Understanding co-occurrence and mobility of uranium and arsenic sources in groundwater flow systems in semi-arid zones in the Mexican Altiplano

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario del Angel Cauich Kau ◽  
Antonio Cardona Benavides ◽  
Javier Castro Larragoitia ◽  
Thomas R. Rüde
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Climatic Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Groundwater is the main source of water supply for the population in the semi-arid zones in Mexico. In this climatic condition, evapotranspiration originated from phreatophytes and evaporation is an important component of the water budget for shallow aquifers. Arsenic and uranium are trace elements generally found naturally in groundwater, as they can originate from the interaction of groundwater with igneous rocks and sediments. Despite their generally different redox properties and transport behavior in groundwater, they show a relationship (a potential common geogenic source).</p><p>This research addresses the effect of groundwater evapotranspiration on arsenic and uranium concentrations in different flow systems in Villa de Reyes and Cerritos basins in the Mexican Altiplano. The former is mainly characterized by volcanic rocks and the latter is located in an area dominated by limestone yet connected to felsic, partially mineralized rocks by a complex karst system. According to the Mexican legislation, the permissible limit for arsenic in water for human use and consumption is 25 µg/L; however, it does not consider a permissible limit for uranium. German legislation as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) established 10 µg/L.</p><p>The concentrations of arsenic and uranium found in the rocks in the two sites were in the range of 1.8-65 and 0.7-19 mg/kg respectively, in which it is observed that some sites exceed the local background values. The high arsenic and uranium concentrations have been found in felsic intrusive bodies and rhyolites in both sites. This confirmed an earlier study identifying rhyolitic lava flows and rhyolitic glass within the Villa de Reyes Basin as main arsenic and uranium geogenic sources.</p><p>The arsenic and uranium concentrations in groundwater at the Villa de Reyes basin showed that 100% of the groundwater samples were within the Mexican Legislation for arsenic but in the case of uranium, 6% of the samples were above the German and WHO regulations. The shallow granular aquifer in the Cerritos Basin, the groundwater values gave different results. Only 74% of the sites were within the Mexican regulation for arsenic and 36% above the critical value. For uranium, 90% of the sites were within the German and WHO regulations.</p><p>In addition, isotopic data (environmental stable isotopes from the water molecule <sup>2</sup>H and <sup>18</sup>O) showed that shallow groundwater in the Cerritos Basin was fractioned by evapotranspiration processes. These led to the observed high concentrations of especially arsenic as was also supported by geochemical modelling.</p><p>Especially as the climatic trend predicted higher temperatures for central to north Mexico, enrichment of arsenic and other potentially toxic elements by evapotranspiration will be encouraged. Increasing population requires a good quality water supply, understanding the behavior of arsenic and uranium in these areas may be useful for similar regions not only in Mexico but also in similar areas around the world.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of drinking water contamination in food stalls of Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Rahman Shaibur ◽  
Mohammed Sadid Hossain ◽  
Shirina Khatun ◽  
F. K. Sayema Tanzia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the quality of drinking water supplied in different types of food stalls in Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh. A total of 35 water samples were collected from different tea stalls, street side fast food stalls, normal restaurants and well-furnished restaurants. The water quality was evaluated by determining the distinct physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results revealed that the water used in the food stalls and restaurants for drinking purpose was in desired quality in terms of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), phosphate (PO43−), chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations. The values were within the permissible limit proposed by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Health Organization. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) found in several samples were higher than the World Health Organization standard. Iron (Fe) concentrations were higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. Only 46% exceeded the permissible limit of Bangladesh Bureau Statistics. The threatening result was that the samples were contaminated by fecal coliform, indicating that the people of Jashore Municipality may have a greater chance of being affected by pathogenic bacteria. The drinking water provided in the street side fast food stalls was biologically contaminated. The findings demonstrate that the drinking water used in food stalls and restaurants of Jashore Municipality did not meet up the potable drinking water quality standards and therefore was detrimental to public health.

scholarly journals Determination of essential and non-essential elements in Xylanthemum macropodum of Balochistan, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Maria Bibi ◽  
Samiullah Khan ◽  
Attiq-Ur-Rehman Kakar ◽  
Naqeebullah Khan ◽  
Abdul Hakeem Tareen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Home Remedy ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Medicinal plants have been used to treat various diseases for several years throughout the world. Xylanthemum macropodum is a medicinal plant with a vast application as a home remedy in Balochistan. Objective: The current study was conducted to determine the levels of essential and non-essential elements in Xylanthemum macropodum collected from Quetta (Balochistan, Pakistan). Methods: Analysis was conducted for eleven elements by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Results: The essential and non-essential elements that were detected in Xylanthemum macropodum are K, Na, Ca, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb, respectively. The result of the concentration of determined elements are in the order of K> Na> Ca> Fe> Cu> Co> Ni> Mn> Cd> Cr> Pb in Xylanthemum macropodum 3000> 1600> 790.25> 92.36> 85.31> 49.24> 40.94> 20.94> 6.655> 1.61> 1.18 µg/g respectively. Conclusions: Mn, Na and Pb were found within the permissible limit given by World Health Organization, while Ca, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr were beyond the permissible limits. However, there is no permissible limit for K and Co.

scholarly journals Estimation of direct evaporation from groundwater by using lysimeters in the Salar de Pedernales basin, Chilean Altiplano

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Reynaldo Payano-Almánzar ◽  
Dimitri Dionizis
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Salt Flats ◽  
Chilean Altiplano ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Model Water

In this research an estimation of the evaporation discharges from shallow groundwater in the Salar de Pedernales basin is made, using the lysimeter methodology. The analysis performed shows values between 1400 L·s-1 and 1900 L·s-1 with an uncertainty of error of 5% with respect to the average and between 11% and 47% in relation to the minimum and maximum values which can be compared by other studies where different tools have been used to calculate evaporation, such as: chamber, numerical model, water balance, Bowen relationships, Eddy correlations, and evaporation curves vs. altitude. The results confirm that lysimeters are appropriate tools for the determination of soil evapotranspiration and evaporation from shallow groundwater, whose components are key in the hydrology of endorheic basins, arid and semi-arid zones, for the management of protected natural spaces such as salt flats, waterholes, fertile plains, and bofedales.

What works in water supply and sanitation projects in developing countries with EWB-USA

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) reports some progress on the global problem of a lack of improved water and sanitation. Between 1990 and 2012, the number of people that gained improved access to improved drinking water reached 2.3 billion people, while the number of children that have died from diarrheal diseases has fallen from 1.5 million deaths to just above 600,000 deaths (1, 2). However, it is estimated that there are still 1.8 billion people using a fecally contaminated source of drinking water (3). In addition, 748 million people continue to lack clean water, 1 billion continue to practice open defecation, and 2.5 billion people still lack adequate sanitation (3). In response to this global issue, Engineers Without Borders USA (EWB-USA) began with a mission to build a better world through engineering projects that empower communities to meet their basic human needs and equip leaders to solve the world’s most pressing challenges. Their 15,000+ members work with communities to find appropriate solutions to improve water supply, sanitation, energy, agriculture, civil works and structures. Their development approach is based on standard engineering methodology, including problem identification, assessment, alternatives analysis, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. EWB-USA began in 2002 and currently has members working in over 40 countries around the world. The majority of their work is focused in Latin America and Africa, but their programs are expanding to Asia and the Pacific Basin. Currently, EWB-USA members are working in 17 programs in six countries, including the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Nepal, and Fiji. Success in these programs is defined by measuring overall impact and learning from failure. Impact is measured through Standard Monitoring Indicators and learning is accomplished by documenting failures and lessons learned. Through this work, the organization has impacted 2.5 million lives through primarily water supply and sanitation projects by focusing on sustainable engineering solutions, community-education, capacity building, and appropriate technologies and local resources.

scholarly journals Development and implementation of water safety plans for groundwater resources in the southernmost city of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 629-637
Author(s):  
Kazhal Masroor ◽  
Majid Kermani ◽  
Mitra Gholami ◽  
Farzad Fanaei ◽  
Hossein Arfaeinia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Safety Plan ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Safety Plan ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe transfer of water from the source to the consumption point is always associated with the possibility of contamination in any of its various components. To resolve this problem, the World Health Organization has considered a water safety plan. The purpose of this study is to implement water safety plan in the water supply system of Bukan city. This study was performed on Bukan’s water supply system in 2019–20 using a software to guarantee the quality of the water safety plan and the WHO and IWA guidelines. The software checklists were prepared and after confirming the validity of the translation and its facial and content validity, it was completed based on the records of the Water and Sewerage Company and interviews with experts. Out of a total of 440 points of full-application of the program and 392 points for the reviewed phases, 183.6 points were acquired and 43.7% of WSP-coordinated implementation was observed. The highest percentage of WSP-coordinated implementation (75.2%) was assigned to the validation stage with the highest point, and the support program stage had the lowest percentage of performance (1.1%). Among the major components of the water supply system, the final consumption point received the most attention from the system. Given the lifespan of the introduction and use of WSP in the world, it was expected that better results would be obtained from evaluating the implementation and progress of this approach in Bukan’s water supply system. However, the implementation rate of this program in this city compared to other cities in Iran, showed that according to the implementation time (one year), the obtained results are relatively convincing and good and the water supply system has a moderate level of safety.

scholarly journals Fusariotoxins in wheat grain in Serbia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Stepanic ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Jelena Levic ◽  
Mirko Ivanovic ◽  
Vesna Krnjaja
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
The World

Samples of wheat grain (41), collected during the 2010 harvest from seven localities in Serbia, were analyzed for the presence of zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisine B1 (FB1). Results of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) showed that all analysed samples were positive for the presence of at least one of four observed fusariotoxins. The most distributed mycotoxins were ZEA (90.2%, with the average concentration of 442.6?g kg-1) and T-2 (90.2%, with the average concentration of 24.2 ?g kg-1). DON (73.2%) and FB1 (84.4%) were detected in a somewhat smaller number of samples, but their average concentrations were higher (1988.1 ?g DON kg-1 and 882.7 ?g FB1 kg-1). The established correlations between concentrations of DON and FB1 (r = 0.32) or DON and ZEA (r = 0.22) were not statistically significant. A negative correlation was established between concentrations of T-2 and FB1 (r= -0.24), as well as, between T-2 and DON (r = -0.36). Detected concentrations of ZEA and T-2 were bellow the level prescribed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), while concentrations of FB1 and DON detected in five that is, 17 samples, respectively, were above the permissible limit for human consumption.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

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