Testing a Naive Snow Theory Against a Physically Based Model: Sensitivity of Global Mountain Snow Regimes to Increased Air Temperatures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Woods ◽  
Juan Ignacio López Moreno ◽  
Esteban Alonso-Gonzalez ◽  
Jesus Revuelto ◽  
Joshua Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Physically Based Model ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Potential Benefits

<p>Mountain snow regimes will be significantly altered by climate warming, resulting in shallower snowpacks whose duration is also reduced. The sensitivity of snowpacks to a unit of air temperature warming depends strongly on climate; in addition, for a given climate, the sensitivity also depends on the details of energy balance partitioning. A synthesis of these factors remains challenging. Here we evaluate to what extent a naïve theory of snowpack response to warming can reproduce the sensitivity which is calculated by a detailed physically based model of the snowpack (Snobal), applied to a diverse global set of mountain locations. Our hypothesis is that the naïve theory will adequately predict the range of snow sensitivity values across diverse climates, but not the additional impacts of inter-site differences in energy partitioning for a given climate. The potential benefits of the naïve theory are that it enables a significant reduction of the uncertainty of snowpack sensitivity, and an improved conceptual understanding of the impacts of climate parameters (e.g. the seasonality and fluctuations of temperature and precipitation) on snowpack accumulation and melt-sensitivity under warming climates.</p>

scholarly journals Modeling Shoot-tip Temperature in the Greenhouse Environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Faust ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Glass Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Material Temperature

An energy-balance model is described that predicts vinca (Catharanthus roseus L.) shoot-tip temperature using four environmental measurements: solar radiation and dry bulb, wet bulb, and glazing material temperature. The time and magnitude of the differences between shoot-tip and air temperature were determined in greenhouses maintained at air temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 °C. At night, shoot-tip temperature was always below air temperature. Shoot-tip temperature decreased from 0.5 to 5 °C below air temperature as greenhouse glass temperature decreased from 2 to 15 °C below air temperature. During the photoperiod under low vapor-pressure deficit (VPD) and low air temperature, shoot-tip temperature increased ≈4 °C as solar radiation increased from 0 to 600 W·m-2. Under high VPD and high air temperature, shoot-tip temperature initially decreased 1 to 2 °C at sunrise, then increased later in the morning as solar radiation increased. The model predicted shoot-tip temperatures within ±1 °C of 81% of the observed 1-hour average shoot-tip temperatures. The model was used to simulate shoot-tip temperatures under different VPD, solar radiation, and air temperatures. Since the rate of leaf and flower development are influenced by the temperature of the meristematic tissues, a model of shoot-tip temperature will be a valuable tool to predict plant development in greenhouses and to control the greenhouse environment based on a plant temperature setpoint.

scholarly journals Mass and Energy Balance Estimation of Yala Glacier (2011–2017), Langtang Valley, Nepal

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anushilan Acharya ◽  
Rijan Kayastha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
The Mean

Six-year glaciological mass balance measurements, conducted at the Yala Glacier between November 2011 and November 2017 are presented and analyzed. A physically-based surface energy balance model is used to simulate summer mass and energy balance of the Yala Glacier for the 2012–2014 period. Cumulative mass balance of the Yala Glacier for the 2011–2017 period was negative at −4.88 m w.e. The mean annual glacier-wide mass balance was −0.81 ± 0.27 m w.e. with a standard deviation of ±0.48 m w.e. The modelled mass balance values agreed well with observations. Modelling showed that net radiation was the primary energy source for the melting of the glacier followed by sensible heat and heat conduction fluxes. Sensitivity of mass balance to changes in temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, surface albedo and snow density were examined. Mass balance was found to be most sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation.

The effect of milk given at various temperatures on the oxygen consumption of young calves

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Cool Liquid ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Before And After

SUMMARY1. Measurements of oxygen consumption and rectal temperature were made on young female calves at air temperatures of 9° and 20°C, before and after 4·5 kg milk was drunk at 23° and 39°C.2. When cool milk (23°C) was drunk at an air temperature of 9°C, vigorous shivering occurred, and during the 2-hr period after feeding, oxygen consumption was significantly higher than in the three other treatments.3. In all other treatments oxygen consumption increased considerably during the 30-min period which included drinking activity; the average increment, when no thermo-regulatory shivering occurred, was 1·9 ml O2 min−1kg−1.4. It was estimated that the 58 kcal ‘heat of warming’ required by milk at 23°C drunk at an air temperature of 9°C could be accounted for by the increment in heat production during the 2 hr after feeding and the fall in rectal temperature of 0-2-0-3°C which persisted after feeding in this treatment. These calculations suggested that the effect of a cool liquid on the energy balance of an animal would be less than that predicted from the ‘heat of warming’ required by the cool liquid.

scholarly journals Space-time changes in the initial phase of modern climate warming

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 618-627
Author(s):  
S. A. Lysenko ◽  
V. F. Loginov
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Decadal Scale

The initial phase of a temperature growth in different parts of the Earth has been examined. It is found that climate warming in the continental areas began 6–8 years earlier than in the oceanic areas. Climate warming in the sub-polar cyclonic circulation area in the North Atlantic has been started only after the beginning of the positive quasi-30-year phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), i. e. since 2000s. On the basis of the Singular Spectrum Analysis of the air temperature time series the continental areas are found, in which summer air temperature changes are synchronous with AMO on a decadal scale. In those regions, climate warming began with a 10–15 year lag in comparison to other continental areas. The highest level of statistical significance of the correlation between quasi-60-year AMO components and summer air temperatures is observed in Central and Eastern Europe (35–60° N, 10–45° E). This oscillation explains the decadal summer temperature changes within the range of ±(0.5–0.6) °C in Belarus. Climate warming intensifies in summer during the ascending AMO segment, while during the descending segment, which has started since around 2010, the decrease in the rate of growth of summer temperatures should be expected.

scholarly journals Development and Prediction of Selected Temperature and Precipitation Characteristics in Southern Moravia

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Fukalová ◽  
Hana Středová ◽  
Kristýna Vejtasová
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
South Moravia ◽  
Climatic Characteristics

In recent years, rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns have a significant impact on agriculture. This paper presents analyses of selected climatic characteristics of the South Moravian region. The evaluation was based on the data from the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Climatic data for future periods were gained using the A1B emission scenario. With regard to the agricultural activity of this region, climatic characteristics (average air temperature, heat waves, average precipitation and periods without precipitation) were selected and compared in the following three periods 1961–1990, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100. The results showed an increase of the average air temperature, increase in the number of tropical days and days in heat waves. It was also found that as a result of rising air temperatures and different distribution of precipitation, the period of drought will significantly prolong in the future. Very unfavourable climate situation is expected in the particular period of 2071–2100 in this region. Increasing drought, predicted by climate models, presents major problem for the agriculture of South Moravia. It is necessary to adapt to these anticipated changes not only in the agricultural activities but also in the landscape management in general.

scholarly journals Temperature and Precipitation Variability and Its Effects on Streamflow in the Upstream Regions of the Lancang–Mekong and Nu–Salween Rivers

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 2248-2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Fan ◽  
Daming He
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Precipitation Variability ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Abrupt Changes

Abstract Hydrological regimes of alpine rivers are highly sensitive to climate variability/change. Temperature and precipitation variability and its effects on streamflow in the upstream regions of the Lancang–Mekong River (LMR) and Nu–Salween River (NSR) are examined in this study based on long-term observational data from 16 meteorological stations and 2 hydrological stations between the 1950s and 2010. This study employs the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test, together with the trend-free prewhitening (TFPW) approach to test trends and the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) method to detect abrupt changes in the hydrometeorological time series. The relations between air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow trends are assessed using random forest regression. The results show significant climate warming and related prevalent positive precipitation trends both at the annual and seasonal scale. A substantial precipitation increase paralleling climate warming, especially in spring, was also observed. However, no consistent abrupt change in meteorological time series was found. The increasing trends of streamflow with climate warming are seen both for the outlets of the LMR and NSR upstream regions, with the abrupt changes occurring in the mid-1960s and the late 1990s, respectively. The relation of streamflow to annual and wet season precipitation is pronounced, especially for the upstream region of the LMR with a percent variance explained of more than 65%. However, the relatively minor linkage of streamflow to air temperature and dry season precipitation may be confounded by the climate warming–driven changes in snowpack, permafrost, glacier, and evapotranspiration. These results could provide further a reference for the regional water resources management under climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the performance of enclosed balconies based on temperature monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012133
Author(s):  
Magdaleńa Grudzmska
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Potential Benefits

Abstract Enclosed, glazed balconies influence the energy balance of the flats thanks to the temperature rise caused by solar gains in unheated sunspaces. The potential benefits, however, may differ depending on the inhabitants’ behaviour. To evaluate these effects, internal temperature in multi-family buildings located in Zamość (a city in the eastern part of Poland) was monitored at the turn of the years 2017 and 2018. The temperature was registered with the use of iButton sensors located in flats and sunspaces. Three dwellings with the same orientation were included in the research – two with glazed balconies, differing by the area of the living space, the number of the inhabitants, and their behaviour (flats no. 1 and 2), and one with an open balcony, used for comparison (flat no. 3). Air temperature within the glazed balconies was usually higher than the external air temperature, and the sunspaces helped to reduce heat losses from the adjoining rooms by 10.7% (flat no. 1) and 26.6% (flat no. 2). The apartments also showed some differences as far as the comfort of use during summer is concerned, flat no 1 being the most prone to overheating.

scholarly journals Analysis of Air Temperature and Precipitation in Nitra, Slovakia in 2005–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (s1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Vladimír Kišš ◽  
Peter Šurda
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Normal Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Normal

Abstract High air temperatures and low amount of precipitation occur more and more frequently in Slovakia. The aim of this work is to evaluate the temperature conditions and total precipitation during the period 2005–2019 and to compare it with the 50-year climatic normal 1951–2000. Also, there was calculated the probability of summer days, tropical days, super-tropical days, frost days and ice days occurrence. Annual temperature is higher by 0.9 °C (1.1 °C during vegetation period) than normal. Rainfall, especially in the last 5 years, has a decreasing character (-75 mm.year−1) with frequent fluctuations. New phenomena – super-tropical days has occurrence of up to 20% between July and August. This study provides information based on which adaptation measures to the climate change need to be taken.

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