Expansion of hot plasma with Kappa distribution in coronal flare sources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Benáček ◽  
Marian Karlický
Keyword(s):  
Langmuir Wave ◽  
Maxwellian Distribution ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Kappa Distribution ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Particle In Cell ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Field Lines

<p>We study how hot plasma that is released during a solar flare can be confined in its source and interact with surrounding colder plasma. The X-ray emission of coronal flare sources is well explained using Kappa velocity distribution. Therefore, we compare the difference in the confinement of plasma with Kappa and Maxwellian distribution. We use a 3D Particle-in-Cell code, which is large along magnetic field lines, effectively one-dimensional, but contains all electromagnetic effects. In the case with Kappa distribution, contrary to Maxwellian distribution, we found formation of several thermal fronts associated with double-layers that suppress particle fluxes. As the Kappa distribution of electrons forms an extended tail, more electrons are not confined by the first front and cause formation of multiple fronts. A beam of electrons from the hot part is formed at each front; it generates return current, Langmuir wave density depressions, and a double layer with a higher potential step than in the Maxwellian case. We compare the Kappa and Maxwellian cases and discuss how these processes could be observed.</p>

scholarly journals Determination of hard X-ray polarization from two-dimensional images

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1559-1561
Author(s):  
Robert B. Von Dreele ◽  
Wenqian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Incident Beam ◽  
Beam Polarization ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Dimensional Images

An estimate of synchrotron hard X-ray incident beam polarization is obtained by partial two-dimensional image masking followed by integration. With the correct polarization applied to each pixel in the image, the resulting one-dimensional pattern shows no discontinuities arising from the application of the mask. Minimization of the difference between the sums of the masked and unmasked powder patterns allows estimation of the polarization to ±0.001.

Coordination polymers of CdII and PbII with croconate show remarkable differences in coordination patterns: a structural and spectroscopic study

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 935-940
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Silverman ◽  
Logesh Mathivathanan ◽  
Evgen V. Govor ◽  
Raphael G. Raptis ◽  
Konstantinos Kavallieratos
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Metal Atom ◽  
Coordination Polymers ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Adjacent Layer ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tautomeric Forms ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Coordination Patterns

The croconate dianion is a highly versatile ligand with two tautomeric forms making it useful for building large superstructures in the solid state. The single-crystal X-ray structures of PbII– and CdII–croconate coordination polymers, namely catena-poly[[[diaqualead(II)]-μ-croconato-κ4 O 1,O 2:O 3,O 4] monohydrate], {[Pb(C5O5)(H2O)2]·H2O} n , 1, and catena-poly[[triaquacadmium(II)]-μ-croconato-κ4 O 1,O 2:O 3,O 4], [Cd(C5O5)(H2O)3] n , 2, have been determined. Both polymers form one-dimensional (1D) structures; 1 is a nonplanar 1D zigzag coordination polymer extended along the crystallographic b axis, whereas 2 is a planar 1D ribbon parallel to the [101] direction. In 2, three H2O molecules are coordinated directly to the metal atom, while in 1, only two H2O molecules are directly coordinated to the metal atom. A third interstitial H2O molecule is involved in hydrogen bonding with O atoms of the croconate ligands of an adjacent layer and other H2O molecules, resulting in stacked double layers parallel to the [105] plane. Solid-state FT–IR and solution UV–Vis spectra also substantiate the croconate coordination.

Study of averaged collision strength of non-Maxwellian distribution in plasma

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (23) ◽  
pp. 1750213
Author(s):  
Jian He ◽  
Qingguo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Region ◽  
Electronic Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Maxwellian Distribution ◽  
Kappa Distribution ◽  
Collision Strength ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature Region

In this paper, kappa distribution of electronic energy is discussed for non-Maxwellian distribution. Taking silicon III 189.2 nm line in solar atmospheric plasma as an example, we discuss the kappa distribution and the Maxwellian distribution when temperature varies from [Formula: see text] K to [Formula: see text] K, and we calculate the averaged collision strengths of the kappa distribution and the Maxwellian distribution. Results indicate that the kappa distribution is close to the Maxwellian distribution with the increase of parameter [Formula: see text], and the difference of the averaged collision strength between the kappa distribution and the Maxwellian distribution is not very large in the higher temperature region from [Formula: see text] K to [Formula: see text] K, while that is large in the lower temperature region from [Formula: see text] K to [Formula: see text] K. This discussion will be significant in study of plasma quantitatively.

Difference Fourier Analysis of Glucose Embedded and Frozen Hydrated Purple Membrane

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
Jules S. Jaffe ◽  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
Purple Membrane ◽  
Data Set ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Fourier Techniques ◽  
Versus Protein ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Difference Fourier ◽  
Ideal Method

Although difference Fourier techniques are standard in X-ray crystallography it has only been very recently that electron crystallographers have been able to take advantage of this method. We have combined a high resolution data set for frozen glucose embedded Purple Membrane (PM) with a data set collected from PM prepared in the frozen hydrated state in order to visualize any differences in structure due to the different methods of preparation. The increased contrast between protein-ice versus protein-glucose may prove to be an advantage of the frozen hydrated technique for visualizing those parts of bacteriorhodopsin that are embedded in glucose. In addition, surface groups of the protein may be disordered in glucose and ordered in the frozen state. The sensitivity of the difference Fourier technique to small changes in structure provides an ideal method for testing this hypothesis.

Antiphase Boundaries in Ordered Ni3FE Crystals

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Y. H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Domain Size ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hardening Mechanism ◽  
Superlattice Structure ◽  
Disordered Phase ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Difference

Ordered Ni3Fe crystals possess a LI2 type superlattice similar to the Cu3Au structure. The difference in slip behavior of the superlattice as compared with that of a disordered phase has been well established. Cottrell first postulated that the increase in resistance for slip in the superlattice structure is attributed to the presence of antiphase domain boundaries. Following Cottrell's domain hardening mechanism, numerous workers have proposed other refined models also involving the presence of domain boundaries. Using the anomalous X-ray diffraction technique, Davies and Stoloff have shown that the hardness of the Ni3Fe superlattice varies with the domain size. So far, no direct observation of antiphase domain boundaries in Ni3Fe has been reported. Because the atomic scattering factors of the elements in NijFe are so close, the superlattice reflections are not easily detected. Furthermore, the domain configurations in NioFe are thought to be independent of the crystallographic orientations.

REMARKS ON THE X-RAY CONTINUUM SPECTRUM EMITTED BY A HOT PLASMA

1987 ◽  
Vol 48 (C9) ◽  
pp. C9-383-C9-386
Author(s):  
C. MÖLLER ◽  
R. Y. YIN ◽  
M. LAMOUREUX
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Continuum Spectrum ◽  
Hot Plasma

Effect of leakage and blockage on the acoustic behavior of particle filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-492
Author(s):  
Seonghyeon Baek ◽  
Iljae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Matrix ◽  
Particle Filters ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Filter System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Good Agreement

The effects of leakage and blockage on the acoustic performance of particle filters have been examined by using one-dimensional acoustic analysis and experimental methods. First, the transfer matrix of a filter system connected to inlet and outlet pipes with conical sections is measured using a two-load method. Then, the transfer matrix of a particle filter only is extracted from the experiments by applying inverse matrices of the conical sections. In the analytical approaches, the one-dimensional acoustic model for the leakage between the filter and the housing is developed. The predicted transmission loss shows a good agreement with the experimental results. Compared to the baseline, the leakage between the filter and housing increases transmission loss at a certain frequency and its harmonics. In addition, the transmission loss for the system with a partially blocked filter is measured. The blockage of the filter also increases the transmission loss at higher frequencies. For the simplicity of experiments to identify the leakage and blockage, the reflection coefficients at the inlet of the filter system have been measured using two different downstream conditions: open pipe and highly absorptive terminations. The experiments show that with highly absorptive terminations, it is easier to see the difference between the baseline and the defects.

X-ray Crystallographic Study of Alkylammonium Anthracene-9-carboxylates as a Model for Fibrous Structure of Binary Anthracene Salt Gels

2004 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1292-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahahiro Tani ◽  
Kazuki Sada ◽  
Masatsugu Ayabe ◽  
Yuya Iwashita ◽  
Takanori Kishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkyl Chain ◽  
Columnar Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Network ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Crystallographic Study ◽  
Alkylammonium Salts ◽  
Bond Network ◽  
Fibrous Assemblies ◽  
Long Alkyl Chain

Crystal structure of hexylammonium anthracene-9-carboxylate was investigated. The salt was arranged by a one-dimensional hydrogen bond network to form a columnar structure in the crystalline state. This columnar structure should be the model of fibrous assemblies in the organogels of anthracene-9-carboxylate alkylammonium salts having a long alkyl chain.

scholarly journals Development of a synchrotron powder diffractometer with a one-dimensional X-ray detector for analysis of advanced materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 121 (1411) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko TANAKA ◽  
Yoshio KATSUYA ◽  
Yoshitaka MATSUSHITA ◽  
Osami SAKATA
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Materials ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powder Diffractometer

scholarly journals Solvent-Controlled Self-Assembled Oligopyrrolic Receptor

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1771
Author(s):  
Fei Wang ◽  
Kejiang Liang ◽  
Mads Christian Larsen ◽  
Steffen Bähring ◽  
Masatoshi Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Supramolecular System ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Host Guest Complex ◽  
Colorimetric Response ◽  
Strong Acids

We report a fully organic pyridine-tetrapyrrolic U-shaped acyclic receptor 10, which prefers a supramolecular pseudo-macrocyclic dimeric structure (10)2 in a less polar, non-coordinating solvent (e.g., CHCl3). Conversely, when it is crystalized from a polar, coordinating solvent (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF), it exhibited an infinite supramolecular one-dimensional (1D) “zig-zag” polymeric chain, as inferred from the single-crystal X-ray structures. This supramolecular system acts as a potential receptor for strong acids, e.g., p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), methane sulfonic acid (MSA), H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl, with a prominent colorimetric response from pale yellow to deep red. The receptor can easily be recovered from the organic solution of the host–guest complex by simple aqueous washing. It was observed that relatively stronger acids with pKa < −1.92 in water were able to interact with the receptor, as inferred from 1H NMR titration in tetrahydrofuran-d8 (THF-d8) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopic titrations in anhydrous THF at 298 K. Therefore, this new dynamic supramolecular receptor system may have potentiality in materials science research.

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