scholarly journals Quantification of iron-rich volcanogenic dust emissions and deposition over ocean from Icelandic dust sources

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5941-5967 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Arnalds ◽  
H. Olafsson ◽  
P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Dust Sources ◽  
Basaltic Composition ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Dust Events ◽  
Event Based

Abstract. Iceland has extremely active dust sources that result in large scale emissions and deposition on land and sea. The dust has volcanogenic origin of basaltic composition with about 10 % Fe content. We used two independent methods to quantify dust emission from Iceland and dust deposition on sea. Firstly, aerial extent (map) of deposition on land was extended to ocean areas around Iceland. Secondly, survey of number of dust events over the past decades and calculations of emissions and sea deposition for the dust storms were made. The results show total emissions range from 30.5 (dust event based calculation) to 40.1 million tons (map calculation), which places Iceland among the most active dust sources on Earth. Ocean deposition ranges between 5.5 (dust events calculations) and 13.8 million tons (map calculation). Calculated iron deposition from Icelandic dust ranges between 0.56 to 1.4 million tons, which are distributed over wide areas (> 370 000 km2) and consist of fine reactive volcanic materials. The paper provides the first quantitative estimate of total dust emissions and oceanic deposition from Iceland. Iron is a limiting nutrient for primary production in the oceans around Iceland and the dust is likely to affect Fe levels in Icelandic ocean waters.

scholarly journals Quantification of iron-rich volcanogenic dust emissions and deposition over the ocean from Icelandic dust sources

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6623-6632 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Arnalds ◽  
H. Olafsson ◽  
P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Dust Event ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Dust Sources ◽  
Basaltic Composition ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Dust Events

Abstract. Iceland has extremely active dust sources that result in large-scale emissions and deposition on land and at sea. The dust has a volcanogenic origin of basaltic composition with about 10% Fe content. We used two independent methods to quantify dust emission from Iceland and dust deposition at sea. Firstly, the aerial extent (map) of deposition on land was extended to ocean areas around Iceland. Secondly, surveys of the number of dust events over the past decades and calculations of emissions and sea deposition for the dust storms were made. The results show that total emissions range from 30.5 (dust-event-based calculation) to 40.1 million t yr−1 (map calculation), which places Iceland among the most active dust sources on Earth. Ocean deposition ranges between 5.5 (dust event calculations) and 13.8 million tons (map calculation). Calculated iron deposition from Icelandic dust ranges between 0.567 and 1.4 million tons, which are distributed over wide areas (>370 000 km2) and consist of fine reactive volcanic materials. The paper provides the first quantitative estimate of total dust emissions and oceanic deposition from Iceland. Iron is a limiting nutrient for primary production in the oceans around Iceland, and the dust is likely to affect Fe levels in Icelandic ocean waters.

Application of Four Schemes for Sand and Dust Emissions in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 1654-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Yan Wang ◽  
Shi Gong Wang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yong Tao Guo
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Model System ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Dust Flux ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Dust Events

A serial of numerical experiments were conducted with four representative sand and dust emission schemes using an integrated numerical simulation and forecast system of dust storms. The comparison between the simulation results and the observation data shows that the vertical dust flux and the dust concentration of the scheme developed by Marticorena and Bergametti is the biggest, while those of the scheme developed by Lu and Shao is the smallest. The simulation effect of the dust emission scheme developed by Shao is similar to the observation, so the dust model system of Shao is preferably used to predict the dust events in China.

scholarly journals New developments in the representation of Saharan dust sources in the aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 765-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Heinold ◽  
Ina Tegen ◽  
Kerstin Schepanski ◽  
Jamie R. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Saharan Dust ◽  
Moist Convection ◽  
Dust Source ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Infrared Imager ◽  
Dust Sources ◽  
Dust Events

Abstract. In the aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2, dust source activation (DSA) observations from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite are proposed to replace the original source area parameterization over the Sahara Desert. The new setup is tested in nudged simulations for the period 2007 to 2008. The evaluation is based on comparisons to dust emission events inferred from MSG dust index imagery, Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometer observations, and satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness (AOT).The model results agree well with AERONET measurements especially in terms of seasonal variability, and a good spatial correlation was found between model results and MSG-SEVIRI (Spinning-Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) dust AOT as well as Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) AOT. ECHAM6-HAM2 computes a more realistic geographical distribution and up to 20 % higher annual Saharan dust emissions, using the MSG-based source map. The representation of dust AOT is partly improved in the southern Sahara and Sahel. In addition, the spatial variability is increased towards a better agreement with observations depending on the season. Thus, using the MSG DSA map can help to circumvent the issue of uncertain soil input parameters.An important issue remains the need to improve the model representation of moist convection and stable nighttime conditions. Compared to sub-daily DSA information from MSG-SEVIRI and results from a regional model, ECHAM6-HAM2 notably underestimates the important fraction of morning dust events by the breakdown of the nocturnal low-level jet, while a major contribution is from afternoon-to-evening emissions.

scholarly journals Dust emission source characterization for visibility hazard assessment on Lordsburg Playa in Southwestern New Mexico, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott Van Pelt ◽  
John Tatarko ◽  
Thomas E. Gill ◽  
Chunping Chang ◽  
Junran Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Dust Clouds ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Dust Events ◽  
Flooded Areas

AbstractIn drylands around the world, ephemeral lakes (playas) are common. Dry, wind-erodible playa sediments are potent local and regional sources of dust and PM10 (airborne particles with diameters less than 10 μm). Dust clouds often cause sudden and/or prolonged loss of visibility to travelers on downwind roadways. Lordsburg Playa, in southwestern New Mexico, USA is bisected by Interstate Highway 10. Dust storms emanating from the playa have been responsible for numerous visibility-related road closures (including 39 road closures between 2012 and 2019) causing major economic losses, in addition to well over a hundred dust-related vehicle crashes causing at least 41 lost lives in the last 53 years. In order to improve understanding of the surfaces responsible for the dust emissions, we investigated the critical wind friction velocity thresholds and the dust emissivities of surfaces representing areas typical of Lordsburg Playa’s stream deltas, shorelines, and ephemerally flooded lakebed using a Portable In-Situ Wind ERosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL). Mean threshold friction velocities for PM10 entrainment ranged from less than 0.30 m s− 1 for areas in the delta and shoreline to greater than 0.55 m s− 1 for ephemerally flooded areas of the lakebed. Similarly, we quantified mean PM10 vertical flux rates ranging from less than 500 μg m− 2 s− 1 for ephemerally flooded areas of lakebed to nearly 25,000 μg m− 2 s− 1 for disturbed delta surfaces. The unlimited PM10 supply of the relatively coarse sediments along the western shoreline is problematic and indicates that this may be the source area for longer-term visibility reducing dust events and should be a focus area for dust mitigation efforts.

scholarly journals Fine dust emissions from active sands at coastal Oceano Dunes, California

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 2947-2964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Huang ◽  
Jasper F. Kok ◽  
Raleigh L. Martin ◽  
Nitzan Swet ◽  
Itzhak Katra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Mineral Coatings

Abstract. Sand dunes and other active sands generally have a low content of fine grains and, therefore, are not considered to be major dust sources in current climate models. However, recent remote sensing studies have indicated that a surprisingly large fraction of dust storms are generated from regions covered by sand dunes, leading these studies to propose that sand dunes might be globally relevant sources of dust. To help understand dust emissions from sand dunes and other active sands, we present in situ field measurements of dust emission under natural saltation from a coastal sand sheet at Oceano Dunes in California. We find that saltation drives dust emissions from this setting that are on the low end of the range in emissions produced by non-sandy soils for similar wind speed. Laboratory analyses of sand samples suggest that these emissions are produced by aeolian abrasion of feldspars and removal of clay-mineral coatings on sand grain surfaces. We further find that this emitted dust is substantially finer than dust emitted from non-sandy soils, which could enhance its downwind impacts on human health, the hydrological cycle, and climate.

scholarly journals Suppression of Soil Dust Emissions from Large-Scale Construction Sites Using Starch and Polyvinyl Alcohol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Jong-Soo Choi ◽  
Dong-Su Kim ◽  
Yu-Lim Choi ◽  
Lakshmi Prasanna Lingamdinne ◽  
Janardhan Reddy Koduru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Scale Construction ◽  
Soil Dust ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Dust Emissions

Soil dust emitted from large-scale construction sites in urban areas impacts air quality and creates a severe health threat to residents. Water spraying is commonly practiced to lower dust emission in construction sites, but its long-term effectiveness is questionable. In this study the utility of starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and a blend of starch and PVA in various proportions was investigated for the suppression of soil dust emissions at construction sites in Seoul. The efficiency of each dust suppressant was tested with test soil samples in a laboratory-scale wind tunnel box under different concentrations of suppressants and soil textures. Starch and PVA showed superior ability to suppress soil dust emissions compared to moistening bare soil, resulting in PM10 lower than the daily limit values of 30 μg/m3. PVA showed higher soil dust suppression capability for all conditions over starch. Test soils sprayed with dust suppressants significantly improved aggregate stability compared to untreated soils.

Investigating the consequences of the desiccation of lakes in the Middle East and Central Asia for regional dust activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Banks ◽  
Bernd Heinold ◽  
Kerstin Schepanski
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Far East ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Western China ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Dust Sources

<p>Over the past several decades, new sources of dust aerosol have appeared in the Middle East and Central Asia due to the desiccation of lakes in the region. It is known that recently dry lakebeds can be efficient dust sources, due to the availability of readily erodible alluvial sediments. Such lake source regions include: Lake Urmia in western Iran; the Sistan Basin in the border area between Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan; and most notably, the Aral Sea on the border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. A particularly large area (over 50,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of the former lakebed of the Aral Sea has become exposed to aeolian wind erosion, leaving Central Asia susceptible to dust storms originating from the young ‘Aral Kum’ (Aral Desert).</p><p>In this work we update the dust transport model COSMO-MUSCAT in order to simulate dust emissions from these relatively new dust sources. Making use of the Global Surface Water dataset (produced by the Copernicus Programme) in order to define the surface water coverage, we make estimates of dust emissions under three scenarios: 1) the ‘Past’, representative of water coverage in the 1980s; 2) the ‘Present’, representative of water coverage in the 2010s; and 3) the ‘Dry’ scenario, a worst-case future scenario in which currently drying lake regions are assumed to dry out completely under the pressure of climate change and water overuse. These scenarios are applied to the ‘Dustbelt’ modelling domain, covering North Africa, the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula, and Central Asia as far east as western China.</p>

scholarly journals Dust storm hazards

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Nick Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Desert Dust ◽  
Aeolian Sediments ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Solar Power Plants ◽  
Dust Events

Dust storms originate in many of the world's drylands and frequently present hazards to human society, both within the drylands themselves but also outside drylands due to long-range transport of aeolian sediments. Desert dust hazards can occur where dust is entrained, during the transport phase, and on deposition. This paper draws on studies in physical geography, medical geology and geomorphology to discuss case studies of accelerated soil erosion, the health effects of air pollution caused by desert aerosols, injuries related to transport accidents caused by poor visibility during desert dust events, the spread of disease, and problems with water supplies and at solar power plants caused by dust deposition.

scholarly journals Air Quality Degradation by Mineral Dust over Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai Chinese Megacities

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Lachatre ◽  
Gilles Foret ◽  
Benoit Laurent ◽  
Guillaume Siour ◽  
Juan Cuesta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
Pm 10

Air pollution in Chinese megacities has reached extremely hazardous levels, and human activities are responsible for the emission or production of large amounts of particulate matter (PM). In addition to PM from anthropogenic sources, natural phenomena, such as dust storms over Asian deserts, may also emit large amounts of PM, which lead episodically to poor air quality over Chinese megacities. In this paper, we quantify the degradation of air quality by dust over Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai megacities using the three dimensions (3D) chemistry transport model CHIMERE, which simulates dust emission and transport online. In the first part of our work, we evaluate dust emissions using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite observations of aerosol optical depth, respectively, in the visible and the thermal infrared over source areas. PM simulations were also evaluated compared to surface monitoring stations. Then, mineral dust emissions and their impacts on particle composition of several Chinese megacities were analyzed. Dust emissions and transport over China were simulated during three years (2011, 2013 and 2015). Annual dust contributions to the PM 10 budget over Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai were evaluated respectively as 6.6%, 9.5% and 9.3%. Dust outbreaks largely contribute to poor air quality events during springtime. Indeed it was found that dust significantly contribute for 22%, 52% and 43% of spring PM 10 events (for Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai respectively).

scholarly journals Dust Emission Source Characterization for Visibility Hazard Assessment on Lordsburg Playa in Southwestern New Mexico, USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Scott Van Pelt ◽  
John Tatarko ◽  
Thomas E. Gill ◽  
Chunping Chang ◽  
Junran Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Dust Clouds ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Dust Events ◽  
Flooded Areas

Abstract In drylands around the world, ephemeral lakes (playas) are common. Dry, wind-erodible playa sediments are potent local and regional sources of dust and PM10 (airborne particles with diameters less than 10 µm). Dust clouds often cause sudden and/or prolonged loss of visibility to travelers on downwind roadways. Lordsburg Playa, in southwestern New Mexico, USA is bisected by Interstate Highway 10. Dust storms emanating from the playa have been responsible for numerous visibility-related road closures (including 39 road closures between 2012-2019) causing major economic losses, in addition to well over a hundred dust-related vehicle crashes causing at least 41 lost lives in the last 53 years. In order to improve understanding of the surfaces responsible for the dust emissions, we investigated the critical wind friction velocity thresholds and the dust emissivities of surfaces representing areas typical of Lordsburg Playa’s stream deltas, shorelines, and ephemerally flooded lakebed using a Portable In-Situ Wind ERosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL). Mean threshold friction velocities for PM10 entrainment ranged from less than 0.30 m s-1 for areas in the delta and shoreline to greater than 0.55 m s-1 for ephemerally flooded areas of the lakebed. Similarly, we quantified mean PM10 vertical flux rates ranging from less than 500 µg m-2 s-1 for ephemerally flooded areas of lakebed to nearly 25,000 µg m-2 s-1 for disturbed delta surfaces. The unlimited PM10 supply of the relatively coarse sediments along the western shoreline is problematic and indicates that this may be the source area for longer-term visibility reducing dust events and should be a focus area for dust mitigation efforts.

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