scholarly journals Small scale spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in an old growth temperate deciduous forest

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 9977-10005 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jordan ◽  
G. Jurasinski ◽  
S. Glatzel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Abstract. The large scale spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration caused by differences in site conditions is quite well understood. However, comparably little is known about the micro scale heterogeneity within forest ecosystems on homogeneous soils. Forest age, soil texture, topographic position, micro topography and stand structure may influence soil respiration considerably within short distance. In the present study within site spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration has been evaluated. To do so, an improvement of available techniques for interpolating soil respiration data via kriging was undertaken. Soil respiration was measured with closed chambers biweekly from April 2005 to April 2006 using a nested design (a set of stratified random plots, supplemented by 2 small and 2 large nested groupings) in an unmanaged, beech dominated old growth forest in Central Germany (Hainich, Thuringia). A second exclusive randomized design was established in August 2005 and continually sampled biweekly until July 2007. The average soil respiration values from the random plots were standardized by modeling soil respiration data at defined soil temperature and soil moisture values. By comparing sampling points as well as by comparing kriging results based on various sampling point densities, we found that the exclusion of local outliers was of great importance for the reliability of the estimated fluxes. Most of this information would have been missed without the nested groupings. The extrapolation results slightly improved when additional parameters like soil temperature and soil moisture were included in the extrapolation procedure. Semivariograms solely calculated from soil respiration data show a broad variety of autocorrelation distances (ranges) from a few centimeters up to a few tens of meters. The combination of randomly distributed plots with nested groupings plus the inclusion of additional relevant parameters like soil temperature and soil moisture data permits an improved estimation of the range of soil respiration, which is a prerequisite for reliable interpolated maps of soil respiration.

Hyperresolution Land Surface Modeling in the Context of SMAP Cal–Val

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Garnaud ◽  
Stéphane Bélair ◽  
Aaron Berg ◽  
Tracy Rowlandson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
In Situ Observations

Abstract This study explores the performance of Environment Canada’s Surface Prediction System (SPS) in comparison to in situ observations from the Brightwater Creek soil moisture observation network with respect to soil moisture and soil temperature. To do so, SPS is run at hyperresolution (100 m) over a small domain in southern Saskatchewan (Canada) during the summer of 2014. It is shown that with initial conditions and surface condition forcings based on observations, SPS can simulate soil moisture and soil temperature evolution over time with high accuracy (mean bias of 0.01 m3 m−3 and −0.52°C, respectively). However, the modeled spatial variability is generally much weaker than observed. This is likely related to the model’s use of uniform soil texture, the lack of small-scale orography, as well as a predefined crop growth cycle in SPS. Nonetheless, the spatial averages of simulated soil conditions over the domain are very similar to those observed, suggesting that both are representative of large-scale conditions. Thus, in the context of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) project, this study shows that both simulated and in situ observations can be upscaled to allow future comparison with upcoming satellite data.

scholarly journals Effects of multiple environmental factors on CO<sub>2</sub> emission and CH<sub>4</sub> uptake from old-growth forest soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Fang ◽  
G. R. Yu ◽  
S. L. Cheng ◽  
T. H. Zhu ◽  
Y. S. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Soil Co2 Flux ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Old Growth Forests ◽  
Ch4 Uptake

Abstract. To assess contribution of multiple environmental factors to carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and forest soils, four old-growth forests referred to as boreal coniferous forest, temperate needle-broadleaved mixed forest, subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest and tropical monsoon rain forest were selected along eastern China. In each old-growth forest, soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured from 2003 to 2005 applying the static opaque chamber and gas chromatography technique. Soil temperature and moisture at the 10 cm depth were simultaneously measured with the greenhouse gas measurements. Inorganic N (NH4+-N and NO3−-N) in the 0–10 cm was determined monthly. From north to south, annual mean CO2 emission ranged from 18.09 ± 0.22 to 35.40 ± 2.24 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1 and annual mean CH4 uptake ranged from 0.04 ± 0.11 to 5.15 ± 0.96 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1 in the four old-growth forests. Soil CO2 flux in the old-growth forests was mainly driven by soil temperature, followed by soil moisture and NO3−-N. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil CO2 flux was lower at lower latitudes with high temperature and more precipitation, probably because of less soil organic carbon (SOC). Soil NO3− accumulation caused by environmental change was often accompanied by an increase in soil CO2 emission. In addition, soil CH4 uptake decreased with an increase in soil moisture. The response of soil CH4 flux to temperature was dependent upon the optimal value of soil temperature in each forest. Soil NH4+-N consumption tended to promote soil CH4 uptake in the old-growth forests, whereas soil NO3−-N accumulation was not conducive to CH4 oxidation in anaerobic condition. These results indicate that soil mineral N dynamics largely affects the soil gas fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in the old-growth forests, along with climate conditions.

scholarly journals Precipitation alters plastic film mulching impacts on soil respiration in an arid area of Northwest China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Ming ◽  
Hongchang Hu ◽  
Fuqiang Tian ◽  
Zhenyang Peng ◽  
Pengju Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Film Mulching

Abstract. Plastic film mulching (PFM) has been widely used for saving water and improving yield around the world, particularly in arid areas. However, the effect of PFM in agriculture on soil respiration is still unclear, and this effect may be confounded with irrigation and precipitation. To detect the effects of PFM, irrigation and precipitation on the temporal and spatial variations in soil respiration, plastic mulched and non-mulched drip irrigation contrast experiments were conducted in the arid area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China. PFM generated more complicated spatial heterogeneity in the microclimate with increased albedo, improved soil temperature, soil moisture and crop growth, and led to the stronger spatial heterogeneity of the soil respiration. The soil respiration in the plant holes was larger than in the furrows, and plastic mulch itself can emit up to 2.75 μmol m−2 s−1 CO2, which indicates that furrows, plant holes and plastic mulch were the important pathways for CO2 emissions in the mulched field. Frequent irrigation and precipitation made the soil respiration much more dynamic and fluctuated. The sensitivity of the soil respiration to soil temperature was weakened by extreme variations in the soil moisture with lower correlation and Q10 values. In the wetting-drying cycle, both irrigation and precipitation restrained the soil respiration at a high soil water content (SWC) with a threshold of 60 % water-filled pore space (WFP) in the furrows and 50 % WFP in the ridges, and the restrain effect decreased gradually with the depleting of soil moisture. The accumulated soil respiration calculated from the area ratio of the different parts in the furrows and ridges in the mulched field were both larger than in the non-mulched field during the growing season. However, this magnitude decreased with increasing precipitation over three experimental years. It was speculated that the effect of drip irrigation on the soil respiration was primarily on the ridges while the effect of precipitation mostly concentrated in the furrows and ridges in the non-mulched field because of the mulch barrier. Therefore, the precipitation accelerated more respiration in the mulched than in the non-mulched field. The difference in soil respiration between the mulched and non-mulched fields was observed to have a positive correlation with precipitation per the findings of other studies. In a humid climate with much more precipitation, soil respiration in the non-mulched field can also exceed that of the mulched field and explains why certain studies concluded that plastic mulch decreased soil respiration. The above results indicate that both irrigation and precipitation alter soil respiration and this effect can be modified by plastic mulch. Therefore, whether the PFM increases soil respiration compared to a non-mulched field largely depends on precipitation in the field.

A 370-year dendroecological history of an old-growth Abies-Acer-Quercus forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1891-1899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D Abrams ◽  
Carolyn A Copenheaver ◽  
Kazuhiko Terazawa ◽  
Kiyoshi Umeki ◽  
Mika Takiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Volcanic Eruption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Cercidiphyllum Japonicum ◽  
Species Recruitment ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Northern Japan

Dendroecological techniques were used to study the dynamics and species recruitment patterns, spanning nearly four centuries, for a mesic, montane, old-growth forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The forest is dominated by Abies sachalinensis (Masters), Acer palmatum (Thunb.),Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata (Rehd.), and Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Sieb.). From 1620 to 1750 and 1820 to 1840, Q. mongolica exhibited continuous recruitment into the overstory. A lack of recruitment for all tree species from 1750 to 1820 followed a 1739 volcanic eruption 200 km from the study area. Release events for individual trees occurred almost every decade of the stand history, indicating that frequent small-scale disturbances coupled with infrequent large-scale disturbances, impact tree growth and species recruitment. From 1870 to 1950, canopy recruitment of Abies and Acer dominated the forest, while recruitment of Quercus ceased. These later successional species appeared to be replacing Quercus, suggesting that the syndrome of declining oak dominance is an increasingly global phenomenon. However, successional patterns in the forest are difficult to predict because intensive deer browsing has recently prevented canopy recruitment of all tree species and the possibility of future large-scale disturbances, such as fire and volcanic eruption.

Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Nagel ◽  
Jurij Diaci ◽  
Dusan Rozenbergar ◽  
Tihomir Rugani ◽  
Dejan Firm
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
The Past ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future Slovenia has a small number of old-growth forest remnants, as well as many forest reserves approaching old-growth conditions. In this paper, we describe some of the basic characteristics of these old-growth remnants and the history of their protection in Slovenia. We then trace the long-term development of research in these old-growth remnants, with a focus on methodological changes. We also review some of the recent findings from old-growth research in Slovenia and discuss future research needs. The conceptual understanding of how these forests work has slowly evolved, from thinking of them in terms of stable systems to more dynamic and unpredictable ones due to the influence of natural disturbances and indirect human influences. In accordance with this thinking, the methods used to study old-growth forests have changed from descriptions of stand structure to studies that address natural processes and ecosystem functions.

scholarly journals Historical climate controls soil respiration responses to current soil moisture

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (24) ◽  
pp. 6322-6327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine V. Hawkes ◽  
Bonnie G. Waring ◽  
Jennifer D. Rocca ◽  
Stephanie N. Kivlin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Historical Climate ◽  
Moisture Dependence

Ecosystem carbon losses from soil microbial respiration are a key component of global carbon cycling, resulting in the transfer of 40–70 Pg carbon from soil to the atmosphere each year. Because these microbial processes can feed back to climate change, understanding respiration responses to environmental factors is necessary for improved projections. We focus on respiration responses to soil moisture, which remain unresolved in ecosystem models. A common assumption of large-scale models is that soil microorganisms respond to moisture in the same way, regardless of location or climate. Here, we show that soil respiration is constrained by historical climate. We find that historical rainfall controls both the moisture dependence and sensitivity of respiration. Moisture sensitivity, defined as the slope of respiration vs. moisture, increased fourfold across a 480-mm rainfall gradient, resulting in twofold greater carbon loss on average in historically wetter soils compared with historically drier soils. The respiration–moisture relationship was resistant to environmental change in field common gardens and field rainfall manipulations, supporting a persistent effect of historical climate on microbial respiration. Based on these results, predicting future carbon cycling with climate change will require an understanding of the spatial variation and temporal lags in microbial responses created by historical rainfall.

Ecological responses of Stipa steppe in Inner Mongolia to experimentally increased temperature and precipitation. 3. Soil respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuexia Wang ◽  
Yali Chen ◽  
Yulong Yan ◽  
Zhiqiang Wan ◽  
Ran Chao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Soil Respiration Rate ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

The response of soil respiration to simulated climatic warming and increased precipitation was evaluated on the arid–semi-arid Stipa steppe of Inner Mongolia. Soil respiration rate had a single peak during the growing season, reaching a maximum in July under all treatments. Soil temperature, soil moisture and their interaction influenced the soil respiration rate. Relative to the control, warming alone reduced the soil respiration rate by 15.6 ± 7.0%, whereas increased precipitation alone increased the soil respiration rate by 52.6 ± 42.1%. The combination of warming and increased precipitation increased the soil respiration rate by 22.4 ± 11.2%. When temperature was increased, soil respiration rate was more sensitive to soil moisture than to soil temperature, although the reverse applied when precipitation was increased. Under the experimental precipitation (20% above natural rainfall) applied in the experiment, soil moisture was the primary factor limiting soil respiration, but soil temperature may become limiting under higher soil moisture levels.

Tekstura drzewostanów naturalnych w polskich parkach narodowych na tle teorii dynamiki lasu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Bartkowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Gap Dynamics ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Mosaic Pattern ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Patch Mosaic

The aim of the study was to compare a patch-mosaic pattern in the old-growth forest stands developed in various climate and soil conditions occurring in different regions of Poland. Based on the assumption, that the patch-mosaic pattern in the forest reflect the dynamic processes taking place in it, and that each type of forest ecosystem is characterized by a specific regime of natural disturbances, the following hypotheses were formulated: (i) the patches with a complex structure in stands composed of latesuccessional, shade-tolerant tree species are more common than those composed of early-successional, light-demanding ones, (ii) the patch-mosaic pattern is more heterogeneous in optimal forest site conditions than in extreme ones, (iii) in similar site conditions differentiation of the stand structure in distinguished patches is determined by the successional status of the tree species forming a given patch, (iv) the successional trends leading to changes of species composition foster diversification of the patch structure, (v) differentiation of the stand structure is negatively related to their local basal area, especially in patches with a high level of its accumulation. Among the best-preserved old-growth forest remaining under strict protection in the Polish national parks, nineteen research plots of around 10 ha each were selected. In each plot, a grid (50 × 50 m) of circular sample subplots (with radius 12,62 m) was established. In the sample subplots, species and diameter at breast height of living trees (dbh ≥ 7 cm) were determined. Subsequently, for each sample subplot, several numerical indices were calculated: local basal area (G), dbh structure differentiation index (STR), climax index (CL) and successional index (MS). Statistical tests of Kruskal- Wallis, Levene and Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were used to verify the hypotheses. All examined forests were characterized by a large diversity of stand structure. A particularly high frequency of highly differentiated patches (STR > 0,6) was recorded in the alder swamp forest. The patch mosaic in the examined plots was different – apart from the stands with a strongly pronounced mosaic character (especially subalpine spruce forests), there were also stands with high spatial homogeneity (mainly fir forests). The stand structure in the distinguished patches was generally poorly related to the other studied features. Consequently, all hypotheses were rejected. These results indicate a very complex, mixed pattern of forest natural dynamics regardless of site conditions. In beech forests and lowland multi-species deciduous forests, small-scale disturbances of the gap dynamics type dominate, which are overlapped with less frequent medium-scale disturbances. In more difficult site conditions, large-scale catastrophic disturbances, which occasionally appear in communities formed under the influence of gap dynamics (mainly spruce forests) or cohort dynamics (mainly pine forests), gain importance.

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