevolution of the inevitable conflicts between the various segments of that organization may be needed for its long-term persistence.

scholarly journals Stability analysis of three exoplanet systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 494 (2) ◽  
pp. 2280-2288
Author(s):  
J P Marshall ◽  
J Horner ◽  
R A Wittenmyer ◽  
J T Clark ◽  
M W Mengel
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
Orbital Parameters ◽  
Exoplanetary Systems ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Exoplanet Systems ◽  
Best Fit

ABSTRACT The orbital solutions of published multiplanet systems are not necessarily dynamically stable on time-scales comparable to the lifetime of the system as a whole. For this reason, dynamical tests of the architectures of proposed exoplanetary systems are a critical tool to probe the stability and feasibility of the candidate planetary systems, with the potential to point the way towards refined orbital parameters of those planets. Such studies can even help in the identification of additional companions in such systems. Here, we examine the dynamical stability of three planetary systems, orbiting HD 67087, HD 110014, and HD 133131A. We use the published radial velocity measurements of the target stars to determine the best-fitting orbital solutions for these planetary systems using the systemic console. We then employ the N-body integrator mercury to test the stability of a range of orbital solutions lying within 3σ of the nominal best fit for a duration of 100 Myr. From the results of the N-body integrations, we infer the best-fitting orbital parameters using the Bayesian package astroemperor. We find that both HD 110014 and HD 133131A have long-term stable architectures that lie within the 1σ uncertainties of the nominal best fit to their previously determined orbital solutions. However, the HD 67087 system exhibits a strong tendency towards instability on short time-scales. We compare these results to the predictions made from consideration of the angular momentum deficit criterion, and find that its predictions are consistent with our findings.

scholarly journals Short-Term and Long-Term Surface Soil Moisture Memory Time Scales Are Spatially Anticorrelated at Global Scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1165-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaighin A. McColl ◽  
Qing He ◽  
Hui Lu ◽  
Dara Entekhabi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Surface Soil Moisture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Time

Abstract Land–atmosphere feedbacks occurring on daily to weekly time scales can magnify the intensity and duration of extreme weather events, such as droughts, heat waves, and convective storms. For such feedbacks to occur, the coupled land–atmosphere system must exhibit sufficient memory of soil moisture anomalies associated with the extreme event. The soil moisture autocorrelation e-folding time scale has been used previously to estimate soil moisture memory. However, the theoretical basis for this metric (i.e., that the land water budget is reasonably approximated by a red noise process) does not apply at finer spatial and temporal resolutions relevant to modern satellite observations and models. In this study, two memory time scale metrics are introduced that are relevant to modern satellite observations and models: the “long-term memory” τL and the “short-term memory” τS. Short- and long-term surface soil moisture (SSM) memory time scales are spatially anticorrelated at global scales in both a model and satellite observations, suggesting hot spots of land–atmosphere coupling will be located in different regions, depending on the time scale of the feedback. Furthermore, the spatial anticorrelation between τS and τL demonstrates the importance of characterizing these memory time scales separately, rather than mixing them as in previous studies.

scholarly journals Effects on students of working in industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Aaron Simon Blicblau ◽  
Tracey Louise Nelson ◽  
Kourosh Dini
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Work Outcomes ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Capstone Project ◽  
Academic Grades ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of two arrangements of work experiences; short term (over 12 weeks, STIE) and long- term (over 52 weeks, LTIE) on both final academic grades and capstone project grades. The results from this work will inform future approaches of determining the benefits to students of the usefulness of industry placed learning experiences (short or long term) as both an indicator of academic performance, and success in capstone project work. Outcomes have shown that engineering graduates without substantial industrial experience often find employment difficult to find in the short time after completing their studies.

scholarly journals Performance of Polyester-Based Electrospun Scaffolds under In Vitro Hydrolytic Conditions: From Short-Term to Long-Term Applications

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Gil-Castell ◽  
José David Badia ◽  
Jordi Bou ◽  
Amparo Ribes-Greus
Keyword(s):  
Molar Mass ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Electrospun Scaffolds ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Short Time

The evaluation of the performance of polyesters under in vitro physiologic conditions is essential to design scaffolds with an adequate lifespan for a given application. In this line, the degradation-durability patterns of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polydioxanone (PDO), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) scaffolds were monitored and compared giving, as a result, a basis for the specific design of scaffolds from short-term to long-term applications. For this purpose, they were immersed in ultra-pure water and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 37 °C. The scaffolds for short-time applications were PLGA and PDO, in which the molar mass diminished down to 20% in a 20–30 days lifespan. While PDO developed crystallinity that prevented the geometry of the fibres, those of PLGA coalesced and collapsed. The scaffolds for long-term applications were PCL and PHB, in which the molar mass followed a progressive decrease, reaching values of 10% for PCL and almost 50% for PHB after 650 days of immersion. This resistant pattern was mainly ascribed to the stability of the crystalline domains of the fibres, in which the diameters remained almost unaffected. From the perspective of an adequate balance between the durability and degradation, this study may serve technologists as a reference point to design polyester-based scaffolds for biomedical applications.

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